Chinese International Relations Vocabulary

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Offices under that State Council

(2)国务院办事机构

State Bureaus Administration by Ministration or Commission)

(5)部委管理的国家局

Pentagon

(美)五角大楼(美国国防部办公楼)

Balanced Budget: Act of 1997 Passed by Congress in 1997, this historic measure mandated a balanced federal budget by 2001 but was ironically undone in that very year by the events of 9/11.

1997年平衡預算法案1997

ABC war: a general term for war involving weapons of mass destructions (WMD), especially atomic (nuclear), biological, and chemical weapons. See weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

ABC戰爭

Mayor of XXX County

XX县县长

Executive Vice County Mayor of XXX

XX县常务副县长

Versailles Treaty

《凡尔赛条约》

"The One-China Principle is the foundation and prerequisite for peaceful reunification"

一个中国的原则是和平统一的基础

One—party States

一党制国家

One Country, Two Systems

一国两制

package deal

一揽子交易

first secretary

一等秘书

Unicameral

一院制

one-party dominant One-party dominant systems are different from authoritarian one-party systems in that they hold regular elections, allow open criticism of the government, and do not outlaw other parties; until recently, Japan operated as a one-party dominant system, as did Mexico; South Africa is one current example.

一黨獨大Yī dǎng dú dà

Bandung conference

万隆会议

Three Represents YTheory (the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)

三个代表

Thirty Years War

三十年战争

Three-Gorges Project

三峡工程

Migrants from Three Gorges area

三峡移民

tripolar system

三极体系

third secretary

三等秘书

triangular diplomacy

三角外交

Three Emphases Education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)

三讲教育:讲学习,讲政治,讲正气

three direct links of trade , mail , and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits

三通(指台湾海峡两岸实现通商,通航和通邮)

appellate court: a court that reviews cases on appeal from district courts.

上訴法院

House of Lords

上议院

laid-off workers

下岗职工

subsistence allowances for laid-off workers

下岗职工基本生活费

House of Commons

下议院

persona non-grata

不受欢迎的人

irreversibility

不可逆转性

asymmetrical strategy

不对称战略

nonintervention

不干涉

Nonproliferation Treaty An international agreement, drafted in 1968, not to aid nonnuclear nations in acquiring nuclear weapons; it was not signed by France, China, and other nations actively seeking to build these weapons.

不擴散核武器條約Bù kuòsàn héwǔqì tiáoyuē

unfair competition

不正当竞争

non-aligned countries

不结盟国家

nonaligned movement (NAM)

不结盟运动

never to attach any conditions

不附带任何条件

non-first use

不首先使用核武器

advance with the times 4

与时俱进

Despotism

专制

absolute government / absolutism

专制政府/绝对专制主义

exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

专属经济区

cosmopolitanism

世界主义

world system theory

世界体系理论

World Health Organization (WHO)

世界卫生组织

world federalism

世界联邦主义

World Trade Organization (WTO)

世界贸易组织

World Bank

世界银行

Tokyo war-crimes trials

东京战犯审判

ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian nations

东南亚国家联盟

Eastern India Company

东印度公司

Eastern bloc

东方阵营

host country

东道国

the two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and warding off risks.

两大历史性课题(提高党的执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力)

bipolar distribution of power

两极权力分布

individual level

个人层次

personality system

个人系统

case study

个案研究,案例研究

Middle East, Mideast

中东

CPC Central Committee

中共中央委员会

General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee

中共中央总书记

All China Women's Federation

中化全国妇女联合会

President of the People's Republic of China

中华人民共和国主席

President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China

中华人民共和国主席/副主席

All China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots

中华全国□□□同胞联谊会

All China Sports Federation

中华全国体育总会

All China Federation of Industry and Commerce

中华全国工商联合会

All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese

中华全国归国华侨联合会

All China Federation of Trade Unions

中华全国总工会

All China Journalists' Association

中华全国新闻工作者协会

All China Youth Federation

中华全国青年联合会

Chinese Medical Association

中华医学会

Chinese empire

中华帝国

Indo-Chinese War

中印战争

Chinese Calligraphers Association

中国书法家协会

Chinese People's National Committee for Defense of Children

中国人民保卫儿童基金会

People's Organizations of China

中国人民团体

Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries

中国人民对外友好协会

National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)

中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会 (简称全国政协)

People's Bank of China

中国人民银行

Chinese Islamic Association

中国伊斯兰教协会

Chinese Buddhists Association

中国佛教协会

Chinese Writers Association

中国作家协会

Communist Youth League of China

中国共产主义青年团

17th National Congress of Communist Party of China (17th NCCPC)

中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会

Chinese Publishers Association

中国出版协会

China's State Organs

中国国家机关

Association for Int'l Understanding of China

中国国际交流协会

Chinese Society of International Law

中国国际法学会

China Seismological Bureau

中国地震局

Three Self Patriotic Movement Committee of the Protestant Churches of China

中国基督教"三自"爱国运动委员会

Chinese Catholic Bishops College

中国天主教主教团

Nat'l Administrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church

中国天主教教务委员会

Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association

中国天主教爱国会

Chinese Olympic Committee

中国奥林匹克委员会

China Young Pioneers

中国少年先锋队

Chinese Academy of Engineering

中国工程院

Chinese Dramatists Association

中国戏剧家协会

Chinese Photographers Society

中国摄影家协会

member of the National Committee of CPPCC

中国政协委员

China Society of Political Science and Law

中国政法学会

China Federation of Literary and Art Circles

中国文学艺术界联合会

Chinese Ballad Singers Association

中国曲艺家协会

Chinese Acrobats Association

中国杂技艺术家协会

Chinese Opera Research Institute

中国歌剧研究会

China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped

中国残疾人福利基金会

Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) 8

中国民用航空总局

China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art

中国民间文艺家协会

China Meteorological Bureau

中国气象局

China Law Society

中国法律会

Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre

中国法律质询中心

China Film Association

中国电影家协会

Chinese Television Artists Association

中国电视艺术家协会

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

中国社会科学院

China Welfare Institute

中国福利会

China Society and Technology Association

中国科学技术协会

Chinese Society of Science and Technology History

中国科学技术史学会

Chinese Academy of Sciences

中国科学院

Chinese Pen Centre

中国笔会中心

Red Cross Society of China

中国红十字会总会

Chinese Artists Association

中国美术家协会

Translators Association of China

中国翻译工作者协会

United Nations Association of the People's Republic of China

中国联合国协会

Nat'l Commission of The People's Republic of China for UNESCO

中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会

Chinese Dancers Association

中国舞蹈家协会

Chinese Society for Measurement

中国计量测试学会

China Securities Regulatory Commission(CSRS)

中国证券监督管理委员会

Chinese Taoist Association

中国道教协会

Chinese Monetary Society

中国金融学会

Chinese Musicians Association

中国音乐家协会

Central/Local relations

中央与地方的关系

Central Military Commission

中央军事委员会

Member, Central Committee

中央委员

Central Intelligence Agency

中央情报局

Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC

中央政治局

Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

中央纪律检查委员会

central bank

中央银行

core-periphery model

中心边缘模式

to suspend diplomatic relations

中断外交关系

intermediate-range ballistic missile

中程弹道导弹

neutrality The policy of giving the very highest priority to staying out of war by adopting a nonthreatening posture toward neighboring states, maintaining a strictly defensive military capability, and refusing to take sides in conflicts; Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland are among the countries that have pursued a policy of neutrality most successfully.

中立Zhōnglì

neutrality stated, neutral country

中立国

middle-range power

中等国家

Chairman

主任委员

presidium

主席团

sovereignty doctrine

主权原则

sovereign state

主权国家

sovereign equality

主权平等

sovereignty costs

主权成本

sovereign actor

主权行为体

sovereignty A government's capacity to assert supreme power successfully in a political state.

主權Zhǔquán

sovereign wealth fund A state owned investment fund made up of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, precious metals, and property; such funds invest globally. China, for example, has invested huge sums in the United States via its sovereign wealth fund.

主權財富基金Zhǔquán cáifù jījīn

Peace of Utrecht

乌得勒支和约

utopian socialist Individuals who believed that public ownership of property could be effectively accomplished and could solve most important political problems.

乌托邦理论,空想社會主義Kōngxiǎng shèhuì zhǔyì

Uruguay Round

乌拉圭回合

ping-pong diplomacy

乒乓外交

the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress

九届全国人大四次会议

township enterprises

乡镇企业

Chief Executive, Township Government

乡镇长

Clerk of the Court

书记

Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

书记处书记

prior restraint The legal doctrine that the government does not have the power to restrain the media from publication, except in cases of dire national emergency.

事先克制Shìxiān kèzhì

de facto recognition

事实上承认

ex post facto law A law that retroactively criminalizes acts that were legal at the time they were committed.

事後法Shìhòu fǎ

dualism

二元主义

200-nautical-mile maritime rights

二百海里海洋权

second secretary

二等秘书

mutual non-aggression

互不侵犯

non-interference in each other's internal affairs

互不干涉内政

reciprocity

互惠

to exchange ambassadors

互派大使

mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity

互相尊重主权和领土完整

mutual recognition

互相承认

mutual understanding and mutual accommodation

互谅互让

exchange of needed goods

互通有无

Asian flu: A term used to describe the widespread financial turmoil in Asian stock markets, financial institutions, and economies in 1997.

亞洲流感

to exchange views

交换意见

transaction benefit

交易收益

transactionism

交流理论

Ministry of Communications

交通部

Kyoto Protocol Countries that ratify this treaty, which went into effect in 2005, agree to cut emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases or to engage in emissions trading if they exceed a certain cap; the United States signed it under President Bill Clinton, but President George W. Bush renounced it shortly after taking office in 2001.

京都議定書Jīngdū yìdìngshū

Ministry of Personnel

人事部

body bomb

人体炸弹

per-capita gross domestic product (GDP)

人均国内生产总值

the nature of man

人性

Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

人权宣言

people-to-people contacts and exchanges

人民之间的联系和交流

Procurator; General, People's procuratorates

人民检察院检察长

Chief Judge , People's Tribunals

人民法庭庭长

President, People's Courts

人民法院院长

Lok Sabha The lower house of India's Federal Parliament; the directly elected House of the People; in India, as in the United Kingdom and other parliamentary systems, governments are formed by the majority party (or a coalition of parties) in the lower house following national elections (see also Rajya Sabha).

人民院Rénmín yuàn

human nature The characteristics that human beings have in common and that infl uence how they react to their surroundings and fellow humans.

人的本質Rén de běnzhí

humanitarianism

人道主义

humanitarian intervention

人道主义干涉

letter of introduction

介绍书

chargé d'affaires ,interim

代办,临时代办

office of the chargé d'affaires

代办处

war by proxy

代理人战争

proxy war: A war in which two adversaries back opposing parties to a conflict by supplying money, weapons, and military advisors, while avoiding direct combat operations against each other.

代理人戰爭Dàilǐ rén zhànzhēng

Representation

代表制

delegation

代表团

member of the delegation

代表团成员

delegate theory of representation A theory that elected officials should reflect the views of their constituencies.

代表理論的代表性Dàibiǎo lǐlùn de dàibiǎo xìng

Credentials Committee

代表资格审查委员会

Representative government

代议制政府

the Dayton Peace Accords

代顿协议

Knesset The unicameral Israeli parliament.

以色列議會Yǐsèliè yìhuì

arbitration

仲裁

value judgment

价值判断

Islamic fundamentalism

伊斯兰原教旨主义

Islamic radicalism

伊斯兰激进主义

to meet with

会见

traditionalism

传统主义

casualty

伤亡

the Peloponnesian War

伯罗奔尼撒战争

low-information rationality The idea that voters can make sensible choices (for example, casting their ballot wisely) even though they lack knowledge and sophistication about public policy, candidates, and current events.

低信息理性Dī xìnxī lǐxìng

Low Countries

低地国家

low-intensity conflict Occurs when one state finances, sponsors, or promotes the sporadic and prolonged use of violence in a rival country.

低強度衝突,低烈度冲突

low politics

低级政治

supply-side economics

供应学派经济学

dependency theory

依附理论

Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs

侨务办公厅

country of one's residence

侨居国

brokered democracy: this theory holds that the interests of major groups cannot be steamrolled by the majority without jeopardizing democracy and that legislators and decision makers should act as brokers in writing laws and devising policies that are acceptable to all major groups in society.

促成民主

to safeguard national sovereignty and national resources

保卫国家主权和民族资源

conservative A political philosophy that emphasizes prosperity, security, and tradition above other values (see also liberal).

保守Bǎoshǒu

Clientelism

保护主义

to maintain neutrality

保持中立

royalist One who favors absolutism or rule by an all-powerful monarch.

保皇黨Bǎohuáng dǎng

protective democracy: A theory of democracy that places the highest priority on national security.

