Chemistry Unit 2

How many energy levels do the elements in period 1 have?

1

How many electrons are in the eighth energy level?

128

How many electrons are in the ninth energy level?

162

How many electrons are in the third energy level?

18

How many electrons are in the first energy level?

2

How many energy levels do the elements in period 2 have?

2

How many electrons are in the fifth energy level?

50

How many electrons are in the seventh energy level?

98

When atoms absorb energy, how do they release said energy?

At a specific wavelength

What is the quantum theory?

Complex mathematical equations to describe the properties of electrons and other small particles

What university did Bohr attend AND what did he study?

Copenhagen Uni; studied physics

Electrons behave similarly to planets orbiting around the sun. What does this mean?

Elctrons in atoms are in orbits of differing energy around the nucleus

What does it mean if electrons move from the ground state to an excited state?

Energy is being absorbed

Electrons move around the nucleus in specific circular paths called...

Energy levels

What is the excited state?

Higher energy levels

What is the ground state?

Lower energy levels

Do all colors of light have the same energy?

No

Does a gas discharge tube filled with boron emit the same wavelengths of light as a tube filled with hydrogen?

No, because they are different elements with different energy levels, and therefore they release different wavelengths of light

Does the Bohr Model work well for all atoms? What atom does the Bohr model accurately depict?

No, it only works for the simplest atoms; hudrogen

Do individual elements emit a continuous spectrum?

No; it will only emit very specific wavelengths of light (color) like a chemical barcode

What did Bohr win in 1922?

Nobel prize

When and where was Niels Bohr born?

Oct 7, 1885; Copenhangen, Denmark

The s sub level has...

One orbital that holds two electrons

Bohr's model treats electrons only as ___________.

Particles

Which color corresponds to the longest wavelengths?

Reds

Which colors have the lowest energy?

Reds

If an arrow is pointing towards the nucleus, energy is being __________.

Released

What are the four types of orbitals?

S, p, d, f

The f sub level has...

Seven orbitals that holds fourteen electrons

What are orbitals?

Small areas within the electron cloud where we can find the electrons.

What sport did Bohr play?

Soccer

What does the "n" stand for in the equation?

Specific energy level

What does the principal quantum number do?

Tells you the electron's energy level

The p sub level has...

Three orbitals that holds up to six electrons

True or false: no two elements can have exactly the same atomic spectra.

True

Every orbital can hold up to how many electrons?

Two

During WWII, what country did Bohr relocate to for safety?

U.S.

Electrons absorb energy from....

Various sources, such as heat, electricity, and light

Which color corresponds to the shortest wavelengths?

Violets

Which colors have the highest energy?

Violets

What is the photoelectric effect?

When the right frequency of light shines on a metal, the metal can release electrons creating an electric current

How do you write something in orbital notation?

Write the electron config. (Aufbau Principle), occupy orbitals before you fill them (Hund's Rule), and one up and one down (Pauli Exclusion Principle)

Can an electron move to a higher-energy, less stable level? What is this state called?

Yes; excited state

As an electron gets closer to the nucleus the ______ to the nucleus gets ______.

attraction; stronger

What is a line spectrum?

the spectrum of an element that appears as a series of lines; each line corresponds to a distinct frequency of light

How many electrons are in the tenth energy level?

200

The Bohr model is _______, electrons move in ____________.

2D; 3D orbitals

How many electrons are in the fourth energy level?

32

Quantum theory mapped orbitals. What are these?

3D regions of probability where electrons could exist

Each electron is assigned a set of how many quantum numbers?

4

How many electrons are in the sixth energy level?

72

How many electrons are in the second energy level?

8

Predict how many energy levels the elements in period 8 will have:

8

What is a continuous spectrum?

A spectrum having no apparent breaks or gaps throughout its wavelength range.

What is electron configuration?

A way of mapping the energy levels & the different sub levels for the electrons in an atom

If an arrow is pointing outwards from the nucleus, energy is being __________.

Absorbed

Who was Bohr's biggest critic?

Albert Einstein

Write a sentence that describes the relationship between wavelength and energy of light.

As wavelengths get longer, energy decreases; as wavelengths get shorter, energy increases

When drawing a bore model of neutral atoms, the number of electrons is the same as what number?

