Child development exam 2
Thomas and Alva should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment if their infant son does not begin to imitate speech sounds and simple words by...?
12 months of age.
According to Piaget, infants do not have a full understanding of object permanence until...?
18 months of age.
According to textbook, most infants begin to use symbols at about...?
18 months.
Jared has typical visual acuity for a newborn. He can see at 20 feet what his father, who has normal vision, can see at __________ feet.
200 to 400.
Most children use a spoon like an adult by the time they are...?
24 months old.
The production of neurons is virtually complete by...?
28 weeks after conception.
If an infant does not respond to its own name by __________ months, parents should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment.
8 or 9.
Suppose a child is given these two facts: (1) If you hit a glass with a feather — the glass will break, and (2) Jason hit a glass with a feather. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A child in the concrete-operational period will come to an incorrect conclusion ("the glass didn't break because feathers can't break glass") whereas a child in the formal-operational period will come to a correct conclusion ("the glass broke").
According to Vygotsky, development is optimal when...?
A child is guided by someone with more skill.
When talking to his dad, Nicholas says, "See that fish. It has smooth skin so that it won't cut other fish when it swims with them." Nicholas is demonstrating...?
A commitment to teleological explanations.
Four-month-old Justin is likely to have...?
A sense of size, shape, and color constancy.
Michael has difficulty keeping still, is unable to concentrate on schoolwork, and often acts without thinking. Michael is showing signs of...?
ADHD.
Which of the following is TRUE of the cause and treatment of ADHD?
Academic and social skills are best treated with a combination of medication and other treatment.
Seven-month-old Ramila was placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus. You would be most likely to find that her heart rate __________, a sign of __________.
Accelerated; fear.
Six-month-old Nydia has been exclusively breastfed since birth. Thus, she has never drunk from a bottle. The first time Nydia is offered the bottle, she tries to suck on it the same way she is used to sucking. However, her old sucking behavior is not successful with the bottle. She has to adapt her sucking in order to get sufficient milk from the bottle. Nydia's new understanding of how to suck on the bottle is an indication that she has engaged in which of the following Piagetian processes?
Accommodation.
Baillargeon's studies of object permanence using possible events and impossible events suggest that the concept of object permanence is...?
Acquired earlier than Piaget believed.
Each neuron consists of...?
All of these answers (cell body, axon, dendrites)
Core knowledge views cognitive development as an innate capability to easily acquire knowledge in specialized domains of evolutionary importance, such as...?
All of these answers. (Language, knowledge of objects, & understanding people)
When Cookie first started golfing, she had to think about every part of her swing. Now that she's been golfing for years, she swings her club without even thinking about it. For Cookie, swinging a golf club has become...?
An automatic process.
Professor Garrett tells his class, "Children's cognition develops continuously and gradually. There are no abrupt changes in thought. There are no distinct stages of cognitive development." Professor Garrett sounds most like...?
An information-processing theorist.
Juliann is 4. If she is like most 4-year-olds, her naïve theory of biology will include the belief that...?
Animals can move by themselves, but inanimate objects can only be moved by other people or objects.
"The swings are sad today because I couldn't play on them because it is raining." This statement is an example of what Piagetian concept that is typical of preoperational children?
Animism.
Compared to adults, when children perform complex tasks they...?
Are likely to perform fewer processes automatically.
According to an information-processing theorist, which of the following is an explanation for cognitive development?
As children grow, more cognitive activities become automatic.
__________ is the process by which we select information that will be processed further.
Attention network.
Which of the following is the best example of scaffolding?
Aubrey helps her daughter prepare meatloaf for dinner — she gives her specific instructions and simplifies whenever possible.
Infants are more likely to detect a change in a rhythmic pattern, when information is presented using...?
Audio and video simultaneously.
Cognitive activities that require very little effort are referred to as...?
Automatic processes.
In newborns, upright posture is impossible due in part to their tendency to...?
Be top-heavy.
Who is experiencing disequilibrium?
Becky, who is doing much more accommodating than assimilating.
The pain cry in infants...?
Begins suddenly.
Which of the following is a symptom of ADHD?
Being unusually energetic.