保護民主Bǎohù mínzhǔ

asymmetric information

信息不对称

Ministry of Information Industry

信息产业部

Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications

信息产业部

information warfare (IW), infowar

信息战

information revolution

信息革命

revisionism

修正主义

individualism According to Alexis de Tocqueville, the direction of one's feelings toward oneself and one's immediate situation; a self-centered detachment from the broader concerns of society as a whole. According to John Stuart Mill, the qualities of human character that separate humans from animals and give them uniqueness and dignity.

個人主義Gèrén zhǔyì

breakdown and regime change

倒台与政权更迭

collapse

倒塌

alternate member

候补委员

candidate selection

候选人选择

candidate

候选人,选手

cease-fire

停火

kin-country syndrome Phenomenon wherein countries whose peoples and leaders are culturally tied to one another take similar positions.

健國綜合徵Jiàn guó zònghé zhēng

good health and a long life

健康长寿

accidental war: in the modern age, the unintentional launching of a nuclear attack because of a mistake or miscalculation.

偶然的戰爭

catalytic war: A conflict that begins as a localized and limited encounter but grows into a general war after other parties are drawn into the conflict through the activation of military alliances.

催化戰爭Cuīhuà zhànzhēng

Tyranny

僭主制/暴政

deadlock

僵局

Confucian civilization

儒家文明

Confucianist

儒教徒

eugenics The science of controlling the hereditary traits in a species, usually by selective mating, in an attempt to improve the species.

優生學Yōushēng xué

preemption

先发制人

preemptive war

先发制人的战争

Glorious Revolution

光荣革命

Kashmir

克什米尔

Crimean War

克里米亚战争

secretary, Party Leadership Group

党组书记

civil war A war between geographical sections or political factions within a nation.

內戰Nèizhàn

deputy to the National People's Congress

全国人大代表

Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress

全国人大委员长/副委员长

National People's Congress (NPC)

全国人民代表大会 (简称 全国人大)

the NPC Presidium

全国人民代表大会主席团

the NPC Standing Committee

全国人民代表大会常务委员会

the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee

全国人民代表大会常务委员会办公厅

China Society of History

全国史学会

Nat'l Children's Work Coordination Committee

全国少年儿童工作协调委员会

Nat'l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children

全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会

globalization: The process by which values, attitudes, preferences, and products associated with the most technologically advanced democracies are being spread around the world via mass media and trade.

全球化Quánqiú huà

global governance

全球治理

global agenda

全球议程

all-round well-off society 6

全面小康社会

forge ahead with the new great project of Party building

全面推进党的建设的新的伟大工程

complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons

全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器

CTB, Comprehensive test ban

全面禁止核试验

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

全面禁止核试验条约

bipolar system: the breakdown of the traditional European balance-of-power system into two rival factions headed by the United States and the former Soviet Union, each with overwhelming economic and military superiority and each unalterably opposed to the politics and ideology of the other.

兩極體制

bicameralism Division of the legislature into two houses.

兩院制Liǎngyuànzhì

counsellor withthe rank of minister, minister-counsellor

公使衔参赞

legation

公使馆

treasury bond

公债

public interest: In political parlance, policies aimed at the general good or society as a whole; in contrast to private interest or special interest, which involve laws or policies favoring individuals or groups.

公共利益Gōnggòng lìyì

Public administration

公共行政

public choice theory

公共选择理论

public domain

公共领域

announcement

公告,通告

Ministry of Public Security

公安部

referendum: A vote through which citizens may directly repeal an action taken by the legislature.

公投Gōngtóu

communique

公报

plebiscite

公民投票

plebiscite A vote by an entire community on some specific issue of public policy.

公民投票Gōngmín tóupiào

civic education The process of inculcating in potential citizens the fundamental values and beliefs of the established order.

公民教育Gōngmín jiàoyù

Civil rights

公民权利

citizenship: The right and the obligation to participate constructively in the ongoing enterprise of self-government.

公民權Gōngmínquán

Civil liberties

公民自由

citizen-leader: An individual who influences government decisively even though he or she holds no official government position.

公民領袖Gōngmín lǐngxiù

high seas

公海

open sea

公海

international waters

公海;国际水域

public good: The shared beliefs of a political community as to what goals government ought to attain (for example, to achieve the fullest possible measure of security, prosperity, equality, liberty, or justice for all citizens).

公益,公共物品

public opinion: A view held by citizens that influences the decisions and policies of government officials.

公眾意見Gōngzhòng yìjiàn

protocol

公约

generally-accepted principles of international relations

公认的国际关系原则

Notary Public

公证员

glasnost Literally "openness"; this term refers to Mikhail Gorbachev's curtailment of censorship and encouragement of political discussion and dissent within the former Soviet Union.

公開性Gōngkāi xìng

community sense

共同体意识

questions of common interest; question of common concern

共同关心的问题

CFSP, Common foreign and Security Policy

共同外交与安全政策

co-decision In the European Union, a method of legislation and rule-making that involves both the European Council (heads of government) and the European Parliament.

共同決定Gòngtóng juédìng

joint action

共同行动

shared ideas

共同观念

republic A form of government in which sovereignty resides in the people of that country, rather than with the rulers. The vast majority ofrepublics today are democratic or representative republics, meaning that the sovereign power is exercised by elected representatives who are responsible to the citizenry.

共和國Gònghéguó

communism A political system based on radical equality; the antithesis of capitalism.

共產主義Gòngchǎn zhǔyì

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

关税与贸易总协定

tariffs reduction

关税减让

Tariffs Union

关税同盟

customs union

关税同盟

normalization of relations

关系正常化

Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs

内务司法委员会

re-employment

再就业

re-employment of laid-off workers

再就业下岗人员

military integration

军事一体化

military base

军事基地

military intervention

军事干预

military-technical revolution

军事技术革命

military provocation

军事挑衅

military assistance

军事援助

military coup

军事政变

military defense

军事防御

militarism

军国主义

arms control

军备控制

arms dealer, merchant of death

军火商

military expenditures

军费开支

armed force (two terms)

军队/武装力量

Ministry of Agriculture

农业部

Serfdom

农奴制

surplus rural workers

农村剩余劳动力

projects to upgrade rural power grids

农村电网改造

Decision making

决策

thawing of Cold War

冷战的缓和

Quango

准--非政府组织

Quasi-judicial

准司法

reduction or cancellation of debts

减轻债务负担

Kellog-Briand Pact

凯洛格-白里安公约

stratified sampling: A manner of polling in which participants are chosen on the basis of age, income, socioeconomic background, and the like, so that the sample mirrors the larger population; the opposite of random sampling.

分層抽樣Fēn céng chōuyàng

decentralization

分散化

separation of powers The organization of government into distinct areas of legislative, executive, and judicial functions, each responsible to different constituencies and possessing its own powers and responsibilities; the system of dividing the governmental powers among three branches and giving each branch a unique role to play while making all three interdependent.

分权,三權分立Sān quán fēnlì

separatism

分离主义

Chernobyl nuclear accident

切尔诺贝利核事故

altruism

利他主义

egoism

利己主义

interest rate

利率

Interests

利益

Interest articulation and aggregation

利益表达与聚合

interest group

利益集团

interests group

利益集团

interest group An association of individuals that attempts to influence policy and legislation in a confined area of special interest, often through lobbying, campaign contributions, and bloc voting.

利益集團Lìyì jítuán

Statute Law

制定法

institutionalization

制度化

institutional peace theory

制度和平论

checks and balances: Constitutional tools that enable branches of government to resist any illegitimate expansion of power by other branches.

制衡 / 三权分立

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II (START II): A treaty negotiated between the United States and the former Soviet Union that limited strategic nuclear weapons.

削減戰略武器條約 II(START II)Xuējiǎn zhànlüè wǔqì tiáoyuē II(START II)

surplus value

剩余价值

Vice County Mayor

副县长

deputy head of the delegation, deputy leader of the delegation

副团长

Vice Premier

副总理

Duty General Police Commissioner

副总警监

General Office

办公厅

Director, General Office

办公厅主任

utilitarian philosophy

功利主义哲学

functionalism: In political thought, the theory that the gradual transfer of economic and social functions to international cooperative agencies (for example, specialized UN agencies, such as UNESCO) will eventually lead to a transfer of actual authority and integration of political activities on the international level.

功能主義Gōngnéng zhǔyì

accelerate economic restructuring

加快经济结构调整

weighted voting

加权表决

unrest

动荡

hijack

劫机

Ministry of Labor and Social Security

劳动和社会保障部

Chemical Weapons Convention: A 1993 international arms control treaty to eliminate chemical weapons within 10 years. It calls for the destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles and the monitoring of companies making compounds that can be used to produce nerve agents in order to end production of chemical weapons.

化學武器公約

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) A military alliance, founded in 1949, originally consisting of the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Norway, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Iceland, and Luxembourg; previously, its principal aim was to prevent Soviet aggression in Europe. At present, 26 states, including many former Eastern European states that were once members of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, belong to NATO.

北大西洋公約組織(北約)Běi dàxīyáng gōngyuē zǔzhī (běi yuē)

NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization

北大西洋公约组织

Global North

北方世界

Great Northern War

北方战争

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Agreement signed in 1994 by the United States, Mexico, and Canada that established a compact to allow free trade or trade with reduced tariffs among the three nations.

北美自由貿易協定(NAFTA)Běiměi zìyóu màoyì xiédìng (NAFTA)

NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement

北美自由贸易协定

regional integration

区域一体化

regionalism

区域主义

regionalization

区域化

regional security complex

区域安全复合体

regional awareness

区域意识

regional

区域的

regional identity

区域认同

Chief Executive, District Government

区长

Reform of medical insurance system

医保制度改革

health care reform

医疗改革

district courts The court in which most U.S. federal cases originate.

區法院Qū fǎyuàn

Crusade

十字军

luncheon

午宴

Semi-presidential systems

半总统制

Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee

华侨委员会

entente

协约

coherent state

单一民族国家

unipolarity

单极

unilateralism

单边主义

Global South

南方世界

Antarctic Treaty: an international agreement that prohibits all military activity on the Antarctic continent and allows for inspection of all nations' facilities there. It also nullifies allterritorial claims to Antarctic land and pledges the signatories to peaceful cooperation in exploration and research.

南極條約

game theory

博弈论

Fraternity

博爱

Dominant party

占统治地位的党

satellite state

卫星国

Ministry of Health

卫生部

Ministry of Public Health

卫生部

Inca Empire

印加帝国

Indo-Pakistani War

印巴战争

Indochina

印度支那

Hinduism

印度教

Hindu civilization

印度文明

crimes against humanity A category of crime, first introduced at the Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals, covering the wanton, brutal extermination of millions of innocent civilians.

危害人類罪Wéihài rénlèi zuì

crimes against peace A Nuremberg war crimes trial category, covering the violation of international peace by waging an unjustified, aggressive war.

危害和平Wéihài hépíng

historical institutionalism

历史制度主义

end of history

历史的终结

atomic bomb

原子弹

Pax atomica

原子治下的和平

Secretary of CPC County Committee

县委书记

Vice Secretary of CPC County Committee

县委副书记

Standing Committee Member of CPC County Committee

县委常委

County level officials

县级领导

Chief Executive, County Government

县长

County Mayor

县长

counsellor

参赞,参事

participatory A model of democracy that seeks to expand citizen participation in government to the maximum possible degree.

參與Cānyù

friendly exchanges

友好往来

friendly visit, goodwill visit

友好访问

two-level game or two-tier game

双层博弈

the two sides, the two parties

双方

bilateralism

双边主义

bilateral conflict

双边冲突

bilateral agreement

双边协议

bilateral and multilateral economic cooperation

双边和多边经济合作

bilateral aid

双边援助

bilateral trade

双边贸易

dual nationality

双重国籍

counterculture

反主流文化

"Oppose the 'Independence of Taiwan'"

反对"台独"

reflectivism

反思主义

counterterrorism

反恐Fǎnkǒng

terrorism Political activity that relies on violence or the threat of violence to achieve its ends.

反恐Fǎnkǒng

war on terror: After 9/11, President George W. Bush declared a worldwide "war on terrorism" aimed at defeating international terrorist organizations, destroying terrorist training camps, and bringing terrorists themselves to justice.

反恐戰爭Fǎnkǒng zhànzhēng

antitrust law

反托拉斯法

antinuclear movements

反核运动

anti-semitism

反犹太主义

developing countries

发展中国家

develop the relations of friendship and cooperation

发展友好合作关系

"To develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability"

发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系

to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability

发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系

to develop the national economy

发展民族经济

spokesman

发言人

advanced industrial nations

发达工业国家

to make up for each other's deficiencies

取长补短

persona grata

受欢迎的人

trustee theory of representation: The theory that elected officials should be leaders, making informed choices in the interest of their constituencies.

受託人理論的代表性Shòutuō rén lǐlùn de dàibiǎo xìng

Koran

古兰经

classical realism

古典现实主义

Cuban Missile Crisis

古巴导弹危机

gulag archipelago Metaphorical name for the network of slave labor camps established in the former Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin and maintained by his secret police to which nonconformists and politically undesirable persons were sent.

