Child development

Mrs. Hassan calls her husband, who is at softball practice, to tell him that her water has broken. What action will MOST LIKELY happen next? Mr. Hassan will come home and take his wife to the hospital. Mr. Hassan will rush home to help his wife deliver the baby. Mrs. Hassan will call the water company to fix it. Mrs. Hassan will buy a new water pitcher the next time she is at the store.

Mr. Hassan will come home and take his wife to the hospital. When a pregnant woman's water breaks, the amniotic sac surrounding her fetus ruptures, and a gush of amniotic fluid comes out. Labor is in progress, but the baby won't be born immediately.

Which reflex prompts a newborn to suck? swallow reflex rooting reflex grasp reflex startle reflex

rooting reflex Touching of a newborn's lips or cheek causes it to turn to the touch and suck. The grasp reflex is a response to touching the newborn's palm. The startle reflex is a response to a loud noise or touch on the abdomen. The swallow reflex is a response to food at the back of the mouth.

What happens in the third stage of labor? the mother's uterus contracts the placenta is expelled from the uterus the mother's cervix thins the fetus's head moves into the birth canal

the placenta is expelled from the uterus By the third stage of labor, the infant has already been born. The uterus continues to contract in order to expel the placenta, which is no longer needed.

Which muscles are involved in the development of large motor skills? back, legs, shoulders, arms back, legs, feet, toes neck, arms, hands, fingers hands, fingers, feet, toes

back, legs, shoulders, arms

Gabby's first birthday is tomorrow. She was 19 inches (48 cm) long at birth. What is MOST LIKELY her height now? 24 inches (61 cm) 38 inches (97 cm) 29 inches (72 cm) 57 inches (1.45 m)

29 inches (72 cm) Babies typically grow 10 inches (25 cm) in the first year.19 in. + 10 in. = 29 in. (48 cm + 25 cm = 72 cm)

Baby Jillian is on target developmentally for her age and has just started eating with her fingers. About how old can you assume she is? 9-10 months 3-4 months 5-6 months 7-8 months

7-8 months At 3-4 months, babies are still feeding from the breast or bottle. By 5-6 months, they are being introduced to soft, pureed foods on a spoon held by the caregiver. At 7-8 months (at about the same time that their first teeth come in), infants start to feed themselves with their fingers. By 9-10 months, they try to feed themselves with a spoon.

What is the MAIN reason newborns are unable to speak? The language they heard in the womb was muffled and not clear. They lack sufficient control over their lips and tongues. The structures needed for speech are not big enough and are not the right shape. They have not yet learned the language spoken by their caregivers.

They lack sufficient control over their lips and tongues. Speech and chewing both require significant changes to the size and shape of an infant's mouth, tongue, lips, and throat. Infants understand language before they are physically able to speak. Hearing is essential for language development, and a fetus can hear inside the womb. But the speech heard after birth is most important for language development.

Which of the following activities helps develop hand-eye coordination in an infant? turning toward sounds using a spoon to feed itself sitting upright unsupported looking at a mobile

using a spoon to feed itself Hand-eye coordination, the ability to reach precisely toward what is seen, is developed by practice. Using a spoon, catching a ball, and stacking blocks all help an infant develop this motor skill.

What activity will appropriately develop three-year-old Andre's dexterity? scribbling on scrap paper with crayons pulling down the zipper on his jacket turning doorknobs back and forth using blunt scissor to cut up old magazines

using blunt scissor to cut up old magazines

Which of the following activities develop large motor skills? turning book pages, self-feeding, kicking a ball stacking blocks, picking up toys, tossing a beanbag walking, hopping, throwing a ball grasping a cup, waving goodbye, pointing

walking, hopping, throwing a ball

Which of the following is TRUE about most newborns' hearing and vision? Their hearing improves during the first four months. Their vision is better than their hearing. Their hearing and vision are about the same. Their hearing is better than their vision.

Their hearing is better than their vision. Newborns have poor vision and can see clearly only about 12 inches, but their hearing is as acute as an adult's. Vision improves during the first four months after delivery.