Haley is looking at Bill. The two retinal images of Bill in Haley's eyes are nearly identical. This suggests that...?
Bill is very far from Haley.
Piaget was trained as a...?
Biologist.
One-month-old Mari's grimace after tasting a substance suggests that what she tasted was...?
Bitter.
Newborn Nina will probably look longest at...?
Black and white stripes.
By what age do infants typically have vision as good as that of normal adults?
By 1 year of age.
Yi-Yong wants to know when her newborn daughter will see colors in the same way she does. According to your text, infant color vision is similar to adult color vision...?
By 3 to 4 months of age.
Which of the following is NOT TRUE concerning infants' understanding of liquids and solids?
By 5 months, infants understand that solids keep their shape when moved, but that liquids do not.
Texture gradient cues are used to infer depth...?
By 7 months of age.
A preference for one hand over the other...?
Can be influence by one's culture.
In contrast to concrete operational thinkers, formal operational thinkers...?
Can reach counterfactual conclusions.
Because the taste of her mother's milk is affected by what her mother has just eaten, Baby Bonita is likely to prefer nursing after her mother has eaten...?
Candy.
The __________ contains the basic biological machinery that keeps the neuron alive.
Cell body
Preoperational children's incorrect responses on conservation tasks are best explained by the __________, which is characteristic of their thought.
Centered thinking
The _______________ moves information from working memory to long-term memory, selects strategies that are needed to accomplish particular goals, and performs needed responses.
Central executive.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of formal operational thinking?
Centration.
__________ is like tunnel vision.
Centration.
Haley is 2 months old. Which of the following motor milestones is she likely to have most recently attained?
Chest up.
According to Piaget...?
Children create theories about how the world works.
How do children learn more effective problem-solving strategies?
Children learn new strategies by instruction from others, observation of others, and self-discovery.
Which of the following is an implication of Piaget's theory for teaching practices?
Children should be encouraged to look at the consistency of their own thinking and to sort out any inconsistencies.
Visual acuity assess how...?
Clearly an infant can see.
Adult coaches should...?
Coach positively with praise for the children.
Children are most likely to enjoy and continue to participate in a sport when...?
Coaches have realistic expectations and demands for players.
Information-processing theorists use a __________ as a model for human cognition.
Computer.
According to Piaget, a 7- to 11-year-old child is in the __________ period.
Concrete operational.
During Piaget's __________ stage, children begin using mental operations to solve problems.
Concrete operational.
__________ thought is rule-oriented and logical but limited to the tangible and real.
Concrete operational.
Color is detected with specialized neurons in the retina of the eye called...?
Cones.
Piaget used __________ experiments to see whether children realized that characteristics of objects remained the same despite changes in physical appearance.
Conservation.
The view of children as active participants in their own development who systematically create ever more sophisticated understandings of their worlds is referred to as...?
Constructivism.
_____________ propose(s) distinctive domains of knowledge, some of which are acquired very early in life.
Core-knowledge theories.
Which is a form of locomotion?
Crawling.
Damage to the frontal cortex of the brain is most likely to affect the following functions?
Decision making.
Which of the following is characteristic of formal operational thought?
Deductive reasoning.
The majority of the crawling infants in the Gibson and Walk study of depth perception using a visual cliff...?
Demonstrated depth perception.
The __________ receives input from neurons, whereas the __________ sends information from other dendrites.
Dendrite; axon
A visual cliff is used to assess...?
Depth perception.
Dr. Kerry placed a baby on a glass-covered platform with one side that looked shallow under the glass and another side that looked deep under the glass. He then asked the mother to call the baby to come to her. Dr. Kerry appears to be interested in...?
Depth perception.
Interposition, texture gradient, relative size, and linear perspective all provide cues for...?
Depth perception.
Compared to Piaget's theory, information-processing theory...?
Describes the specific components of cognition in greater detail.
Dynamic systems theory considers the importance of...?
Differentiation and integration of individual skills.
In order to learn to do a triple jump in ice skating, Jennifer broke the triple jump into its component parts — the take-off, the individual turns, and the landing — and practiced each of those individually. Jennifer was using __________ to master a complex act.
