Chemistry Unit 2
How many energy levels do the elements in period 1 have?
1
How many electrons are in the eighth energy level?
128
How many electrons are in the ninth energy level?
162
How many electrons are in the third energy level?
18
How many electrons are in the first energy level?
2
How many energy levels do the elements in period 2 have?
2
How many electrons are in the fifth energy level?
50
How many electrons are in the seventh energy level?
98
When atoms absorb energy, how do they release said energy?
At a specific wavelength
What is the quantum theory?
Complex mathematical equations to describe the properties of electrons and other small particles
What university did Bohr attend AND what did he study?
Copenhagen Uni; studied physics
Electrons behave similarly to planets orbiting around the sun. What does this mean?
Elctrons in atoms are in orbits of differing energy around the nucleus
What does it mean if electrons move from the ground state to an excited state?
Energy is being absorbed
Electrons move around the nucleus in specific circular paths called...
Energy levels
What is the excited state?
Higher energy levels
What is the ground state?
Lower energy levels
Do all colors of light have the same energy?
No
Does a gas discharge tube filled with boron emit the same wavelengths of light as a tube filled with hydrogen?
No, because they are different elements with different energy levels, and therefore they release different wavelengths of light
Does the Bohr Model work well for all atoms? What atom does the Bohr model accurately depict?
No, it only works for the simplest atoms; hudrogen
Do individual elements emit a continuous spectrum?
No; it will only emit very specific wavelengths of light (color) like a chemical barcode
What did Bohr win in 1922?
Nobel prize
When and where was Niels Bohr born?
Oct 7, 1885; Copenhangen, Denmark
The s sub level has...
One orbital that holds two electrons
Bohr's model treats electrons only as ___________.
Particles
Which color corresponds to the longest wavelengths?
Reds
Which colors have the lowest energy?
Reds
If an arrow is pointing towards the nucleus, energy is being __________.
Released
What are the four types of orbitals?
S, p, d, f
The f sub level has...
Seven orbitals that holds fourteen electrons
What are orbitals?
Small areas within the electron cloud where we can find the electrons.
What sport did Bohr play?
Soccer
What does the "n" stand for in the equation?
Specific energy level
What does the principal quantum number do?
Tells you the electron's energy level
The p sub level has...
Three orbitals that holds up to six electrons
True or false: no two elements can have exactly the same atomic spectra.
True
Every orbital can hold up to how many electrons?
Two
During WWII, what country did Bohr relocate to for safety?
U.S.
Electrons absorb energy from....
Various sources, such as heat, electricity, and light
Which color corresponds to the shortest wavelengths?
Violets
Which colors have the highest energy?
Violets
What is the photoelectric effect?
When the right frequency of light shines on a metal, the metal can release electrons creating an electric current
How do you write something in orbital notation?
Write the electron config. (Aufbau Principle), occupy orbitals before you fill them (Hund's Rule), and one up and one down (Pauli Exclusion Principle)
Can an electron move to a higher-energy, less stable level? What is this state called?
Yes; excited state
As an electron gets closer to the nucleus the ______ to the nucleus gets ______.
attraction; stronger
What is a line spectrum?
the spectrum of an element that appears as a series of lines; each line corresponds to a distinct frequency of light
How many electrons are in the tenth energy level?
200
The Bohr model is _______, electrons move in ____________.
2D; 3D orbitals
How many electrons are in the fourth energy level?
32
Quantum theory mapped orbitals. What are these?
3D regions of probability where electrons could exist
Each electron is assigned a set of how many quantum numbers?
4
How many electrons are in the sixth energy level?
72
How many electrons are in the second energy level?
8
Predict how many energy levels the elements in period 8 will have:
8
What is a continuous spectrum?
A spectrum having no apparent breaks or gaps throughout its wavelength range.
What is electron configuration?
A way of mapping the energy levels & the different sub levels for the electrons in an atom
If an arrow is pointing outwards from the nucleus, energy is being __________.
Absorbed
Who was Bohr's biggest critic?
Albert Einstein
Write a sentence that describes the relationship between wavelength and energy of light.
As wavelengths get longer, energy decreases; as wavelengths get shorter, energy increases
When drawing a bore model of neutral atoms, the number of electrons is the same as what number?