古拉格群島Gǔ lā gé qúndǎo

letter of recall

召回公文

Justiciability

可审判性

sustainable growth A concept popular among environmentalists and liberal economists that emphasizes the need for economic strategies that take account of the high-cost and long term impact on the environment (including global warming) of economic policies aimed at profit-maximization, current consumption, and the like.

可持續增長Kě chíxù zēngzhǎng

sustainable development

可持续发展

predictability

可预测性

Taiwan Affairs Office

台湾事务办公厅

justice Fairness; the distribution of rewards and burdens in society in accordance with what is deserved.

司法Sīfǎ

judicial review The power of a court to declare acts by the government unconstitutional and hence void.

司法審查Sīfǎ shěnchá

Judiciary

司法机构

Magistrate

司法行政官

Ministry of Justice

司法部

Inter-Parliament Union

各国议会联盟

cooperative security

合作安全

legitimacy The exercise of political power in a community in a way that is voluntarily accepted by the members of that community.

合法性Héfǎ xìng

legitimate authority The legal and moral right of a government to rule over a specific population and con trol a specific territory; the term legitimacy usually implies a widely recognized claim of governmental authority and voluntary acceptance on the part of the population(s) directly affected.

合法權力Héfǎ quánlì

cohabitation In France, the uneasy toleration of a divided executive.

同居Tóngjū

approval voting

同意投票

concurrent powers Joint federal and state control.

同時權力Tóngshí quánlì

homogenization

同质化

homogeneous civilization

同质文明

list system Method of proportional representation by which candidates are ranked on the ballot by their party and are chosen according to rank.

名單制Míngdān zhì

post-classical realist

后古典现实主义

post-positivism

后实证主义

post-modernism

后现代主义

postmodern war

后现代战争

to make representations to, to take up a (the) matter with

向...交涉

to lodge a protest with

向...提出抗议

accredited to ...

向...派遣的

Monarchy

君主制

divine right of kings

君权神授, 神授王权

Veto

否决权

Enlightenment period

启蒙运动时期

cyclical theory

周期理论

pacifism

和平主义

partnership of peace

和平伙伴关系

peaceful coexistence

和平共处

the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

和平共处五项原则

peace dividend

和平红利

peaceful settlement of disputes

和平解决争端

advice and consent

咨询和同意

Habsburg dynasty

哈布斯堡王朝

Copenhagen School

哥本哈根学派

Cossacks

哥萨克人

philosopher-kings Wise philosopher who governs Plato's ideal city in The Republic.

哲學家 - 國王Zhéxué jiā - guówáng

message of condolence

唁电

sole legal government

唯一合法政府

mentalism

唯心主义

idealism A political philosophy that considers values, ideals, and moral principles as the key to comprehending, and possibly changing, the behavior of nation-states.

唯心主義Wéixīn zhǔyì

materialism

唯物主义

commercial attaché

商务专员

commercial secretary

商务参赞

commercial counsellor's office

商务处

commercial republic This concept, found in the Federalist Papers, is most closely identified with Alexander Hamilton, who championed the idea of a democracy based on economic vitality, capitalistic principles, and private enterprise free of undue state regulation.

商業共和國Shāngyè gònghéguó

unitary system: A system in which the government may choose to delegate affairs to local government.

單一制Dānyī zhì

unipolar system: In international relations theory, the existence of a single invincible superpower; the inter national system said to have existed after the collapse of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole remaining (and thus unrivalled) military and economic superpower on the world stage.

單極體系Dān jí tǐxì

prisoner's dilemma

囚徒困境

dependent variable

因变量

Group theory

团体理论

head of the delegation, leader of the delegation

团长

fixed exchange rate

固定汇率

letter of credence, credentials

国书

state visit

国事访问

domestic disturbance

国内动乱

Domestic Affairs

国内时事

domestic society

国内社会

State Councilor

国务委员

State Council

国务院

General Office of the State Council

国务院办公厅

Counselors' Office of the State Council

国务院参事室

Development Research Centre of the State Council

国务院发展研究中心

Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council

国务院台湾事务办公室

Premier, State Council

国务院总理

Government Offices Administration of the State Council

国务院机关事务管理局

Institutions Directly under the State Council

国务院直属事业单位

Departments Directly under the State Council

国务院直属机构

Research Office of the State Council

国务院研究室

ministries and commissions directly under the State Council

国务院部委

Ministry of Land and Natural Resources

国土资源部

state banquet

国宴

"All countries, big or small, should be equal."

国家不分大小,应该一律平等

State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(under the Ministry of Public Health)

国家中医药管理局(卫生部)

state-centrism

国家中心主义

state-centric system

国家中心体系

statism

国家主义

state sovereignty

国家主权

system of states

国家体系

State Physical Cultural Administration

国家体育总局

Head of state

国家元首

national military security

国家军事安全

State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry

国家冶金工业局

State Administration for Entry, Exit Inspection and Quarantine(under the General Administration of Customs)

国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署)

State Development Planning Commission

国家发展计划委员会

merger of states

国家合并

homogeneity of states

国家同质性

State Bureau of Internal Trade

国家国内贸易局

State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)

国家外国专家局(人事部)

State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People's Bank of China)

国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行)

national security

国家安全

national security policy

国家安全政策

State Bureau of Religious Affairs

国家宗教事务局

State Auditing Administration

国家审计署

state level

国家层次

State Administration of Industry and Commerce

国家工商行政管理局

State Administration of Radio, Film and Television

国家广播电影电视总局

State Bureau of Building Materials Industry

国家建筑材料工业局

national strategy

国家战略

state-sponsored terrorism

国家支持的恐怖主义

State Cultural Relics Bureau(under the Ministry of Culture)

国家文物局(文化部)

National Tourism Administration

国家旅游局

State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry

国家有色金属工业局

State Bureau of Machine Building Industry

国家机械工业局

national power

国家权力

State Forestry Bureau

国家林业局

State Ethnic Affairs Commission

国家民族事务委员会

State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping(ditto)

国家测绘局(国土资源部)

State Bureau of Oceanic Administration( under the Ministry of Land and Resources)

国家海洋局(国土资源部)

State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau

国家烟草专卖局

State Bureau of Coal Industry

国家煤炭工业局

State Copyright Bureau

国家版权局

national attribute

国家特性

stateness

国家特性

State Environmental Protection Administration

国家环境保护总局

national goal

国家目标

State Intellectual Property Office(SIPO)

国家知识产权局

State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry

国家石油和化学工业局

State Taxation Administration

国家税务总局

State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)

国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)

State Bureau of Textile Industry

国家纺织工业局

State Economic and Trade Commission

国家经济贸易委员会

State Statistics Bureau

国家统计局

State Drug Administration(SDA)

国家药品监督管理局

National School of Administration

国家行政学院

State Family Planning Commission

国家计划生育委员会

Fiscal crisis of the state

国家财政危机

State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision

国家质量技术监督局

State Bureau of Light Industry

国家轻工业局

state morality

国家道德

State Post Bureau(under the Ministry of Information Industry)

国家邮政局(信息产业部)

interstate transaction cost

国家间交易成本

interstate relations

国家间关系

state-owned enterprises (SOE)

国有企业

Reform of state- owned enterprises

国有企业改革

nationalization

国有化

gross national product (GNP)

国民生产总值

national boundary

国界

Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

国防科学技术工业委员会

Ministry of National Defense

国防部

internationalism

国际主义

international system

国际体系

international community

国际共同体

rudimentary code of international relations

国际关系中最起码的准则

critical international theory

国际关系批判理论

English School of International Relations

国际关系的英国学派

scope of international relations

国际关系的范围

international institution (2)

国际制度/体制

international crisis

国际危机

IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency

国际原子能机构

international cooperation and integration

国际合作与一体化

systems at the international level

国际层次的系统

international situation

国际形势

international terrorism

国际恐怖主义

international convention

国际惯例

Institute for International Strategic Studies

国际战略问题学会

balance of payments

国际收支

international political system

国际政治体系

IPE, international political economy

国际政治经济学

international anarchy

国际无政府状态

International Affairs

国际时事

international regime

国际机制

an established principle of international law

国际法准则

ICJ, International Court of Justice

国际法院

international society

国际社会

international order

国际秩序

international organization

国际组织

League of Nations

国际联盟

international actor

国际行为体

international financial system

国际金融体系

International Finance Society

国际金融学会

international hegemony

国际霸权

domestic terrorism A form of terrorism practiced within a country by people with no ties to any government.

國內恐怖主義Guónèi kǒngbù zhǔyì

homeland security A term President George W. Bush popularized after the 9/11 terrorist attacks; it refers to a whole range of counterterrorist policies, including tighter border and immigration controls, stepped-up airport security, expanded FBI surveillance powers, and more invasive police investigations.

國土安全Guótǔ ānquán

national interest The aims of policies that help a nation maintain or increase its power and prestige.

國家利益Guójiā lìyì

national security Protection of a country from external and internal enemies.

國家安全Guójiā ānquán

nation building The process by which inhabitants of a given territory—irrespective of ethnic, religious, or lin guistic differences—come to identify with symbols and institutions of their nation-state.

國家建設Guójiā jiànshè

state building The creation of political institutions capable of exercising authority and allocating resources effectively within a nation.

國家建設Guójiā jiànshè

state terrorism Usually violent methods used by a government's own security forces to intimidate and coerce its own people.

國家恐怖主義Guójiā kǒngbù zhǔyì

National Action Party (PAN) The main opposition party in Mexico; the PAN's candidate, Vicente Fox, was elected president in 2000.

國家行動黨(PAN)Guójiā xíngdòng dǎng (PAN)

National Assembly Focal point of France's bicameral legislative branch that must approve all laws.

國民大會Guómín dàhuì

gross national debt (GND) The U.S. federal government's accumulated deficits stood at $8.8 trillion in the spring of 2007, or just under 63 percent of gross national product.

國民總債務(GND)Guómín zǒng zhàiwù (GND)

Kuomintang The Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, defeated by Mao Zedong in 1949.

國民黨Guómíndǎng

cosmopolitan democracy A model of democracy that sees the individual as part of a world order, not merely (or even primarily) as a citizen of a particular nation-state.

國際化的民主Guójì huà de mínzhǔ

international law The body of customs, treaties, and generally accepted rules that regulate the rights and obligations of nations when dealing with one another.

國際法

World Court: Also known as the International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations; the Court hears any case brought before it by parties who voluntarily accept its jurisdiction.

國際法庭Guójì fǎtíng

International Monetary Fund (IMF) An international organization established by the United Nations and composed of the governments of many nations that is designed to promote worldwide monetary cooperation, international trade, and economic stability. It also helps equalize balance of payments by allowing member countries to borrow from its fund.

國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)Guójì huòbì jījīn zǔzhī (IMF)

international nongovernmental organizations (INGO) International organization made up of private individuals and groups.

國際非政府組織(INGO)Guójì fēi zhèngfǔ zǔzhī (INGO)

Holy Land

圣地

Holy war

圣战

in the company of..., accompanied by...

在...陪同下

Commissioner, prefecture

地区专员

regional subsystem

地区子系统

local protectionism

地方保护主义

Local government

地方政府

Local government finance

地方政府财政

Local politics

地方政治

Prefect

地方长官

global village

地球村

geographic location

地理位臵

Age of Exploration

地理大发现时代

geopolitics

地缘政治

Geoeconomics

地缘经济学

Seismological Society

地震学会

equilibrium A synonym for the word balance; also often used interchangeably with stability in literature on international relations.

均衡Jūnhéng; 平衡

"Adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time."

坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线,弘扬与时俱进的精神

urbanization

城市化

city state

城邦国家

urban social security system

城镇社会保障体系

Primary party organization

基层党组织

fundamental rights

基本权利

Christianity

基督教

retribution The punishment of criminals on the ground that they have done wrong and deserve to suffer.

報應Bàoyìng

Serbia

塞尔维亚

Samuel P. Huntington

塞缪尔•亨廷顿

increase revenue and cut government expenditure 4

增收节支

limits-to-growth proposition

增长极限论

statement

声明

Division Chief /Deputy Division Chief

处长/副处长

memorandum, aidememoire

备忘录

complex interdependence

复合相互依赖

Foreign and Economy Committee

外事委员会

diplomatic representative

外交代表

diplomatic mission

外交代表机构

diplomatic precedence

外交位次

doyen of the diplomatic corps, dean of the diplomatic corps

外交使团团长

diplomatic courier

外交信使

diplomatic relations

外交关系

to upgrade diplomatic relations

外交关系升格

normalization of diplomatic relations

外交关系正常化

diplomat

外交官

diplomatic rank

外交官衔

diplomatic practice

外交惯例

diplomatic recognition

外交承认

diplomatic privileges

外交特权

diplomatic etiquette

外交礼仪

diplomatic process

外交程序

diplomatic immunity

外交豁免

diplomatic channels

外交途径

diplomatic bag, diplomatic pouch

外交邮袋

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

外交部

outer space

外层空间

demilitarization of outer space

外层空间的非军事化

Outer Space Treaty An international agreement, signed by the United States and the former Soviet Union, that banned the introduction of military weapons into outer space, prohibited the extension of national sovereignty in space, and encouraged cooperation and sharing of information about space research.