Differentiation.
__________ refers to mastering component skills.
Differentiation.
Synaptic pruning refers to the...?
Disappearance of neurons.
According to Piaget, more advanced mental structures would not develop without...?
Disequilibrium.
A possible sign of a hearing impairment is if an infant __________ by four or five months.
Does not turn its head in the direction of sounds.
Motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks according to...?
Dynamic systems theory.
Jacob and his mother are driving home from school. Jacob, who is sitting in the back seat behind his mother, is telling a story about his foot getting hurt. Of course, his mother, who is driving, cannot see his foot, but Jacob keeps pointing to his foot, saying, "Mommy, see where I have my boo-boo?" Jacob is suffering from
Egocentrism.
The inability of the young child to grasp the fact that his or her view of the world, both literally and figuratively, may be but one of many is known as...?
Egocentrism.
When preoperational children are asked to identify different perspectives of model mountains on a table, which of the following characteristics of preoperational thought do they demonstrate?
Egocentrism.
The brain's electrical activity is measured by...?
Electroencephalograms (EEG).
Private speech...?
Eventually becomes inner speech.
Over the course of evolution, human infants have typically been exposed to some forms of stimulation that are used to adjust brain wiring, strengthening some circuits and eliminating others. This is known as...?
Experience-expectant growth.
Consider the following: Premise 1: If an animal barks, it is a dog. Premise 2: A snail barks. The concrete operational child would fail to draw the conclusion that "a snail is a dog" because his or her conclusions are based on...?
Experience.
Piaget's primary approach to investigating the origins of knowledge involved...?
Experiments with children.
In a culture where children are discouraged from using their left hands and encouraged to use their right hands, you would expect to find...?
Fewer left-handed children than you would find in a culture where right-handedness was not favored.
Centration is characterized by...?
Focusing on one aspect of a problem, while ignoring other relevant aspects of the problem.
Who is likely to be able to answer a hypothetical question such as, "What would happen if no one had to work anymore?"
Formal operational thinkers only.
According to Piaget, cognitive development is complete when the __________ period is reached.
Formal operational.
During Piaget's __________ stage, individuals become capable of abstract, hypothetical thought and deductive reasoning.
Formal operational.
The formal operational child approaches problems by...?
Forming hypotheses and systematically evaluating all possibilities.
Preschool children get their knowledge of living things from many sources. Which of the following is NOT one of these sources?
From an innate understanding of biology.
After suffering a head injury, Kent began having difficulty planning, and his personality changed. Kent appears to have suffered damage to his brain's...?
Frontal cortex.
Babies pay attention when a novel stimulus is first presented, but they pay less attention as it becomes more familiar. This phenomenon is called...?
Habituation
When Roy first received a new toy, he played with it all the time. The longer he had it, the less he played with it. This change in Roy's behavior is an example of...?
Habituation
Information-processing theorists refer to sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory as mental...?
Hardware.
Research suggests that ADHD...?
Has biological roots.
Parents should be concerned about their child's hearing if the child...?
Has repeated ear infections.
Compared to younger children, older children...?
Have more working memory.
According to the information in your textbook, what recommendation do you think would be most effective in improving the physical fitness of elementary-school aged children?
Have physical education classes focus more on individual activities that can be done throughout life.
Nellie has noticed that her 3-month-old cannot coordinate the motions of his hands. When should she expect him to be able to do this?
He should be able to coordinate his hands at about 5 months.
Graham is 6 months old. How would you expect him to be feeding himself?
He's probably beginning to be able to pick up finger foods, but is likely to have difficulty getting them in his mouth.
What determines hand preference?
Heredity and experience.
Jeremiah was born with a hearing impairment. The most likely cause of his hearing impairment is...?
Heredity.
Juan believes that a watermelon seed planted in a cornfield will produce watermelons. Juan believes that all watermelons share a "watermelon-ness" which makes them different from corn. Juan's understanding demonstrates...?
His belief that all living things have an essence that can't be seen, but gives a living thing its identity.
Sensory memory...?
Holds raw, unanalyzed information.
Which of the following would violate the principles of Piaget's theory?