Atomic
Bohr worked on the Manhattan Project. What nuclear weapon did he help create?
Atomic bomb
Electrons and protons _______ each other.
Attract
What is the purpose of orbital notation?
Designed to show how electrons are paired within a sublevel and within an orbital
Fireworks explode with a variety of colors! Where do these colors come from?
Different elements
Bohr used the term energy level to describe the orbits of differing energy. He also explained that the energy of an electron is "quantized". What does this mean?
Electrons can have one energy level or another, but nothing in between
What does it mean if electrons move from the excited state to an ground state?
Energy is being released
The d sub level has...
Five orbitals that holds ten electrons
For an electron to move from an energy level far from the nucleus to an energy level close to the nucleus it would need to ________ energy.
Gain
What makes sub levels?
Groups of the same type of orbitals
Bohr's math only works for what element?
Hydrogen
What did Niels Bohr do?
In 1913, he figured out why hydrogen made a line spectrum
How do you draw the Bore Model of an atom?
1- 2- 3-
How are the energy levels numbered in Bohr's model?
1-7; energy level 1 holds 2 electrons and energy level 2 holds 8 electrons
Describe the four steps of absorption and emission.
1. A specific chunk of energy (quanta) is absorbed by the atom 2. An electron will jump to a higher energy level; the electron is now in the excited state 3. After a split second, the electron will then jump back down to its normal energy level (ground state) 4. When the electron jumps back to its ground state, it will release the absorbed energy as a photon of light
Working under scientist Ernest Rutherford, Bohr expanded on Rutherford's "atomic nucleus concept". What did Bohr theorize?
1. Electrons are positioned at fixed distances from the nucleus 2. The number of valance electrons dictate chemical properties 3. Electrons can jump from higher to lower orbital, emitting a photon of energy
What is the purpose of the principal quantum number?
Indicates the energy level that the electrons are in. Can be 1 through 7
Bohr is credited for developing a model of the atom's structure. Why is a model useful?
It helps you understand what is observed in nature; the bore model is simpler and easier to understand
What is the relationship of speed from one wavelength to another?
It is exactly the same; 3x10^8
What happens to light, as an electron releases energy?
It is released
What does it mean if energy is moving across more rings from the excited to ground state?
It requires more energy, which determines the wavelength released
What happens to white light when it passes through a prism?
It separates into different wavelengths, which are shown by different colors
What scientist did Bohr work under that is responsible for discovering the electron?
J.J. Thompson
For an electron to move from an energy level close to the nucleus to an energy level far from the nucleus it would need to _________ energy.
Lose
Each energy level of an atom can only contain a certain number of electrons. The maximum # of electrons an energy level can contain is given by what formula?
Maximum number of electrons in an energy level is 2n^2
Electrons can act like __________ and like _________.
Particles and waves of energy
Did Bohr end his life advocating for peace or war?
Peace
The number of electron shells is the same as what number?
Period
What numbers on the Periodic Table also match the principle quantum number?
Period numbers
How can one view a continuous spectrum?
Sunlight spreading through a prism lets you see a rainbow of colors
What is the magnetic quantum number?
Tells you the electron's orbital in the sub level
What is the orbital quantum number?
Tells you the electron's sublevel (s, p, d, or f)
What is the spin quantum number?
Tells you which direction the electron is spinning
Bohr found that the ________________ an electron is to the nucleus, the _________ energy it needs. But, the _________________ away it is, the ________ energy it needs.
The closer, the less; the farther, the more
What is the "ground state" of an electron?
The energy level an electron normally occupies
What is the ground state?
The energy level the electron normally moves around in
The magnetic quantum number describes...
The orientation of the orbital around the nucleus
Why are wavelength colors plural?
The shade of the color differs depending on the wavelength
Spin quantum number indicates...
The spin state of an electron in an atom (either +1/2 or -1/2)
What do the letters in the orbital quantum number represent?
The type of sub level, the shape of the orbital, and where the electrons are located in relation to other sub levels
One single atom of hydrogen can not produce all four hydrogen spectral lines at the same time. Why then, can we see all four colors from a hydrogen gas discharge tube simultaneously?
We are seeing multiple atoms producing different wavelengths; they are all going so fast that we see them all at once