外層空間條約Wàicéng kōngjiān tiáoyuē

currency exchange rate

外汇汇率

spill-over

外溢

multi-centric system

多中心体系

multiple independently targeted reentry vehicle (MIRV) The name given to intercontinental missiles containing many nuclear warheads that can be individ ually programmed to split off from the nose cone of the rocket upon reentry into the earth's atmosphere and hit different specific targets with a high degree of accuracy.

多個獨立目標再入飛行器(MIRV)Duō gè dúlì mùbiāo zài rù fēixíngqì (MIRV)

pluralism

多元主义

pluralistic security community

多元安全共同体

pluralist democracy A model of democracy that stresses vigorous competition among various interests in a free society.

多元民主Duōyuán mínzhǔ

Plural society

多元社会

Doha Round The trade negotiations within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), formerly the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT).

多哈回合Duōhā huíhé

polyarchy

多头制

Majority government

多数派政府

tyranny of the majority: The political situation in which a dominant group uses its control of the government to abuse the rights of minority groups.

多數人暴政Duōshù rén bàozhèng

majority rule The principle that any candidate or program that receives at least half of all votes plus one prevails.

多數人統治Duōshù rén tǒngzhì

plurality vote system A system in which candidates who get the largest number of votes win, whether or not they garner a majority of the votes cast; in a majority vote system, if no candidate gets more than half the votes cast, a runoff election is held to determine the winner.

多數表決制Duōshù biǎojué zhì

multipolarity

多极

multinational stated

多民族国家

multinational state Sovereign state that contains two or more (sometimes many more) major ethno-linguistic groups (or nations) in the territories it controls; notable examples include India, Nigeria, Russia, China, as well as the former Yugoslavia.

多民族國家Duō mínzú guójiā

multilateralism

多边主义

multilateral agreement

多边协定

multilateral diplomacy

多边外交

multilateral aid

多边援助

Concert of Powers

大国协调

Great Power diplomacy

大国外交

concurrent majority John Calhoun's theory of democracy, which holds that the main function of government is to mediate between and among the different economic, social, and sectional interests in U.S. society.

大多數並發Dà duōshù bìngfā

Magna Carta A list of political concessions granted in 1215 by King John to his barons that became the basis for the rule of law in England.

大憲章Dà xiànzhāng

grand theory

大理论

mass media The vehicles of mass communication, such as television, radio, fIlm, books, magazines, and newspapers.

大眾媒體Dàzhòng méitǐ

Great Depression

大萧条

Atlantic Charter

大西洋宪章

Atlantic Alliance

大西洋联盟

massive retaliation Strategic military doctrine based on a plausible standing threat of nuclear reprisal employed by the United States in the 1950s during the short-lived era of the U.S. nuclear monopoly; according to this doctrine, if the Soviet Union attacked U.S. allies with conventional military forces, the United States would retaliate with nuclear weapons.

大規模報復Dà guīmó bàofù

WMD, Weapons of mass destruction

大规模杀伤性武器

Amnesty International

大赦国际

Great Leap Forward Mao Zedong's attempt, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to transform and modernize China's economic structure through mass mobilization of the entire population into self-sufficient communes in which everything was done in groups.

大躍進Dà yuèjìn

continental country

大陆国家

heartland

大陆心脏

Continental Order

大陆秩序

Tiananmen Square In 1989, unarmed civilian workers and students marched in Tiananmen Square in Beijing to demand democratic freedom and government reforms. Army troops responded with force, killing 1,500 demonstrators and wounding another 10,000.

天安門Tiān'ānmén

Pacific War

太平洋战争

failed state

失败国家

Ottoman Empire

奥斯曼帝国

Treaty if Augsburg

奥格斯堡条约

feminist theory

女性主义理论

Feminism

女权主义

Slavery

奴隶制

Women's suffrage

妇女选举权

Patronage

委任

letter of appointment

委任书

certificate of appointment

委任证书

Member

委员

Commission

委员会

deterrence In criminal justice theory, punishing a criminal for the purpose of discouraging others from committing a similar crime. In international relations, the theory that aggressive wars can be prevented if potential victims maintain a military force sufficient to inflict unacceptable punishment on any possible aggressor.

威懾Wēishè

Congress of Westphalia

威斯特伐利亚会议

Treaty of Westphalia

威斯特伐利亚和约

subsystem

子系统

isolationism

孤立主义

security regime

安全体制

security community

安全共同体

security relationship

安全关系

security interest

安全利益

security dilemma

安全困境

security strategy

安全战略

concept of security

安全概念

Security Council

安全理事会

security study

安全研究

spheres of security

安全范围

perspectives of security

安全观

Ministry of State Security

安全部

safety valve

安全阀

The Andean Pact

安第斯条约集团

Song Ching Ling Foundation

宋庆龄基金会

suzerain state, metropolitan state

宗主国

suzerainty

宗主权

Reformation

宗教改革

Freedom of religion

宗教自由

bureaucracy

官僚制/官僚

bureaucratic politics

官僚政治

qualitative analysis

定性分析

quantitative analysis

定量分析

quantitative methods

定量方法

pragmatism

实用主义

adjudication

审判

Judge

审判员,法官

Chief Judge

审判长

censorship

审查制度

auditing administration

审计署

propaganda: The use of mass media to createwhatever impression is desired among the general population and to influence thoughts and activities toward desired ends.

宣傳Xuānchuán

declaration, manifesto

宣扬

constitutional democracy

宪政民主

Constitutional law

宪法

Constitution/constitutionalism

宪法/宪政

Committee for Revision of the Constitution

宪法修改委员会

Convention of the constitution

宪法规约

palace revolt

宫廷政变

to give a banquet in honour of...

宴请...

Paternalism

家长型控制

Toleration

宽容

kulaks A class of well-to-do landowners in Russian society that was purged by Joseph Stalin because it resisted his drive to establish huge collective farms under state control.

富農Fùnóng

Oligarchy

寡头制

oligarchy A form of authoritarian government in which a small group of powerful individuals wields absolute power.

寡頭政治Guǎtóu zhèngzhì

iron law of oligarchy The elitist theory that because of the administrative necessities involved in managing any large organization, access to and control of information and communication become concentrated in a few bureaucrats, who then wield true power in the organization.

寡頭統治鐵律Guǎtóu tǒngzhì tiě lǜ

positivism: A philosophy of science, originated by Auguste Comte, that stresses observable, scientific facts as the sole basis of proof and truth; a skeptical view of ideas or beliefs based on religion or metaphysics.

實證主义Shízhèng

Bastille: At the time of the French Revolution (1789), the Bastille was the infamous royal prison in Paris; the mass storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, and the freeing of the prisoners constituted a direct attack against the monarchy and symbolized the end of an era in French history; the revolutionaries then used the guillotine against none other than the reigning Bourbon monarch, King Louis XVI, and his extravagant wife, Queen Marie Antoinette.

寨Zhài

internal sovereignty

对内主权

external sovereignty

对外主权

external relations system

对外关系体系

Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation

对外贸易经济合作部

to undertake obligations in respect of the nuclear-free zone

对无核区承担义务

express grave concern over sth.

对某事予以严重关注

be deeply concerned about sth.

对某事表示深切关注

Feudalism

封建主义

peer group: A group of people similar in age and characteristics.

對等組Duì děng zǔ

Asia Minor

小亚细亚

to assume one's post

就任

Netherlands

尼德兰

levels of analysis

层次分析法

right of residence

居留权

summit meeting

峰会

interstate war Conflicts between sovereign states.

州際戰爭Zhōu jì zhànzhēng

roving ambassador

巡回大使

cruise missile

巡航导弹

Inspector/Monitor

巡视员

industrialization

工业化

Industrial Age

工业时代

Industrial Revolution

工业革命

Trade unions

工会

Balkan

巴尔干

Paris Peace Conference

巴黎和会

Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Control

巴黎统筹委员会

market failure

市场失灵

civil society

市民社会

Mayor/Vice Mayor

市长/副市长

bolshevik

布尔什维克

Boer War

布尔战争

Bretton Woods Agreement

布雷顿森林协定

Brussels Treaty

布鲁塞尔条约

imperialism A policy of territorial expansion (empire building), often by means of military conquest; derived from the word empire.

帝國主義Dìguó zhǔyì

Executive Vice County Mayor

常务副县长

Executive Vice Governor

常务副省长

Standing Committee

常务委员会

convention

常规

conventional war

常规战争

the COREPER, Committee of Permanent Representatives

常驻代表委员会

interventionism

干涉主义

interference

干预

intervening variable

干预变量

equality and mutual benefit

平等互利

equal protection The doctrine enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment that holds that the prohibitions placed on the federal government and the protections afforded American citizens under the Bill of Rights also apply to the states.

平等保護Píngděng bǎohù

national security in its broad sense

广义国家安全

asylum (two terms)

庇护;避难

at the invitation of...

应...邀请

on invitation, upon invitation

应邀

rehabilitation: Education, training, and social conditioning aimed at encouraging imprisoned criminals to become normal, productive members of society when they are released.

康復Kāngfù

Kant

康德

delayed repayment of capital and interest

延期还本付息

constructivism

建构主义

establishment of diplomatic relations

建立外交关系

to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level

建立大使级外交关系

to establish normal state relations

建立正常的国家关系

to establish consular relations

建立领事关系

Ministry of Construction

建设部

open fire

开枪,开火

alienation

异化

pagan

异教徒

Heterogeneous

异质化

Maladministration

弊政

extradition

引渡

disadvantaged groups

弱势群体 对弱势群体给予特殊的就业援助。Special employment assistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups.

Impeachment

弹劾

ballistic missile defense

弹道导弹防御

coercive diplomacy

强制性外交

Compulsory voting

强制性投票

contemporary diplomacy

当代外交

metaphysics

形而上学

Shadow cabinet

影子内阁

to request the consent of...

征求...的同意

Lawyer

律师

solicitor In Great Britain, an attorney who can prepare court cases and draw up contracts and other legal documents but cannot plead cases or become a judge.

律師Lǜshī

Bundestag: The lower house in the German federal system; most legislative activity occurs in this house.

德國聯邦議院Déguó liánbāng yìyuàn

Loyal Opposition The belief, which originated in England, that the out-of-power party has a responsibility to formulate alternative policies and programs; such a party is sometimes called the loyal opposition.

忠誠的反對派Zhōngchéng de fǎnduì pài

Think tank

思想库/智囊团(台)

gender gap A term used to refer to differences in voting between men and women in the United States; this disparity is most obvious in political issues and elections that raise the issue of appropriateness of governmental force.

性別差距Xìngbié chājù

total war

总体战争

Governor-General

总督

His excellency Mr. President and Mme... ...

总统先生阁下和夫人

President/Presidential system

总统,总统制

General strike

总罢工

Commissioner General

总警监

General Police Commissioner

总警监

consul-general

总领事

terrorism

恐怖主义

Reign of Terror: During the French Revolution, the mass executions, ordered by Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety, of those deemed to be public enemies, namely all who opposed the revolution or dared to dissent.

恐怖統治Kǒngbù tǒngzhì

to resume diplomatic relations

恢复外交关系

Engels

恩格斯

paradox of democratic peace Democratic states are often militarily powerful, fight other states, engage in armed intervention, and sometimes commit acts of aggression, but they do not fight each other.

悖論民主和平Bèi lùn mínzhǔ hépíng

memorial speech

悼词

to be shocked to learn of

惊悉

Italian city-state system

意大利城邦体系

ideology Any set of fixed, predictable ideas held by politicians and citizens on how to serve the public good.

意識形態Yìshí xíngtài

ideological conflict

意识形态冲突

Munich conference

慕尼黑会议

theater missile defense

战区导弹防御系统

tactical weapon

战术武器

strategic interests

战略利益

strategic weapon

战略武器

victorious nation

战胜国

a defeated country

战败国

reparation

战败国赔偿

war powers: The U.S. Constitution gives the Congress the power to raise and support armies, to provide and maintain a navy, to make rules regulating the armed forces, and to declare war; it makes the president the commander in chief of the armed forces.

戰爭權力Zhànzhēng quánlì

war crime: Violation of generally accepted rules of war as established in the Geneva Conventions on the conduct of war. The Geneva Conventions call for the humanitarian treatment of civilians and prisoners of war, and respect for human life and dignity; crimes against humanity, such as genocide and ethnic cleansing, are also war crimes.

戰爭罪Zhànzhēng zuì

war by misperception: Armed conflict that results when two nations fail to perceive one another's true intentions accurately.

戰爭誤解Zhànzhēng wùjiě

Camp David Accords: A 1979 agreement by which Israel gave the Sinai back to Egypt in return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist; the two former enemies established full diplomatic relations and pledged to remain at peace with one another.

戴維營協議Dàiwéiyíng xiéyì

trusteeship

托管制度

expand housing loans, student loans and major commodity loans

扩大住房贷款,助学贷款和大件消费品贷款

expand domestic demand and consumption

扩大内需,刺激消费

patrimonial sea

承袭海

no-confidence vote In parliamentary governments, a legislative vote that the sitting government must win to remain in power.