If a gifted child skipped the concrete operational stage and went directly to the formal operational stage.
Information-processing theorists believe that the development of thinking is a result of...?
Improvements in both mental hardware and software that occur with age.
Information-processing theorists believe that developmental change occurs...?
In several different forms, rather than by a single mechanism.
According to Piaget, each stage of cognitive development involves consistent thought across different tasks. Recent research has found...?
Inconsistent performance across tasks contrary to Piaget's predictions.
Detection of hearing impairments early in infancy...?
Increases the likelihood of being able to treat the problem.
Allan wants to know what kind of sounds his newborn son can hear the best. What could you tell him about infant auditory capabilities?
Infants can best hear sounds that are pitched in the range of human speech.
You visit your mother and she wants to know what you have learned in school recently. Having just read the section on infant hearing in your textbook, what would you tell your mother you have learned?
Infants can hear, but not as well as adults.
Which of the following is TRUE concerning infants' naïve theories of physics?
Infants expect unsupported objects to fall.
Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory perception?
Infants hear sounds best that have pitches in the range of human speech.
The computer is used as a metaphor for the mind in which theory?
Information processing theory.
_______ prevent(s) task-irrelevant information from entering working memory.
Inhibitory processes.
After first learning to do a backbend and then learning to stand up from a backbend, Janine combined those two elements to do a complete back walkover. Janine's combining of the two component skills to perform a more complex skill is referred to as...?
Integration.
Combining the component skills of a complex motion to form a working whole is called...?
Integration.
Information that is presented simultaneously to different sensory modes provides...?
Intersensory redundancy.
When Gavin and his father solve puzzles together, they share an understanding of the goals of the activity and their roles in solving the puzzles. This illustrates the concept of...?
Intersubjectivity.
The production of neurons...?
Involves producing many more neurons than necessary.
Long-term memory...?
Is a permanent storehouse of information.
The corpus callosum...?
Is a thick bundle of neurons that links the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
Each new stage of cognitive development...?
Is marked by a distinctive way of thinking about and understanding the world.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)...?
Is more common in boys than in girls.
Working memory...?
Is the site of ongoing cognitive activity.
Newborn's sense of smell...?
Is well developed at birth.
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding experience-dependent growth?
It denotes changes in the brain from environmental influences that typically occur at specified points in development.
Which of the following children is illustrating the impact of motor-skill development on the development of perceptual skills?
Jason, a 6-month-old infant, can hold, turn, and stroke the toy duck which allows him to learn about the three-dimensional nature of the toy duck.
Which parent should be most concerned about a possible hearing impairment?
Kristen, whose 1-year-old daughter has had repeated ear infections.
Language processing is regulated primarily by the...?
Left hemisphere.
Compared to an older child, a younger child is likely to use problem-solving strategies that are...?
Less efficient.
Skills that are automatic require...?
Less working memory.
A depth cue that involves parallel lines coming together at a single point in the distance is referred to as...?
Linear perspective.
Piaget thought children were like...?
Little scientists.
Before you read this question, the name of the first president of the United States was most likely stored in your...?
Long-term memory.
The limitless, permanent storehouse of knowledge in the world is called...?
Long-term memory.
Renee Baillargeon studied object permanence by showing infants possible events and impossible events. In the possible event, a screen rotated until it made contact with a box, at which point it began rotating backwards. In the impossible event, when the rotating screen reached the box, it continued to rotate, the box appeared to disappear, and the box reappeared after the screen rotated past it. She found that 4 ½-month-old infants looked...?
Longer at the impossible event than the possible event, suggesting they understood object permanence.
If an infant watches while a toy that has been hidden in one location is then hidden in a new location, most 8- to 10-month-olds...?
Look for the toy in the old location, indicating that they do not understand that objects exist independently.
The most successful approach to treating hyperactivity is...?
Medical treatment alone.
According to the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD, the most successful approach to dealing with the academic issues associated with ADHD is...?
Medication plus psychosocial treatment.
In the treatment of ADHD...?
Medication with psychosocial treatment is the most effective.
The leading cause of hearing impairments that occur after birth is...?
Meningitis.