Atomic

Bohr worked on the Manhattan Project. What nuclear weapon did he help create?

Atomic bomb

Electrons and protons _______ each other.

Attract

What is the purpose of orbital notation?

Designed to show how electrons are paired within a sublevel and within an orbital

Fireworks explode with a variety of colors! Where do these colors come from?

Different elements

Bohr used the term energy level to describe the orbits of differing energy. He also explained that the energy of an electron is "quantized". What does this mean?

Electrons can have one energy level or another, but nothing in between

What does it mean if electrons move from the excited state to an ground state?

Energy is being released

The d sub level has...

Five orbitals that holds ten electrons

For an electron to move from an energy level far from the nucleus to an energy level close to the nucleus it would need to ________ energy.

Gain

What makes sub levels?

Groups of the same type of orbitals

Bohr's math only works for what element?

Hydrogen

What did Niels Bohr do?

In 1913, he figured out why hydrogen made a line spectrum

How do you draw the Bore Model of an atom?

1- 2- 3-

How are the energy levels numbered in Bohr's model?

1-7; energy level 1 holds 2 electrons and energy level 2 holds 8 electrons

Describe the four steps of absorption and emission.

1. A specific chunk of energy (quanta) is absorbed by the atom 2. An electron will jump to a higher energy level; the electron is now in the excited state 3. After a split second, the electron will then jump back down to its normal energy level (ground state) 4. When the electron jumps back to its ground state, it will release the absorbed energy as a photon of light

Working under scientist Ernest Rutherford, Bohr expanded on Rutherford's "atomic nucleus concept". What did Bohr theorize?

1. Electrons are positioned at fixed distances from the nucleus 2. The number of valance electrons dictate chemical properties 3. Electrons can jump from higher to lower orbital, emitting a photon of energy

What is the purpose of the principal quantum number?

Indicates the energy level that the electrons are in. Can be 1 through 7

Bohr is credited for developing a model of the atom's structure. Why is a model useful?

It helps you understand what is observed in nature; the bore model is simpler and easier to understand

What is the relationship of speed from one wavelength to another?

It is exactly the same; 3x10^8

What happens to light, as an electron releases energy?

It is released

What does it mean if energy is moving across more rings from the excited to ground state?

It requires more energy, which determines the wavelength released

What happens to white light when it passes through a prism?

It separates into different wavelengths, which are shown by different colors

What scientist did Bohr work under that is responsible for discovering the electron?

J.J. Thompson

For an electron to move from an energy level close to the nucleus to an energy level far from the nucleus it would need to _________ energy.

Lose

Each energy level of an atom can only contain a certain number of electrons. The maximum # of electrons an energy level can contain is given by what formula?

Maximum number of electrons in an energy level is 2n^2

Electrons can act like __________ and like _________.

Particles and waves of energy

Did Bohr end his life advocating for peace or war?

Peace

The number of electron shells is the same as what number?

Period

What numbers on the Periodic Table also match the principle quantum number?

Period numbers

How can one view a continuous spectrum?

Sunlight spreading through a prism lets you see a rainbow of colors

What is the magnetic quantum number?

Tells you the electron's orbital in the sub level

What is the orbital quantum number?

Tells you the electron's sublevel (s, p, d, or f)

What is the spin quantum number?

Tells you which direction the electron is spinning

Bohr found that the ________________ an electron is to the nucleus, the _________ energy it needs. But, the _________________ away it is, the ________ energy it needs.

The closer, the less; the farther, the more

What is the "ground state" of an electron?

The energy level an electron normally occupies

What is the ground state?

The energy level the electron normally moves around in

The magnetic quantum number describes...

The orientation of the orbital around the nucleus

Why are wavelength colors plural?

The shade of the color differs depending on the wavelength

Spin quantum number indicates...

The spin state of an electron in an atom (either +1/2 or -1/2)

What do the letters in the orbital quantum number represent?

The type of sub level, the shape of the orbital, and where the electrons are located in relation to other sub levels

One single atom of hydrogen can not produce all four hydrogen spectral lines at the same time. Why then, can we see all four colors from a hydrogen gas discharge tube simultaneously?

We are seeing multiple atoms producing different wavelengths; they are all going so fast that we see them all at once