投不信任票Tóu bù xìnrèn piào

Voting

投票

Turnout

投票率

poll

投票,民意测验

Entrenchment

护宪

to combat the global economic slump

抵抗全球经济衰退

Latin American

拉丁美洲

reception

招待会

Byzantine Empire

拜占庭帝国

Mandate theory

授权学说

Delegated legislation

授权立法

exclusivity

排他性

Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) In the European Union, part of an antipollution drive aimed at significantly reducing Europe's "carbon footprint" by 2020 by assigning carbonemission allowances to industries and factories and creating a carbon exchange, or a market where "clean" companies (ones that do not use their full allowances) can sell the "credits" they accumulate by not polluting to "dirty" companies (ones that exceed their allowances).

排放交易計劃(ETS)Páifàng jiāoyì jìhuà (ETS)

exclusionary rule In judicial proceedings, the rule that evidence obtained in violation of constitutional guidelines cannot be used in court against the accused.

排除規則Páichú guīzé

to receive

接见

cybernetic theory; cybernetics

控制论

overthrow

推翻,颠覆

to take exception to; to object to

提出异议

Motions Examination Committee

提案审查委员会

to propose a toast to...

提议为...干杯

proposal

提议,提案

bandwagon

搭便车

crash

撞击,坠毁

expansionist strategy A strategy by which a nation seeks to enlarge its territory or influence.

擴張戰略Kuòzhāng zhànlüè

polity

政体

Party convention

政党代表大会

Spoils system

政党分赃制

Parties,political:functions of

政党功能

party machine

政党核心集团

caucus

政党秘密会议

Party organization

政党组织

Party identification

政党认同

administrative board

政委员

government The persons and institutions that make and enforce rules or laws for the larger community.

政府Zhèngfǔ

government's work report

政府工作报告

Reform of government institutions

政府机构改革

Government formation process

政府组成过程

Public inquiry

政府调查

intergovernmental organization

政府间国际组织

Head of government

政府首脑

Political obligation

政治义务

Political system

政治体系/政治系统

political apathy Lack of interest in political participation.

政治冷漠Zhèngzhì lěngmò

politicization

政治化

Political participation

政治参与

political geography

政治地理

political science

政治学

statesman: A politician in a position of authority who possesses exceptional political skills, practical wisdom, and concern for the public good and whose leadership has a significant positive effect on society.

政治家Zhèngzhì jiā

politburo: A small clique that formed the supreme decision-making body in the former Soviet Union. Its members often belonged to the Secretariat and were ministers of key governmental departments.

政治局Zhèngzhì jú

Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

政治局委员

Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee

政治局常委

Politburo(and Pesidium)

政治局(及常务委员会)

Political influence

政治影响

Political psychology

政治心理学

political efficacy The ability to participate meaning fully in political activities, usually because of one's education, social background, and sense of self-esteem.

政治效能感Zhèngzhì xiàonéng gǎn

Political integratio

政治整合/政治一体化

political culture The moral values, beliefs, and myths people live by and are willing to die for.

政治文化Zhèngzhì wénhuà

Political violence

政治暴力

Political communication

政治沟通

political offender

政治犯

political realism: The philosophy that power is the key variable in all political relationships and should be used pragmatically and prudently to advance the national interest; policies are judged good or bad on the basis of their effect on national interests, not on their level of morality.

政治現實主義Zhèngzhì xiànshí zhǔyì

political development A government's ability to exert power effectively, to provide for public order and services, and to withstand eventual changes in leadership.

政治發展Zhèngzhì fāzhǎn

political socialization: The process by which members of a community are taught the basic values of their society and are thus prepared for the duties of citizenship.

政治社會化Zhèngzhì shèhuì huà

political psychophysiology

政治精神心理学

political elite

政治精英

Political succession

政治继承

Political corruption

政治腐败

Political action committee

政治行动委员会(美国)

political action committee (PAC) Group organized to raise campaign funds in support of or in opposition to specific candidates.

政治行動委員會(PAC)Zhèngzhì xíngdòng wěiyuánhuì (PAC)

political fugitive

政治逃犯

political party: Any group of individuals who agree on some or all aspects of public policy and organize to place their members in control of the national government.

政治黨Zhèngzhì dǎng

Policy analysis

政策分析

Implementation

政策实施

Policy output studies

政策输出研究

platform

政纲

coup d'etat: The attempted seizure of governmental power by an alternate power group (often the military) that seeks to gain control of vital government institutions without any fundamental alteration in the form of government or society.

政變Zhèngbiàn

loyalty-transferring

效忠转移

church and state

教会与国家

internuncio

教廷公使

nuncio

教廷大使

Clericalism

教权主义

Ministry of Education

教育部

Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee

教育,科学,文化委员会

Holism

整体主义

cultural attaché

文化专员

cultural secretary

文化参赞

cultural imperialism

文化帝国主义

Ministry of Culture

文化部

clash of civilizations

文明的冲突

Renaissance

文艺复兴

sever diplomatic relations

断绝外交关系

to sever diplomatic relations

断绝外交关系

Stalin

斯大林

Spinoza

斯宾诺莎

Smith,Adam

斯密,亚当

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所

Slavic-Orthodox civilization

斯拉夫-东正教文明

neoconservative In the United States, a term associated with the ideology of top advisors and Cabinet members during the presidency of George W. Bush; neoconservatives advocate a strong national defense, decisive military action in the face of threats or provocations, pro-Israeli policy in the Middle East, and a minimum of government interference in the economy. In general, neoconservatives are opposed to federal regulation of business and banking.

新保守主義Xīn bǎoshǒu zhǔyì

newly industrializing country

新兴工业化国家

emerging market

新兴市场

neo-functionalism

新功能主义

Xinhua News Agency

新华通讯社

neoclassical realism

新古典现实主义

New Right

新右派

new views of security; new security idea

新安全观

New Left

新左派

neo-interventionism

新干涉主义

New Deal

新政

neo-realism

新现实主义

neorealist-neoliberal debate

新现实主义和新自由主义的论战

neo-liberalism

新自由主义

neo-liberal institutionalism

新自由制度主义

Press and Publication Administration

新闻出版署

Information Office

新闻办公室

news conference

新闻发布会

Information Department

新闻司

press section, in formation service

新闻处

methodology The way scientists and scholars set about exploring, explaining, proving, or disproving proposi tions in different academic disciplines. The precise methods vary according to the discipline and the object, event, process, or phenomenon under investigation.

方法Fāngfǎ

policy (2)

方针,政策

Schlieffen Plan

施里芬计划

ambassador-at-large

无任所大使

loans with no or low interest

无息和低息贷款

anarchism

无政府主义

anarchy

无政府状态

nuclear free zone

无核区

rogue state

无赖国家

Russo-Japanese War

日俄战争

Geneva Convention A body of international law dealing with the treatment of the wounded, prisoners of war, and civilians in a war zone.

日內瓦公約Rìnèiwǎ gōngyuē

samurai

日本武士

n a bid to do sth.

旨在做某事i

Meiji Restoration The end of Japan's feudal era, in 1868, when a small group of powerful individuals crowned a symbolic emperor, embarked on an economic modernization program, and established a modern governmental bureaucracy.

明治維新Míngzhì wéixīn

Franco-Prussian War

普法战争

ordinary politician Individual who concentrates on getting reelected.

普通政客Pǔtōng zhèngkè

common law In Great Britain, laws derived from consistent precedents found in judges' rulings and decisions, as opposed to those enacted by Parliament. In the United States, the part of the common law that was in force at the time of the Revolution and not nullified by the Constitution or any subsequent statute.

普通法Pǔtōng fǎ

verbal note

普通照会

Prussian empire

普鲁士帝国

brain trust

智囊团

Violence

暴力

rioting and looting

暴动和抢劫

atrocity

暴行

Droop quota

最低下限

ultimatum

最后通牒

poorest developing countries (PDCs): The 20 or so countries with the lowest per capita income in the world; all are located in sub-Saharan Africa with the exceptions of Afghanistan and Nepal.

最貧窮的發展中國家(PDC上)Zuì pínqióng de fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā (PDC shàng)

Supreme People's Procuratorate

最高人民检察院

Procurator-General

最高人民检察院检察长

Supreme People's Court

最高人民法院

President of the Supreme People's Court

最高人民法院院长

Supreme Court The U.S. federal court of last resort, settling cases that raise particularly troublesome questions of legal interpretation or constitutional principle.

最高法院Zuìgāo fǎyuàn

Conseil d'Aetat

最高行政法院

socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics

有中国特色的社会主义民主政治

disputed areas

有争议的地区

nonwhite people

有色人种

limited war The opposite of all-out war, particularly all-out nuclear warfare.

有限戰爭Yǒuxiàn zhànzhēng

limited nuclear war

有限核战争

Korean War

朝鲜战争

futurology

未来学

ontology

本体论

localization

本土化

opportunism

机会主义

Institution

机构/制度

Bill of rights

权利法案

transferring rights

权利让渡

distribution of power

权力分配

balance of power

权力制衡,均势

power-cycle theory

权力周期理论

power politics

权力政治

power-transition theory

权力转移理论

Duma Officially called the State Duma, it is the lower house of the Federal Assembly, Russia's national legislature, reestablished in the 1993 constitution, after having been abolished in 1917. It comprises 450 members, half of whom are elected from nationwide party lists, with the other half elected from single-member constituencies.

杜馬Dù mǎ

Truman Doctrine: President Harry Truman's pledge of U.S. support for any free people threatened with revolution by an internal armed minority or an outside aggressor.

杜魯門主義Dùlǔmén zhǔyì

Teutonic knights

条顿骑士团

Young Plan

杨格计划

Jefferson,Thomas

杰斐逊,托马斯

polarization

极化

totalitarian regime

极权主义政权

polarity theory

极理论

to build a harmonious society

构建和谐社会

Berlin Wall

柏林墙

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

核不扩散条约

The Nuclear Supplier Group

核供应国集团

nuclear winter

核冬天

nuclear monopoly When only one side in an adversarial relationship possesses a credible nuclear capability; the United States enjoyed a nuclear monopoly for roughly a decade after World War II.

核壟斷Hé lǒngduàn

nuclear deterrence

核威慑

core interests

核心利益

nuclear technology

核技术

nuclear age

核时代

verification

核查

nuclear weapons

核武器

Grotius

格劳修斯

Solon Lawmaker who successfully reconciles the functions of delegate and trustee; Solon was the great law-giver of ancient Athens, birthplace of western civilization's first democracy.

梭倫Suō lún

to review the guard of honour

检阅仪仗队

totalitarianism A political system in which every facet of the society, the economy, and thegovernment is tightly controlled by the ruling elite. Secret police ter rorism and a radical ideology implemented through mass mobilization and propaganda are hallmarks of the totalitarian state's methods and goals.

極權主義Jíquán zhǔyì

ultranationalism: Extreme nationalism often associated with fascism; a militant right-wing orientation typically characterized by militarism, racial bigotry, and xenophobia.

極端民族主義Jíduān mínzú zhǔyì

institutional interest group A group of government officials and bureaucrats with expertise and vested interests in certain policies and programs that often par allel those of special interests in the private sector; as insiders with powerful allies in the private sector, members of certain institutional interest groups (such as defense, intelligence, energy, and agriculture) are in an advantageous position to lobby U.S. Congress for increased funding in the annual "battle of the budget."

機構利益集團Jīgòu lìyì jítuán

entitlements: Government expenditures that provide benefits that are deeply ingrained in the fabric of American life and that Americans expect as a matter of right because they have made mandatory tax contributions to government-run retirement and health insurance funds.

權利Quánlì

right to revolution John Locke's theory that when governmental actions undermine the essential rights of life, liberty, and property, citizens have a right to revolt and replace the government with one that will rule correctly.

權利革命Quánlì gémìng

nomenklatura The former Soviet Communist Party's system of controlling all important administrative appointments, thereby ensuring the support and loyalty of those who managed day-to-day affairs.

權貴階層Quánguì jiēcéng

less developed country

欠发达国家

sub-national unit

次国家单位

SNA, sub-national authority

次国家权威

welcoming banquet

欢迎宴会

speech of welcome

欢迎词

on learning with great joy

欣悉

on the happy occasion of

欣逢

Eurasia

欧亚大陆

Eurocentric system

欧洲中心体系

EC, European Community

欧洲共同体

European Community

欧洲共同体

European Common Market

欧洲共同市场

Concert of Europe

欧洲协调

the European Council

欧洲委员会

OSC, Organization for Security and Cooperation

欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)

ECJ, the European Court of Justice

欧洲法院

EU, European Union

欧洲联盟

European Parliament

欧洲议会

the European Parliament

欧洲议会

EMS, European Monetary System

欧洲货币体系

the European Commission

欧盟委员会

Council of the European Union

欧盟理事会

euro area In the EU, the euro area zone refers to the 12 member states that have adopted the euro, including Germany, France, and Italy, but not the United Kingdom.