__________ are strategies and rules that make thinking more systematic and more powerful.
Mental operations.
Neurons...?
Migrate to their final positions in stages.
Some researchers believe the absence of a theory mind, called ________________, is the defining characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).
Mindblindness.
When infants are held upright over a treadmill...?
Most 6- and 7-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
Which of the following is NOT correct regarding face-recognition skill?
Most adults recognize faces from other races better than faces from their own race.
Which of the following do infants use to determine which elements go together to form an object?
Motion, color, texture, and aligned edges.
Coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs are referred to as...?
Motor skills.
Which of the following allows the axon to transmit information more rapidly?
Myelin
Interposition refers to the fact that...?
Nearby objects partially obscure more distant objects.
The entire nervous system arises from the embryonic structure known as the...?
Neural plate.
A(n) ________ is a cell that specializes in receiving and transmitting information.
Neuron
Chemicals that carry information from one neuron to the next are called...?
Neurotransmitters.
Moses knows that even though he cannot see his favorite blanket, it still exists. Moses understands the concept of...?
Object permanence.
Paula is interested in finding out whether infants can distinguish between bitter and salty tastes. What would be the most effective way to investigate her question?
Observe infants' facial expressions or head movements to see whether they respond differently to bitter and salty tastes.
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)...?
Often do poorly in school.
Many 4-year-olds believe that...?
Only living things have offspring.
When concrete operational and formal operational thinkers are asked to combine a number of clear liquids to produce a blue liquid...?
Only the formal operational child tests the combinations of liquids in a systematic manner.
Which infant is using mental symbols?
Peter, who is saying "Vrrrrroooommm!" and moving his hand like a car.
Your friends, John and Lisa, are wondering whether their newborn son can feel pain. What can you tell them about infants' ability to feel pain?
Physical development and behavior suggests that newborns are capable of feeling pain.
Which of the following is NOT a weakness of Piaget's theory?
Piaget's theory overestimates cognitive competencies in infants and young children and underestimates cognitive competencies in adolescents.
The extent to which brain organization is flexible is referred to as...?
Plasticity.
According to Piaget, preschoolers are in the __________ period of cognitive development.
Preoperational.
In a conservation of liquid experiment, Victoria is shown two identical beakers filled with the same amount of juice. The juice from one of the beakers is poured into a taller, thinner beaker. Victoria now thinks there is more juice in the tall, thin beaker than in the original beaker. Victoria appears to be in Piaget's __________ stage of cognitive development.
Preoperational.
Piaget's __________ stage is characterized by the child's use of symbols to represent objects and events.
Preoperational.
Inhibitory processes...?
Prevent task-irrelevant information from entering working memory.
How is the cognitive functioning of Rachel, an 8-year-old, likely to compare with Bethany, a 16-year-old?
Rachel will use less efficient strategies.
Light we see as the color __________ has a relatively long wavelength.
Red.
The fact that when a person views an object, the retinal images in the left and right eyes differ is called...?
Retinal disparity.
Which characteristic of the concrete operational child's thinking allows him or her to solve Piaget's conservation problem?
Reversible mental operations.
Newborns are able to detect which of the following tastes?
Salty, sour, bitter, and sweet tastes.
A child coloring in a coloring book says out loud to herself, "Stay inside the lines. Water is blue and the fish are red." This is an example of...?
Scaffolding.
__________ refers to a teaching style that matches the amount of assistance to the learner's needs.
Scaffolding.
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Synaptic pruning is completed first for brain regions associated with ___________________.
Sensory and motor functions.
You clench your fist, rapidly open your hand, then rapidly re-clench your fist. After you re-clench your fist, you momentarily see an image of your fingers extended. That image is stored in...?
Sensory memory.
In the United States, physical education classes...?
Should meet more frequently each week to promote physical fitness.
The realization that an object's actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of its retinal image is referred to as...?
Size constancy.
As children get older, their speed of processing...?
Speeds up.
Four-month-old Courtney has habituated to the mobile over her crib. You would expect Courtney to...?
Spend less time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.
Kamar has just learned to sit without support. Which motor milestone would you expect he has not yet achieved, but will master the soonest?
