CHEM104 ch.22

nido-boranes

BnH(n+4) they consist of a cage of boron atoms missing one corner

arachno-boranes

BnH(n+6) consist of a cage of boron atoms that is missing 2 or 3 corners

closo-boranes

BnHn2- and form fully closed polyhedrons with triangular sides

hydrogen azide

HN3 is a N and H compound with a higher nitrogen to hydrogen ratio than ammonia or hydrazine

hydrazine

N2H4 nitrogen oxidation state (-2); the nitrogen analog of hydrogen peroxide

quartz

SiO2; generically called silica structure: each Si atom is in a tetrahedron surrounded by 4 O atoms, each O atom is a bridge connecting the corners of 2 tetrahedrons

black phosphorus

allotrope of phosphorus; obtained by heating white phosphorus under pressure; most thermodynamically stable, least reactive

soot

amorphous form of carbon that forms during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

carbides

binary compounds composed of carbon combined with less electronegative elements -3 general categories: ionic, covalent and metallic

ionic carbides

carbon and low-electronegativity metal (alkali metal of alkali earth metal)

covalent carbides

carbon and low-electronegavitiy NONmetals or metalloids -most important: silicon carbide (SiC)

metallic carbides

carbon and metals that have a metallic lattice with holes small enough to fit carbon atoms

haber-bosch process

carrying out rxn at higher pressure, and using a catalyst to increase reaction rate, industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas used to make ammonia and fixing nitrogen for uses (fertilizers and explosives)

fullereness

class of all the carbon clusters similar to C60 containing from 36-100 carbon atoms at room temp all are black solids

boranes

compounds composed of boron and hydrogen; form many unique cluster, cagelike, and netlike structures

graphite structure

consists of flat sheets of carbon atoms bonded together as interconnected hexagonal rings covalent bonds within are strong, the interactions between sheets are weak

silicates

covalent atomic solids that contain silicon, oxygen and various metal atoms

white phosphorus

elemental form of phosphorus, highly toxic to humans

carbon black

fine, powdered form of carbon (component of soot)

coal

forms from the decomposition of ancient plant material that has been buried for millions of years (undergoes process of carbonization)

naturally occuring crystalline forms of carbon

graphite and diamond

main-group elements

identify by their valence electrons and their electron configurations

pyroxines

inosilicates; mant of the tetrahedrons bond together creating chains

nanotubes

long carbon structures which consist of sheets of interconnected C6 rings that assume the shape of a cylinder

nitrogen oxides

nitrogen oxidized by O to form a number of different oxides

poyrosilicates

sorosilicates; two tetrahedrons share one corner, forming the disilicate ion Si2O76- requires cations that balance the 6- charge

Ostwald process

used to commercially produce nitric acid

orthosilicates

when tetrahedron occurs singly (not bonded to other) forms SiO44- polyaltomic anion also called nesosilicates require cations that have a total charge of 4+ to neutralize the negative charge