歐元區Ōuyuán qū

European Union (EU) The economic association of European nations; formerly known as the Common Market or European Economic Community.

歐洲聯盟(歐盟)Ōuzhōu liánméng (ōuméng)

formal note

正式照会

official visit

正式访问

due process A guarantee of fair legal procedure; it is found in the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments of the U.S. Constitution.

正當程序Zhèngdàng chéngxù

just war A war fought in self-defense or because it is the only way a nation can do what is right.

正義戰爭Zhèngyì zhànzhēng

military attaché

武官

military attaché's office

武官处

Discrimination

歧视

death toll

死亡数

colonialism The policy of seeking to dominate the economic or political affairs of underdeveloped areas or weaker countries (see also imperialism).

殖民主義Zhímín zhǔyì

Colonial government

殖民统治

His (Her, Your) Royal Highness

殿下

proportional representation (PR): Any political structure under which seats in the legislature are allocated to each party based on the percentage of the popular vote each receives.

比例代表制(PR)Bǐlì dàibiǎo zhì (PR)

comparative politics

比较政治学

comparative study

比较研究

democratization Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of encouraging democratic reforms within the former Soviet Union, including increased electoral competition within the Communist party.

民主化Mínzhǔ huà

democratic peace

民主和平论

Pax Democratica

民主治下的和平

Democracy Wall A wall located in the heart of Beijing on which public criticism of the regime was permitted to be displayed in 1978.

民主牆Mínzhǔ qiáng

democratic correlates Conditions or correlates thought to relate positively to the creation and maintenance of democracy within a nation.

民主的關聯Mínzhǔ de guānlián

democratic socialism A form of government based on popular elections, public ownership and control of the main sectors of the economy, and broad welfare pro grams in health and education to benefit citizens.

民主社會主義Mínzhǔ shèhuì zhǔyì

Democratic centralism

民主集中制

Opinion polls

民意测验

Ministry of Civil Affairs

民政部

nationalism Devotion to one's nation; a label sometimes applied to excessive patriotism.

民族主義Mínzú zhǔyì

nationalistic universalism: A messianic foreign policy that seeks to spread the ideas and institutions of one nation to other nations.

民族主義的普遍Mínzú zhǔyì de pǔbiàn

national identity

民族国家认同

nation-state A geographically defined community administered by a government.

民族國家Mínzú guójiā

Ethnic Affairs Committee

民族委员会

national self-determination The right of a nation to choose its own government.

民族自決Mínzú zìjué

national liberation

民族解放

ethnic identity

民族身份

citizen diplomacy

民间外交

Ministry of Water Resources

水利部

neutralized state

永久中立国

to seek a fair and reasonable solution

求得公平合理的解决

currency market

汇市

chauvinism

沙文主义

statecraft "The use of the assets or the resources and tools (economic, military, intelligence, media) that a state has to pursue its interest and to affect the behavior of others, whether friendly or hostile," according to foreign policy expert and former diplomat Dennis Ross.

治国术,經世致用Jīngshì zhì yòng

act

法令

Office of Legislative Affairs

法制办公厅

Commission of Legislative Affairs

法制委员会

Legal Medical Expert

法医

French Revolution (1789) Brought down the Bourbon monarchy in France in the name of "liberté, egalité, et fraternité" (liberty, equality, and fraternity); introduced the contagion of liberalism in a Europe still ruled by conservative, aristocratic, and royalist institutions; and ushered in the rule of Napoléon Bonaparte. Prelude to the First Republic in France and to the Napoleonic Wars.

法國大革命Fàguó dàgémìng

Law Committee

法律委员会

de jure recognition

法律承认

law of pauperization: In Karl Marx's view, the rule that capitalism has a built-in tendency toward recession and unemployment, and thus workers inevitably become surplus labor.

法律的貧困化Fǎlǜ de pínkùn huà

law of capitalist accumulation: According to Karl Marx, the invariable rule that stronger capitalists, motivated solely by greed, will gradually eliminate weaker competitors and gain increasing control of the market.

法律資本主義積累Fǎlǜ zīběn zhǔyì jīlěi

bill of attainder: a legislative decree that declares a person guilty and prescribes punishment without any judicial process.

法案的褫奪Fǎ'àn de chǐduó

bill (two terms)

法案,议案

rule of law The concept that the power and discretion of government and its officials ought to be restrained by a supreme set of neutral rules that prevent arbitrary and unfair action by government; also called constitutionalism.

法治Fǎzhì

Fashoda crisis

法绍达危机

fascism

法西斯主义

fascism A totalitarian political system that is headed by a popular charismatic leader and in which a single political party and carefully controlled violence form the bases of complete social and political control. Fascism differs from communism in that the economic structure, although controlled by the state, is privately owned.

法西斯主義Fàxīsī zhǔyì

Judicial Policeman

法警

Baltic

波罗的海

take note of...

注意到

money laundering

洗钱

intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) A long-range missile armed with multiple nuclear warheads capable of striking targets anywhere in the world; both the United States and Russia possess large arsenals of these ultimate strategic weapons.

洲際彈道導彈(ICBM)Zhōujì dàndào dǎodàn (ICBM)

Faction

派别

romanticism

浪漫主义

Floating vote

浮动投票人

floating exchange rate

浮动汇率

naval blockade

海上封锁

General Administration of Customs

海关总署

naval force

海军

naval capability

海军实力

naval attaché

海军武官

cross-Strait relations

海峡两岸关系

Seabed Treaty: An international agreement that forbids the establishment of nuclear weapons on the ocean floor beyond the 12-mile territorial limit.

海底條約Hǎidǐ tiáoyuē

sea power

海权

maritime resources

海洋资源

Persian Gulf War

海湾战争

Hague Convention A widely accepted set of rules governing conduct in land wars, the use of new weapons, and the rights and duties of both neutral and warring parties.

海牙公約Hǎiyá gōngyuē

withering away of the state: A Marxist category of analysis describing what happens after capitalism is overthrown, private property and social classes are abolished, and the need for coercive state power supposedly disappears.

消亡的狀態Xiāowáng de zhuàngtài

negative sovereignty

消极主权

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

消费者物价指数

profound condolence

深切哀悼

Mixed government

混合政府

mixed regime A nation in which the various branches of government represent social classes.

混合政體Hùnhé zhèngtǐ

purges The elimination of all rivals to power through mass arrests, imprisonment, exile, and murder, often directed at former associates and their followers who have (or are imagined to have) enough influence to be a threat to the ruling elite.

清除Qīngchú

fishery resources

渔业资源

Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office

港澳办公厅

guerrilla warfare The tactics used by loosely organized military forces grouped into small, mobile squads that carry out acts of terrorism and sabotage, then melt back into the civilian population.

游擊戰Yóujízhàn

lobbying

游说

stagflation

滞胀

Manchuria

满洲

gradualism The belief that major changes in society should take place slowly, through reform, rather than suddenly, through revolution.

漸進Jiànjìn

Paine

潘恩

submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) Strategic missiles with multiple nuclear warheads launched from submarines that prowl the ocean depths and that cannot be easily detected or destroyed by a preemptive attack.

潛射彈道導彈(SLBM)Qián shè dàndào dǎodàn (SLBM)

potential power

潜在权力

radicalism

激进主义

Radical parties

激进政党

gunboat diplomacy

炮舰外交

bomb

炸弹;轰炸

inadvertent war A war resulting from misperception, misinformation, or miscalculation; an unnecessary war.

無意戰爭Wúyì zhànzhēng

nullification According to this controversial idea, a state can nullify acts of the U.S. Congress within its own borders; John Calhoun and other states'-rights advocates put forward this doctrine prior to the Civil War.

無效Wúxiào

unconditional surrender: Giving an all-but vanquished enemy a stark choice between surrendering immediately (placing itself entirely at the mercy of the victor) or being utterly destroyed.

無條件投降Wútiáojiàn tóuxiáng

stateless nation People (or nations) who are scattered over the territory of several states or dispersed widely and who have no autonomous, independent, or sovereign governing body of their own; examples of stateless nations include the Kurds, Palestinians, and Tibetans

無狀態的國家Wú zhuàngtài de guójiā

proletarian: In Marxist theory, a member of the working class.

無產階級Wúchǎn jiējí

dictatorship of the proletariat: In Marxist theory, the political stage immediately following the workers' revolution, during which the Communist Party controls the state and defends it against a capitalist resurgence or counterrevolution; the dictatorship of the proletariat leads into pure communism and the classless society.

無產階級專政Wúchǎn jiējí zhuānzhèng

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution A chaotic period beginning in 1966, when the youth of China (the Red Guards), at Mao Zedong's direction, attacked all bureaucratic and military officials on the pretext that a reemergence of capitalist and materialist tendencies was taking place. The offending officials were sent to forced labor camps to be "reeducated."

無產階級文化大革命Wúchǎn jiējí wénhuà dàgémìng

classless society In Marxist political theory, the ideal society in which wealth is equally distributed according to the principle "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs."

無階級社會Wú jiējí shèhuì

note

照会

in consideration of the actual conditions

照顾现实情况

demagogue Someone who uses his or her leadership skills to gain public office through appeals to popular fears and prejudices and then abuses that power for personal gain.

煽動者Shāndòng zhě

Schumpeter

熊彼特

natural selection

物竞天择

special envoy

特使

ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary

特命全权大使

industries and enterprises in dire straits

特困行业和企业

qualified majority voting (QMV) In the European Union a form of voting in the European Council and Council of Ministers in which no member state has a veto but passage of a measure is based on an elaborate formula that involves a triple majority, including more than 70 percent of the votes cast.

特定多數投票(總市值)Tèdìng duōshù tóupiào (zǒng shìzhí)

Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions

特定问题委员会

Prerogative

特权

special interest An organization or association that exists to further private interests in the political arena; examples in the United States are the U.S. Chamber of Commerce or the National Association of Manufacturers (business), the AFL-CIO (labor), and the National Farmers Organization (NFO).

特殊利益Tèshū lìyì

Commissioner

特派员,警监

charter

特许状

Jew

犹太人

Declaration of Independence

独立宣言

Independent agency

独立机构

authoritarianism (2)

独裁主义,权威主义,專制國家

national security in its narrow sense

狭义国家安全

Zionism The movement whose genesis was in the reestablishment, and now the support of, the Jewish national state of Israel.

猶太复國主義Yóutài fù guó zhǔyì

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) A loose federation of newly sovereign nations created after the collapse of the Soviet Union; it consisted of almost all the republics that previously had made up the USSR.

獨立國家聯合體(獨聯體)Dúlì guójiā liánhé tǐ (dú lián tǐ)

crown

王权

Pacific Rim

环太平洋地区

modern state system

现代国家体系

modern distance education

现代远程教育

realism

现实主义

antecedents of realist theory

现实主义理论渊源

Realpolitik

现实政治

status quo

现状

status quo strategy: A national policy of maintaining the existing balance of power through collective security agreements, diplomacy, and negotiation, as well as through "legitimizing instruments," such as international law and international organizations.

現狀戰略Xiànzhuàng zhànlüè

Rationality

理性

rational actor model

理性行为体模型

rational choice institutionalism

理性选择制度主义

rational choice: The role of reason over emotion in human behavior. Political behavior, in this view, follows logical and even predictable patterns so long as we understand the key role of self-interest.

理性選擇Lǐxìng xuǎnzé

idealism

理想主义, 唯心主义

theoretical framework

理论体系

theoretical foundation

理论基础

lebensraum

生存空间

ecological security

生态安全

ecopolitics

生态政治学

ecocide

生态灭绝

Biological Weapons Convention (BWC): A 1972 international arms control treaty that pledged the destruction of biological weapon stockpiles and outlawed the production and storage of such weapons.

生物武器公约

survivor

生还者

to solve disputes by peaceful means

用和平手段解决争端

televised meeting

电视会议

telecommunications revolution

电讯革命

dystopia A society whose creators set out to build the perfect political order only to discover that they cannot remain in power except through coercion and by maintaining a ruthless monopoly over the means of communication.

異位Yì wèi

developmental democracy A model of democracy that stresses the development of virtuous citizens.

發展民主Fāzhǎn mínzhǔ

Hundred Flowers A brief period in China (1956) when Mao Zedong directed that freedom of expression and individualism be allowed; it was quashed when violent criticism of the regime erupted.

百花Bǎihuā

surplus

盈余

Ombudsman

监察专员

Ministry of Supervision

监察部

Tutelage

监护

warden

监狱长

cordial hospitality

盛情接待

incarceration The isolation of criminals in an effort to protect society and to prevent lawbreakers from committing more crimes.

監禁Jiānjìn

direct democracy A form of government in which political decisions are made directly by citizens rather than by their representatives.

直接民主Zhíjiē mínzhǔ

Direct action

直接行动

interdependence In political thought, the theory that no nation can afford to isolate itself completely from the political, economic, and cultural activities of other nations and that as a result, a growing body of international organizations whose interests transcend national concerns has arisen.