Standing while holding an object for support.
Piaget's theory...?
Stimulated research in the area of cognitive development.
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding brain specialization?
Successful specialization requires stimulation from the environment.
Most newborns prefer which of the following tastes?
Sweet and salty tastes.
If Harry, a newborn baby, were able to choose the taste of a substance put in his mouth, what kind of taste would you expect him to choose?
Sweet.
When infants begin using __________, they are then able to mentally anticipate consequences, rather than having to perform them.
Symbols.
When formal operational thinkers are faced with a problem, such as figuring out what combination of clear liquids will produce a blue liquid, they will...?
Systematically test hypotheses about different combinations of liquids.
Piaget's view of cognitive development has some straightforward implications for teaching practices. Which teaching strategy is NOT an application of Piaget's theory?
Teachers should correct children's mistakes directly, so that children don't waste time worrying about their errors.
According to Vygotsky's theory, teachers should place an emphasis on learning as a cooperative activity. Given this, which of the following should teachers avoid?
Teachers should direct their students' learning.
Teaching suggestions based on Piaget's theory include...?
Teaching at a level slightly ahead of children's current level of thinking.
The left hemisphere of the brain controls...?
The ability to produce and understand language.
Which of the following abilities marks the end of the sensorimotor period?
The ability to use mental symbols.
The zone of proximal development refers to...?
The difference between what a child can do with and without help.
The number of synapses reaches its peak by ____________________.
The first birthday.
When an infant habituates to a stimulus, such as a picture,...?
The infant will pay less attention to the stimulus as it becomes more familiar.
The right hemisphere of the brain controls...?
The perception of spatial relationships.
Children's naïve psychology flourishes in...?
The preschool years.
The term auditory threshold refers to...?
The quietest sound a person can hear.
A developmental psychologist is most likely to use a false belief task to study...?
Theory of mind.
A person's beliefs about connections between mind and behavior are central to...?
Theory of mind.
According to Piaget, the concrete operational child...?
Thinks in a way that is limited to the tangible and real.
Neurons begin to acquire myelin in the fourth month of prenatal development and this process continues _______________.
Through infancy into childhood and adolescence.
According to theory of mind, at 3 years of age children do not...?
Understand that other people's behavior is based on beliefs.
Most 4-month-olds?
Use cues from the inner ears to maintain balance.
Information-processing theorists believe one reason older children outperform younger children cognitively is that older children...?
Use less working memory.
Which of the following fine-motor skills is the latest to develop?
Using both hands in a coordinated way.
Hand preference...?
Usually emerges sometime after the first birthday.
Two children are asked the following question: If you could jump into a swimming pool filled with any substance, what substance would you want the pool to be filled with? Vincent answers: "Water — that's what pools are filled with." Ted, on the other hand, answers: "Cool — I would want the pool filled with red Jello." Which of the following statements is correct regarding Vincent and Ted?
Vincent is in the concrete-operational stage and Ted is in the formal-operational stage.
Who is performing a fine-motor skill?
Vincent, who is scribbling with a pencil.
Both of Sharif's parents wear glasses to correct nearsighted vision and they're wondering whether Sharif needs glasses. Sharif's parents are concerned about Sharif's...?
Visual acuity.
Dr. Burns shows two stimuli at a time to an infant, one a gray square and the other a black and white striped square. The striped squares differ in the width of their stripes. Dr. Burns measures how long the infant looks at each of the stimuli. Dr. Burns is assessing...?
Visual acuity.
__________ is the smallest pattern that can be visually distinguished dependably.
Visual acuity.
The concepts of scaffolding, private speech, and the zone of proximal development are most closely associated with...?
Vygotsky.
Differences in __________ are related to differences in color perception.
Wavelengths of light.
In newborns, the sense of smell is...?
Well-developed
If you looked at a picture of a dog and a cat, when would you judge the cat to be further away than the dog?
When the cat is partially obscured by the dog.
As you read and think about this test question, it is stored in...?
Working memory.
Which is most like a computer's RAM (Random Access Memory)?
Working memory.
Infants' auditory thresholds allow them to hear...?
Worse than adults.