What is an automatic, instinctive response called? temperament answer reflex habit

reflex A reflex is an automatic, instinctive response that is "hardwired" into an organism's nervous system.

What parasitic infection associated with cats can damage a developing fetus? gonorrhea Zika toxoplasmosis microcephaly

toxoplasmosis Zika virus is transmitted by mosquitos and causes microcephaly, extremely small skull and brain formation. Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection.

Which of the following is the BEST reason for children to have time each day for active play—running, climbing, throwing, hopping, etc.? Active play helps children develop control of their muscles and burns up extra energy. Active play helps children develop small motor skills and dexterity. Active play allows adults to take a short break from supervising children. Active play gets children outside where they can breathe fresh air.

Active play helps children develop control of their muscles and burns up extra energy.

What is TRUE about fetal development in the first trimester? The fetus rapidly gains weight. The mother can detect the fetus's movements. The fetus may react to light and loud noises. All major organ systems are formed.

All major organ systems are formed. In the second trimester, around 20 weeks, the mother can detect fetal movement. In the third trimester, the fetus rapidly gains weight and may react to light and loud noises.

Which of the following is a difference between babies born by cesarean section and babies born vaginally? Babies born by cesarean section have heads shaped by squeezing through the birth canal. Babies born vaginally typically have fewer breathing problems. Babies born by cesarean section have less fluid in their respiratory tracts. Babies born vaginally have round, smooth heads.

Babies born vaginally have round, smooth heads. Babies born vaginally typically have most of the amniotic fluid in their respiratory tracts squeezed out and, therefore, have fewer breathing problems. Their heads are often a little misshapen and may be bruised from their journey through the birth canal. Babies born by cesarean section, however, have smooth, round heads, but may have more breathing problems due to excess fluid in their respiratory tracts.

A couple are planning to become pregnant but are worried about their future child's risk of hereditary birth defects. What is the BEST way for them to assess this risk? Only the woman should have genetic testing. Both partners should have genetic testing. Only the partner with a family history of hereditary birth defects should be tested. They should get pregnant and then have the fetus tested for all types of birth defects

Both partners should have genetic testing. To accurately assess the risk to their future child, both partners should be tested. Some genetic defects may not be readily apparent, or the family medical history may not be complete. Waiting and testing the fetus allows the couple to know if that child has a genetic defect, but it does not help them assess the risk to any additional children they may have.

What is the MAIN reason toddlers are less steady on their feet than preschoolers? Compared to preschoolers, toddlers' chests are larger than their heads and abdomens. Toddlers are not as experienced walkers as preschoolers. Toddlers have not yet developed sufficient large motor skills. Compared to preschoolers, toddlers are top-heavy with relatively short arms and legs.

Compared to preschoolers, toddlers are top-heavy with relatively short arms and legs.

Darius wants to know why his baby brother Devon puts anything and everything into his mouth. What is the BEST explanation for Devon's behavior? Devon is using his mouth to learn about the world. Devon is learning what's good to eat by trial and error. Devon may have a vision problem and not know what he is putting in his mouth. Devon is hungry and should be fed another meal each day.

Devon is using his mouth to learn about the world. Babies put random things in their mouths to investigate them, not because they are hungry. Devon does not have a vision problem, but he should be given only clean objects that are safe for him to have. Objects that are too small can cause choking; ones that are too sharp can cut his mouth.

Which of the following genetic birth defects is NOT inherited from a parent? sickle cell disease cystic fibrosis Tay-Sachs disease Down syndrome

Down syndrome Down syndrome is not inherited from a parent. Rather, it is caused by an error in cell division that gives a person three copies of chromosome 21 instead of only two.

Which genetic disorder in a fetus is related to its mother's age? cystic fibrosis Tay-Sachs disease Down syndrome sickle cell disease

Down syndrome Only Down syndrome is related to the age of the mother. A woman's chances of having a child with Down syndrome increase dramatically after age 35.