相互依存Xiānghù yīcún, 相互依赖

mutual deterrence The theory that aggressive wars can be prevented if potential victims maintain a military force sufficient to inflict unacceptable punishment on any possible aggressor.

相互威懾Xiānghù wēishè

mutual

相互的

mutual assured destruction (MAD) A nuclear stale mate in which both sides in an adversarial relationship know that if either one initiates a war, the other will retain enough retaliatory ("second strike") capability to administer unacceptable damage even after absorbing the full impact of a nuclear surprise attack; during the Cold War, a stable strategic relationship between the two superpowers.

相互確保摧毀(MAD)Xiānghù quèbǎo cuīhuǐ (MAD)

relative gain

相对收益

Secretary,...Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC

省委/市委书记

Governor

省长, 州长

caretaker government

看守政府

Hezbollah

真主党

intellectual property

知识产权

overkill Having a much larger nuclear arsenal than is (or would be) needed to wipe out an adversary completely.

矯枉過正Jiǎowǎngguòzhèng

oil embargo

石油禁运

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) A cartel established in 1961 that, since 1973, has successfully manipulated the worldwide supply of and price for oil, with far-reaching consequences for the world economy and political structure.

石油輸出國組織(歐佩克)Shíyóu shūchū guó zǔzhī (ōupèikè)

OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

石油输出国组织

shatterbelt

破碎地带

hard power

硬权力

assured destruction

确保摧毁

consultations

磋商

the consultation procedure

磋商程序

Protocol Department

礼宾司

Socialism

社会主义

Social contract

社会契约论

social constructivism

社会建构主义

Social democracy

社会民主主义

Community (two terms)

社区/共同体

Corporatism

社团主义

socialism An ideology favoring collective and govern ment ownership over individual or private ownership.

社會主義Shèhuì zhǔyì

toast

祝酒词

"Wish prosperity to ... and well-being to its people"

祝(某国)国家繁荣人民幸福

sacred and inviolable

神圣不可侵犯

Holy League

神圣同盟

Holy Roman Empire

神圣罗马帝国

theocracy: A government based on religion and dominated by the clergy.

神权政治,政教合一Zhèngjiào hé yī

ban

禁止

embargo

禁运

welfare state: A state whose government is concerned with providing for the social welfare of its citizens and does so usually with specific public policies, such as health insurance, minimum wages, and housing subsidies.

福利國家Fúlì guójiā

Formosa

福摩萨

during one's absence

离任期间

basic pensions for retirees

离退休人员基本养老金

private visit

私人访问

Racism

种族主义

ethnocentrism

种族优越感

ethnic conflict

种族冲突

racial discrimination

种族歧视

Genocide

种族灭绝, 种族屠杀

racial issue

种族问题

Clerk/Officer

科员

scientism

科学主义

Ministry of Science and Technology

科学技术部

scientific behaviouralism

科学行为主义

Popular Science Society

科普学会

Section Chief

科长/股长

Secretariat

秘书处

Secretary General

秘书长

Secretary-General

秘书长

Secret police

秘密警察

positive sovereignty

积极主权

ethnocentric bias The inability of nations to be reasonably objective when judging their own acts because of ideology or nationalism.

種族中心主義的偏見Zhǒngzú zhōngxīn zhǔyì de piānjiàn

ethnic cleansing The practice of clearing all Muslims out of towns and villages in Bosnia by violent means; the term has also been used to characterize genocidal assaults on minority populations in other parts of the world, including the Darfur region of Sudan.

種族清洗Zhǒngzú qīngxǐ

apartheid system: the South African system designed to perpetuate racial domination by whites prior to the advent of black majority rule there in the early 1990s.

種族隔離制度

Mill

穆勒

air force

空军

air attaché

空军武官

air power

空权

shuttle diplomacy

穿梭外交

Constitutionalism

立宪主义 / 宪政

Constitutional government

立宪政体

Legislative veto

立法否决

Legislative committees

立法委员会

Legislatures

立法机关

Legislative drafting

立法起草

Competitive party system

竞争性政党制度

Election campaign

竞选运动

first-strike strategy

第一次打击战略

first past the post An electoral system used in the United Kingdom and the United States in which legislative candidates run in single-member districts and the winner is decided by plurality vote; this system favors broad-based, entrenched political parties and tends toward a two-party configuration. Critics contend that it is undemocratic because it places a huge hurdle in the path of small or new parties and forces voters to decide between voting for a major party candidate near the center of the political spectrum and wasting their votes on a third-party candidate who cannot possibly win.

第一過去崗位Dì yī guòqù gǎngwèi

the third world

第三世界

Third World Collectively, the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, most of which were once European colonies; Third World nations tend to be poor and densely populated.

第三世界Dì sān shìjiè

second-strike capacity

第二次打击能力

second strike: Retaliation in kind against a nuclear attack(er); this capability paradoxically minimizes the likelihood that a nuclear confrontation will lead to an actual nuclear exchange.

第二次罷工Dì èr cì bàgōng

Second chambers

第二院,上议院

Supremacy Clause Article VI, Section 2, of the Constitution, which declares that acts of Congress are "the Supreme law of the Land . . . binding on the Judges in every State."

第疑雲Dì yíyún

Estates

等级

Question Time In the United Kingdom, the times set aside Monday through Thursday every week for Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (the party out of power) to criticize and scrutinize the actions and decisions of the government (the party in power); twice each week, the prime minister must answer hostile questions fired at him or her by the opposition.

答問時間Dá wèn shíjiān

reciprocal banquet

答谢宴会

simple majority The largest bloc of voters in an election.

簡單多數Jiǎndān duōshù

elitist theories of democracy In political thought, the theory that a small clique of individuals (a "power elite") at the highest levels of government, industry, and other institutions actually exercise political power for their own interests; according to elitist theories, ordinary citizens have almost no real influence on governmental policy.

精英民主理論Jīngyīng mínzhǔ lǐlùn

Doctrine of elites

精英理论

Elites, Elitism

精英,精英主义

system analysis

系统分析

system level

系统层次

rectification In Maoist China, the elimination of all purported capitalist traits, such as materialism and individualism.

糾正Jiūzhèng

Nazism Officially called National Socialism, Nazism is a form of fascism based on extreme nationalism, militarism, and racism; the ideology associated with Adolf Hitler and the Holocaust.

納粹主義Nàcuì zhǔyì

Cumulative vote

累计投票

cells: small, tightly knit organizational units at the grassroots level of V. I. Lenin's Bolshevik party.

細胞Xìbāo

economic stimulus A fiscal tool of government designed to bolster a weak economy and create jobs via public works projects and deficit spending.

經濟刺激Jīngjì cìjī

Green Revolution A dramatic rise in agricultural output, resulting from modern irrigation systems and synthetic fertilizers, characteristic of modern India, Mexico, Taiwan, and the Philippines.

綠色革命Lǜsè gémìng

presidential democracy A democratic form of government in which the chief executive is chosen by separate election, serves a fixed term, and has powers carefully separated from those of the other branches of government.

總統民主Zǒngtǒng mínzhǔ

prosperity and strength

繁荣富强

Nazi Germany

纳粹德国

Nuremberg war-crimes trial

纽伦堡战犯审判

organizational behavior

组织行为

economic integration

经济一体化

EMU, Economic and Monetary Union

经济与货币联盟

Office for Economic Restructuring

经济体制办公厅

economic globalization

经济全球化

economic determinism

经济决定论

economic sanction

经济制裁

OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

经济合作与发展组织

economic circle

经济周期

economic growth

经济增长

economic recovery

经济复苏

economic security

经济安全

low-cost housing

经济房

recession

经济萧条

empiricism

经验主义

structuralist paradigm

结构主义范式

duality of structure

结构二重性

structural realism

结构现实主义

absolute gain

绝对收益

Governability

统治能力

Ruling class

统治阶级

appeasement

绥靖

Congress of Vienna

维也纳会议

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

维也纳外交关系公约

peace keeping operation

维和行动

peace-keeping force

维和部队

to safeguard world peace

维护世界和平

to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty

维护国家独立和主权完整

status-quo state

维持现状国家

Comprehensive National Power

综合国力

comprehensive security

综合安全

buffer state

缓冲国

détente

缓和

signatory state of the treaty (convention)

缔约国

absence voting

缺席投票

Romanov dynasty

罗曼诺夫王朝

Roman Empire

罗马帝国

Roman Catholic Church

罗马教会

Pax Romana

罗马治下的和平

Recall

罢免

American hegemony

美利坚霸权

Congress

美国国会

CNN (Central News Network) 7

美国有线新闻网

Pax Americana

美国治下的和平

American Revolution (1775-1783) Also called the War of Independence and the Revolutionary War, this epoch-making event led to the end of British rule over the 13 colonies.

美國獨立戰爭(1775-1783)

American Indian Civilization

美洲印第安文明

OSA, Organization of American States

美洲国家组织

Mass membership party

群众性政党

Functional representation

职能代表

United Nations

联合国

General Assembly

联合国大会

UN General Assembly

联合国大会

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO

联合国教育科学文化组织

Coalition government

联合政府

Consociational democracy

联合民主

League

联盟,联合

association agreement

联系协定

liaison office

联络处

Federalist Papers

联邦党人文集

coalition In a multiparty parliamentary system, the political situation in which no single party has a majority and the largest party allies itself loosely with other, smaller parties to control a majority of the legislative seats.

聯盟Liánméng

federalism A system of limited government based on the division of authority between the central government and smaller regional governments.

聯邦制Liánbāng zhì

Bundesrat: The upper house in the German federal system; its members, who are appointed directly by the Länder (states), exercise mostly informal influence in the legislative process.

聯邦參議院Liánbāng cānyìyuàn

Federal Assembly Russia's national legislature, a bicameral parliament, established under the 1993 constitution, comprising a lower chamber (State Duma) and an upper chamber (Federation Council).

聯邦議會Liánbāng yìhuì

Rajya Sabha: The upper house of India's Federal Parliament; the indirectly elected Council of States (see also Lok Sabha).

聯邦院Liánbāng yuàn

federal budget deficit In the United States, the difference between federal revenues and federal expenditures in a given year; the national debt is the cumulative sum of budget deficits over many years.

聯邦預算赤字Liánbāng yùsuàn chìzì

Declaration of the Rights of Man: Enacted by the French National Assembly in August 1789, this brief manifesto was intended as the preamble to a liberal-democratic constitution to be written later; it affirmed the sovereign authority of the nation but limited that authority by recognizing the right to individual life, property, and security.

聲明權利人Shēngmíng quánlì rén

stock market clash

股票市场崩溃

energy crisis

能源危机

Rotten borough

腐败选区

Self-determination

自决

self-help system

自助体系

independent variable

自变量

Self-government

自治

autonomous

自治

Chairman, Autonomous Regional People's Government

自治区人民政府主席

Dominion

自治领

nature law

自然法

state of nature The condition of human beings before the creation of a social code of behavior and collective techniques to control normal human impulses.

自然狀態Zìrán zhuàngtài

liberalism

自由主义

free market system

自由市场体系

libertarianism A system based on the belief that government is a necessary evil that should interfere with individual freedom and privacy as little as possible; also known as minimalism.

自由意志論Zìyóu yìzhì lùn

laissez-faire capitalism An ideology that views the marketplace, unfettered by state interference, as the best regulator of the economic life of a society.

自由放任的資本主義Zìyóu fàngrèn de zīběn zhǔyì

liberal A political philosophy that emphasizes individualism, equality, and civil rights above other values (see also conservative).

自由派Zìyóu pài

Discretion

自由裁量权

Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

自由贸易协定

autarky

自给自足

express one's sincere congratulations and best wishes

致以衷心的祝贺和最好的愿望

interest aggregation A term political scientists use to describe how the interests, concerns, and demands of various individuals and groups in society are translated into policies and programs; in constitutional democracies, a major function of political parties.

興趣聚合Xìngqù jùhé

initiative In U.S. government, a vote by which citizens directly repeal an action of the legislature.

舉措Jǔcuò

Suez crisis

苏伊士运河危机

Socrates

苏格拉底

Pax Britannica

英国治下的和平

British Raj: British colonial rule on the Asian subcontinent from the eighteenth century to 1947, when India and Pakistan became independent.

英國拉吉

paradigm

范式

tea party

茶会

Estates-General The legislature of France before 1789 in which each of the three estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners) was represented.

莊園一般Zhuāngyuán yībān

Moghuls Muslim invaders who created a dynastic empire on the Asian subcontinent; the greatest Moghul rulers were Babur (1526-1530), Akbar (1556-1605), Shah Jahan (1628-1658), and Aurangzeb (1658-1707); Shah Jahan was the architect of the Taj Mahal.

莫臥爾Mò wò ěr

Warsaw Pact: A military alliance between the former Soviet Union and its satellite states, created in 1955, that established a unified military command and allowed the Soviet army to maintain large garrisons within the satellite states, ostensibly to defend them from outside attack.

華沙條約組織Huáshā tiáoyuē zǔzhī

Gestapo In Nazi Germany, the secret state police, Hitler's instrument for spreading mass terror among Jews and political opponents.