Which of the following correctly describes the path traveled by a developing zygote? Fallopian tube, uterus, uterine wall ovary, uterus, vagina uterus, Fallopian tube, ovary ovary, Fallopian tube, uterus

Fallopian tube, uterus, uterine wall The earliest cell divisions of the zygote occur in the Fallopian tube. This tiny blob of cells travels down the tube to the uterus, where it implants in the uterine wall.

Which of the following is NOT true about the placenta? The placenta is where substances in the mother's blood and fetus's blood are exchanged. It surrounds and protects the developing fetus. It is a temporary organ grown by the mother's body. If the woman becomes pregnant again, she will grow a new placenta.

It surrounds and protects the developing fetus. The amniotic sac, not the placenta, surrounds and protects a developing fetus.

What is a reason a newborn might struggle to take its first breath? Its heart valve is still open, so it doesn't need to breathe. Its lungs have never been inflated before and are stuck closed. Its umbilical cord needs to be cut. It hasn't yet learned how to breathe.

Its lungs have never been inflated before and are stuck closed. Breathing is an automatic action, not a learned one. The newborn does need to breathe; breathing will cause the open valve to close appropriately. An intact umbilical cord does not affect the newborn's lungs.

Kaylah places her finger in her newborn brother, Jeremiah's, hand and is surprised when he holds it tightly. What is being described? Kaylah's sharing reflex Kaylah's startle reflex Jeremiah's rooting reflex Jeremiah's grasping reflex

Jeremiah's grasping reflex The rooting reflex is when a newborn turns its head and begins sucking after being touched on the lips or cheek. The startle reflex occurs after a loud noise or when a newborn is touched on the abdomen. There is no sharing reflex.

Al's two-month-old baby has been crying for an hour, and Al feels his frustration growing. He has changed the baby's diaper, offered it a bottle, and held and rocked it gently. Why won't this kid shut up! What is the BEST thing for Al to do right now? Toss the baby vigorously in the air several times. Leave the baby alone in the apartment and take a walk. Put the baby down in a safe place and go to another room. Tell the baby in an angry voice that he's really tired of its crying.

Put the baby down in a safe place and go to another room. Al needs to put the baby down and get his frustration under control. He should not leave the baby alone in the apartment. An angry voice will only agitate the baby, not calm it. Tossing the baby vigorously may cause his child brain damage.

Baby Romero is 8 months old. He has always been a happy, smiling baby; but recently he has become cranky. He cries a lot and drools more than usual. What is MOST LIKELY happening? A new food is causing an allergic reaction. The spoon he is fed with is too hard. Romero's baby teeth are coming in. Romero is making babbling sounds.

Romero's baby teeth are coming in. The pain of teething can make an infant cry, drool, refuse food, and generally be cranky. Babbling refers to the noises babies make to practice speech sounds. An allergic reaction would more likely cause a rash or digestive upset. A hard spoon would not cause these symptoms.

Which of the following statements about rubella (German measles) is TRUE? Rubella can cause deafness, heart problems, and intellectual disability in a developing fetus. Rubella is not harmful to a fetus but can cause serious health problems for a pregnant woman. There is nothing a woman can do to prevent her fetus from being exposed to rubella. Rubella is a harmless childhood illness that sometimes affects pregnant women.

Rubella can cause deafness, heart problems, and intellectual disability in a developing fetus. Rubella, typically a harmless childhood illness, can cause serious damage to a fetus. The best way to protect the fetus from the effects of rubella is to make sure the mother is vaccinated before she becomes pregnant.

What is TRUE about a child born with sickle cell disease? Death will probably occur before the child reaches kindergarten. The child will have problems with digestion and breathing. The child had malformed red blood cells. Intellectual disability is characteristic of children with this condition.

The child had malformed red blood cells. Children with Tay-Sachs disease typically die by age 4. Cystic fibrosis causes problems with digestion and breathing. Down syndrome causes intellectual disability.

A newborn suddenly raises its legs, extends and retracts its arms, and closes its hands in a grasping motion. Which event MOST LIKELY preceded these actions by the newborn? The mother touched the infant's cheek. The father touched the infant's palm with his finger. A visitor wearing strong perfume arrived. Someone rang the doorbell.

The father touched the infant's palm with his finger. The actions in the question describe the startle reflex, usually brought on by a loud noise or a touch to the infant's abdomen. Touching the cheek elicits the rooting reflex, and touching the palm elicits the grasp reflex. The infant might sneeze in response to a visitor wearing strong perfume.

What is TRUE about infants born before 38 weeks? They will have serious health problems. They are not fully ready for life outside the womb. They are unlikely to survive. They are fully developed; human pregnancy lasts 9 months, or 36 weeks.

They are not fully ready for life outside the womb. Infants born before 38 weeks are considered premature. They may suffer some health problems because their organs, especially their lungs, are not fully developed. Medical interventions can keep very premature babies alive; but the more premature an infant is, the more likely it will have serious health challenges.

Reed and Amanda are choosing a mobile to hand above their newborn's crib. Which of the following is the BEST choice of mobile to interest a young infant? a mobile with small human figures a mobile with pastel flowers a mobile with red and white bull's eyes a mobile with yellow and brown animals

a mobile with red and white bull's eyes Young infants prefer looking at strongly contrasting patterns such as bull's eyes or stripes, and they also prefer the color red.

Which of the following is a risk factor for having an infant with a hearing impairment? being allergic to formula frequent colds after birth a cesarean birth a premature birth

a premature birth A premature birth and frequent ear infection during infancy place a child at higher risk for hearing impairment. Cesarean birth and an allergy to formula are not related to hearing impairment.

Why is it important to support a newborn's head? because the head is large and heavy relative to the size of the newborn because the bones of the newborn's skull are soft because of the openings, or fontanels, in the skull because newborns are clumsy and can hit their heads

because the head is large and heavy relative to the size of the newborn A newborn's head is too large and heavy to be supported by its weak neck. The skull is hard bone, but it does contain two soft spots, or fontanels. These don't require the head to be supported. Newborns are unlikely to hit their heads as they are unable to crawl or roll into something.

Typically, an infant triples its birth weight by its first birthday. Which other factors can contribute to a baby's weight? heredity feeding habits both a and b neither a nor b

both a and b Both heredity (the traits inherited from a baby's parents) and feeding habits (how much, how often, and what kind of food a baby is fed) will affect the baby's weight.

How is shaken baby syndrome diagnosed? by adult-size hand marks on the baby's arms by a description of the caregiver's actions by bruising on the baby's head by an MRI or other type of brain scan

by an MRI or other type of brain scan Shaken baby syndrome can cause devastating brain injuries leading to seizure, blindness, deafness, or death; but this syndrome cannot be diagnosed by external observation of the child or a description of the caregiver's actions. Only imaging scans of the child's brain can absolutely confirm a diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome.

What nutrients are essential for healthy teeth and bones? iron, calcium, and vitamin C iron, calcium, and protein calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D calcium, phosphorous, and carbohydrates

calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D

Which of the following is a hereditary factor that causes abnormal development in a fetus? smoking alcohol consumption defective genes recreational drugs

defective genes A hereditary factor is one that is passed on by the genetic material of one or both parents. The defective gene causes abnormal development in a fetus.

What is the BEST definition of lanugo? an opening in a newborn's skill that will close during the first 18 months of life an automatic, instinctive response to a stimulus fine, downy hair that covers a newborn's forehead, cheeks, shoulders, and back the moment that a fetus's head begins to emerge from the birth canal

fine, downy hair that covers a newborn's forehead, cheeks, shoulders, and back Some infants, especially those who are premature, are born with fine hair on much of their bodies. Lanugo is a normal part of fetal development, and most fetuses shed this excess hair when they begin laying down an insulating layer of fat in the third trimester.

What anatomical structures of a baby are proportionally larger than those of an adult? its head and abdomen its ears and nose its arms and legs its hands and feet

its head and abdomen An infant is, initially, an eating and brain-growing machine. In fact, more than half the total growth of the head occurs during the first year. As it becomes more mobile, the infant's extremities grow longer and stronger. The ears and nose typically stay proportional throughout life.

Which of the following is an example of a motor skill? responding to someone's tone of voice distinguishing between salty and sour tastes lifting the chin when placed on one's stomach identifying one's mother by smell

lifting the chin when placed on one's stomach A motor skill is an ability that depends on the use and control of muscles, not the senses of smell, taste, or hearing.

Over time, Baby Reggie has gone from waving his arms with excitement when he sees his bottle to holding the bottle with both palms. What pattern of physical development is shown by this? head to foot internal to external simple to complex near to far

near to far The "near to far" pattern refer to development starting at the trunk and moving outward. In this example, the movement is from arms to palms. Later, Reggie will grasp food items with his fingers and thumb.

Which of the following developmental milestones happens FIRST? holding and drinking from a cup pulling up while holding on to furniture. rolling from side to back and from back to side. crawling on hands and knees

rolling from side to back and from back to side. Following the developmental pattern of "near to far," a baby first gains control of its trunk. All the other milestones involve control of the extremities, which comes later.

During what stage of childbirth will a mother be actively pushing? first stage recovery second stage third stage

second stage During the first stage, contractions of the uterus thin and widen the cervix. During the third stage, additional uterine contractions expel the placenta. During the second stage, the mother begins pushing to help the baby along.

Your neighbor Mrs. Reynolds tells you she felt her baby "quicken" today. What is Mrs. Reynolds talking about? the movement of her zygote down the Fallopian tube and into the uterus the first time she has been able to detect her fetus's movements the movement of her fetus into the birth canal the movements of her embryo

the first time she has been able to detect her fetus's movements "Quickening," the first time a mother can detect fetal movement, occurs at about 20 weeks. The developing zygote and embryo move quite a bit, but these movements are too small to be felt by the mother.

What is the purpose of the fontanels? to prevent pressure on the fetus's brain to prevent the fetus from becoming overheated to allow the fetus's skull to pass more easily through the birth canal to allow the newborn's skull to expand after birth

to allow the fetus's skull to pass more easily through the birth canal The fontanels at the front and rear of the head allow a fetus's skull to change shape to more easily pass through the birth canal.

What is the purpose of amniotic fluid? to transfer nutrients from the mother to the fetus to cushion and protect the fetus to prevent the fetus from drying out to feed the fetus

to cushion and protect the fetus The placenta and umbilical cord transfer nutrients from the mother to the fetus. Amniotic fluid provides insulation, allowing the fetus to withstand falls, bumps, and accidents the mother might experience.

Why do healthcare providers often counsel all women of childbearing age to take prenatal vitamins? because women do not absorb nutrients from food as well as men do to ensure they consume enough iron and calcium to fight anemia and weak bones to ensure they consume adequate quantities of nutrients that prevent common birth defects, just in case they don't yet know they are pregnant because many women do obtain sufficient quantities of important nutrients from diet alone

to ensure they consume adequate quantities of nutrients that prevent common birth defects, just in case they don't yet know they are pregnant Adequate quantities of folic acid, iron, and calcium are essential for normal prenatal development. Since development may be several weeks along before a woman knows she's pregnant, taking a daily prenatal vitamin is insurance against certain preventable birth defects.

What is the MAIN reason that healthcare providers discourage pregnant women from smoking? to prevent a low birth-weight infant to prevent lung cancer in the mother to prevent seizures in the fetus to avoid intellectual disability in the fetus

to prevent a low birth-weight infant Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of having a weak, low birth-weight infant. Preventing lung cancer is another good reason to quit smoking, but it is not the reason that is most important for a pregnant woman.

What is the function of the first stage of labor? to push the fetus out of the birth canal to expel the placenta from the uterus to turn the fetus into a head-down position to thin the cervix and widen the cervical opening

to thin the cervix and widen the cervical opening Contractions of the uterus during the first stage of labor serve to thin the cervix, the thick ring of muscle at the base of the uterus, and to open it to allow the fetus's head to pass into the birth canal.

Which structure connects the developing fetus to the placenta to bring nutrients and remove wastes? uterus ovary umbilical cord amniotic sac

umbilical cord Blood vessels in the umbilical cord carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to the fetus and transport wastes from the fetus to the mother's blood for elimination.