蓋世太保Gàishìtàibǎo

nihilism A philosophy that holds that the total destruction of all existing social and political institutions is a desirable end in itself.

虛無主義Xūwú zhǔyì

administration

行政

divided executive Situation in French government in which the president and the prime minister differ in political party or outlook.

行政劃分Xíngzhèng huàfēn

members of the administrative and technical staff

行政技术人员

Executives

行政机关

administrative tribunal

行政法庭

administrative court

行政法院

behaviorism An approach to the study of politics that emphasizes fact-based evaluations of action.

行為主義

behavioral engineering The carefully programmed use of rewards and punishments to instill desired patterns of behavior in an individual or an animal.

行為工程

block vote

街区选举,集团投票

to convey one's sympathy

表示慰问

to express regret

表示遗憾

be appointed ambassador to ...

被任命为驻...大使

trapped

被困的

transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region

西电东送

the strategy of developing the western region

西部大开发

normative approach An approach to the study of politics that is based on examining fundamental and enduring questions.

規範的做法Guīfàn de zuòfǎ

politics of scale

规模政治

normative theory

规范理论

Dissolution of parliament

解散议会

deconstruction

解构

Freedom of speech,expression,and the press

言论,表达和出版自由

recall: Direct voting to remove an elected official from office.

記得Jìde

lobbyist A person who attempts to influence governmental policy in favor of some special interest.

說客Shuō kè

Police Superintendent

警司

Superintendent

警司

Constable

警员

Police Constable

警员

Police state

警察国家

Police Ranks in China

警察警衔

Police Commissioner

警监

Police Supervisor

警督

Supervisor

警督

parliamentary sovereignty In the United Kingdom, the unwritten constitutional principle that makes the British parliament the supreme lawmaking body; laws passed by Parliament are not subject to judicial review and cannot be rejected by the Crown.

議會主權Yìhuì zhǔquán

parliamentary system A system of democratic government in which authority is concentrated in the legislative branch, which selects a prime minister and cabinet officers who serve as long as they have majority support in the parliament.

議會制Yìhuìzhì

obituary

讣告

be of the opinion, to hold, to consider, to maintain

认为

identity

认同或特性

cognitivism

认知主义

cognitive psychology

认知心理学

Speaker

议长

exequatur

许可证书

visit

访问

falsification

证伪

pilot project

试点项目

an atmosphere of cordiality and friendship

诚挚友好的气氛

Norman Conquest

诺曼征服

good offices

调停

Select committee

调查委员会

conciliation

调解

mediation (2)

调解,斡旋

condemn

谴责

Balfour Declaration: Named for the British foreign secretary who, in 1947, declared that the United Kingdom favored "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" and pledged to "facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."

貝爾福宣言

terms of trade In international economics, the valuation (or price) of the products (commodities, manufactures, services) that countries buy on the world market relative to the valuation of the products they sell; the structure of prices for different kinds of goods and services in international trade—for example, if manufactures are generally high-priced relative to minerals and agricultural products, then the terms of trade are unfavorable for countries that produce only farm commodities or raw materials.

貿易條件Màoyì tiáojiàn

capitalism: an economic system in which individuals own the means of production and can legally amass unlimited personal wealth. Capitalist theory holds that governments should not impose any unnecessary restrictions on economic activity and that the laws of supply and demand can best regulate the economy. In a capitalist system, the private sector (mainly business and consumers), rather than government, makes most of the key decisions about production, employment, savings, investment, and the like. The opposite of a centrally planned economy such as existed in the Soviet Union under Stalin and Stalin's successors.

資本主義

bourgeoisie: in Marxist ideology, the capitalist class.

資產階級Zīchǎn jiējí

winner-takes-all: Electoral system in which the candidate receiving the most votes wins.

贏家通吃Yíngjiā tōng chī

Property

财产权

Finance Affairs Committee

财务经济委员会

Ministry of Finance

财政部

Responsible government

责任政府

Interpellation

质询

to peddle munitions

贩卖军火

purchasing power

购买力

protectionism

贸易保护主义

balance of trade

贸易平衡

trade deficit

贸易赤字

Fabianism

费边主义

message of greeting, message of congratulation

贺电

Seniority

资历制

resource theory

资源理论

deficit

赤字

jackal state

走狗国家

to proceed to take up one's post

赴任

intifada An Arabic word meaning "uprising"; the name given to the prolonged Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation in the West Bank and Gaza in 1987-1993 and again in 2001-2002.

起義

supranationalism

超国家主义

Supranational government

超国家政府

supranational governance

超国家治理

superpower A superpower must, above all, have a full range of power capabilities, including not only military muscle but also economic, political, diplomatic, and even moral clout. Second, it must have global reach, the capacity to project power to all parts of the world. Third, it must be willing to assert its leadership role in the international arena. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union both qualified as superpowers by these criteria.

超級大國Chāojí dàguó

Overload

超载

Vietnam War

越南战争

tracking poll Repeated sampling of voters to assess shifts in attitudes or behavior over time.

跟踪調查Gēnzōng diàochá

transnationalism

跨国主义

transnational corporation, multinational corporation

跨国公司

multinational corporations (MNC) A company that conducts substantial business in several nations.

跨國公司(MNC)Kuàguó gōngsī (MNC)

transnational terrorism Exists when terrorist groups in different countries cooperate or when a group's terrorist actions cross national boundaries.

跨國恐怖主義Kuàguó kǒngbù zhǔyì

cross-cultural comparative analysis

跨文化比较分析

Luther,Martin

路德,马丁

identification card

身份证

arms race: reciprocal military buildups between rival states; a process that tends to accelerate research, technology, and development in weapons systems and, according to some experts, is a potential cause of war.

軍備競賽

junta A ruling oligarchy, especially one made up of military officers.

軍政府Jūn zhèngfǔ

soft money Campaign contributions to U.S. national party committees that do not have to be reported to the Federal Election Commission as long as the funds are not used to benefit a particular candidate; the national committees funnel the funds to state parties, which generally operate under less stringent reporting requirements. Critics argue that soft money is a massive loop hole in the existing system of campaign finance regulation and that it amounts to a form of legalized corruption.

軟錢Ruǎn qián

country in transition

转型国家

soft power

软权力

Axis Powers

轴心国

Whigs and Tories

辉格党与托利党

dialectical materialism Karl Marx's theory of historical progression, according to which economic classes struggle with one another, producing an evolving series of economic systems that will lead, ultimately, to a classless society.

辯證唯物主義Biànzhèng wéiwù zhǔyì

forntier region, border region

边界地区

status quo of the boundary

边界现状

boundary negotiation

边界谈判

marginalization

边缘化

marginal cost

边际成本

Darwinism

达尔文主义

Near East

近东

to resume charge of the office, to return to one's post

返任

offensive realism

进攻性现实主义

Carthage

迦太基

memorial meeting

追悼会

Grain for Green Project

退耕还林、还草工程

survival of the fittest

适者生存

reverse discrimination When affirmative action aimed at giving historically disadvantaged groups greater access to jobs, housing, and educational opportunities becomes an obstacle to members of the majority; an unintended consequence of giving preferences to minorities and victims of gender discrimination.

逆向歧視Nìxiàng qíshì

Electoral system

选举制度

Electoral college

选举团

Election program

选举纲领

constituency

选区

Ticket-splitting

选择投票

Leadership selection

选择领导

Registration of electors

选民登记

Ballot

选票

Sunnism

逊尼派

Transparency International

透明国际

to present one's credentials

递交国书

liberal education A type education often associated with private colleges in the United States; stresses the development of critical thinking skills through the study of literature, philosophy, history, and science.

通才教育Tōngcái jiàoyù

circular note

通知照会

inflation

通货膨胀

to negotiate through diplomatic channels

通过外交途径进行谈判

containment The global status quo policy followed by the United States after World War II; the term stems from the U.S. policy of containing attempts by the Soviet Union to extend its sphere of control to other states as it had done in Eastern Europe. NATO, the Marshall Plan, and the Korean and Vietnam wars grew out of this policy.

遏制Èzhì

Dawes Plan

道威斯计划

moral relativism The idea that all moral judgments are inherently subjective and therefore not valid for anybody but oneself; the belief that no single opinion on morality is any better than another.

道德相對主義Dàodé xiāngduì zhǔyì

selective service The Selective Service System was the official name of the military draft in the United States prior to 1972, when an all volunteer army replaced it.

選擇性服務Xuǎnzé xìng fúwù

the right to asylum

避难权

brinkmanship: in diplomacy, the deliberate use of military threats to create a crisis atmosphere; the calculated effort to take a tense bilateral relationship to the brink of war in order to achieve a political objective (for example, deterring a common enemy from carrying out an act of aggression against an ally).

邊緣政策

Deng Xiaoping Theory

邓小平理论

confederation

邦联

Articles of Confederation

邦联条例

Council of Ministers

部长会议

Assistant Minister

部长助理

Minister/Ministry

部长,部

Department

部门

to take concerted steps

采取协调行动

Physiocracy

重农主义

Redistribution

重划选区

mercantilism

重商主义

vital interests

重大利益

perestroika Term given to Mikhail Gorbachev's various attempts to restructure the Soviet economy while not completely sacrificing its socialist character.

重組改革Chóngzǔ gǎigé

Hare plan In parliamentary democracies, an electoral procedure whereby candidates compete for a set number of seats and those who receive a certain quota of votes are elected. Voters vote only once and indicate both a first and a second choice.

野兔計劃Yětù jìhuà

barbarism

野蛮状态

gold standard

金本位

financial institution

金融机构

Iron Curtain

铁幕

Ministry of Railways

铁道部

mirror image

镜像

long-circle theory

长周期理论

keeper of the balance In a balance-of-power system, the nation-state that functions as an arbiter in disputes, taking sides to preserve the political equilibrium.

門將的平衡Ménjiàng de pínghéng

Monroe Doctrine A status quo international policy laid down by U.S. president James Monroe, who pledged the United States to resist any attempts by outside powers to alter the balance of power in the American hemisphere.

門羅主義Mén luó zhǔyì

His (Her, Your) Excellency

阁下

defense policy

防务政策

defensive realism

防御现实主义

class

阶层/阶级

class struggle

阶级斗争

Abbasid dynasty

阿拔斯王朝

dependency

附庸国

vassal state

附庸国

land force

陆军

land power

陆权

His (Her, Your) Majesty

陛下

Jury

陪审团

attaché

随员

hidden employment

隐形就业

Privacy

隐私

random sampling: A polling method that involves canvassing people at random from the population; the opposite of stratified sampling.

隨機抽樣Suíjī chōuyàng

refugee camp

难民营

Yalta Conference

雅尔塔会议

Collective action

集体行动

Collective leadership

集体领导

Coalition theory

集合理论

collectivism The belief that the public good is best served by common (as opposed to individual) ownership of a political community's means of production and distribution.

集體主義Jítǐ zhǔyì

collectivization The takeover of all lands and other means of production by the state.

集體化Jítǐ huà

collective security In international relations, the aim of an agreement among several nations to establish a single powerful bloc that will be turned on any nation that commits an act of aggression; because no single nation could ever overpower the collective force, aggression would be futile.

集體安全Jítǐ ānquán

collective memory The things we learn about in grade school—what we come to "know" about our leaders, about crises we have survived as a nation, and about wars we have fought.

集體記憶Jítǐ jìyì

Employer's organization

雇主组织

mercenary

雇佣军

dual federalism Under this system, which prevailed in the United States between 1835 and 1860, the power of the national government was limited to enumerated powers; during this period, the Southern states claimed sovereign powers.

雙聯邦制Shuāng liánbāng zhì

dual executive In a parliamentary system, the division of the functions of head of state and chief executive officer between two persons; the prime minister serves as chief executive, and some other elected (or royal) figure serves as ceremonial head of state.

雙首長Shuāng shǒuzhǎng

zero-sum game

零和游戏

motor voter law A statute that allows residents of a given locality to register to vote at convenient places, such as welfare offices and drivers' license bureaus; the idea behind laws of this kind is to remove technical obstacles to voting and thus promote better turnouts in elections.

電機選民法Diànjī xuǎn mínfǎ

power of the purse Under the U.S. Constitution, the provision that gives the Congress the exclusive right to impose taxes and the final word on government spending.

電源的錢包Diànyuán de qiánbāo

Hoenzollern dynasty

霍亨索伦王朝

Hobbes

霍布斯

hegemonic state

霸权国

hegemonic status

霸权国地位

hegemonic war

霸权战争

theory of hegemony

霸权理论

Hegemonic stability theory

霸权稳定论

hegemonic structure

霸权结构

hegemonic governance

霸权统治

Qinghai-Tibet Railway

青藏铁路

nontraditional security

非传统安全

nontariff barriers (NTBs)

非关税壁垒

nonstate entity

非国家实体

nonstate actors Entity other than nationstates, including multinational corporations, nongovern mental organizations, and international nongovernmental organizations, that plays a role in international politics.

非國家行為者Fēi guójiā xíngwéi zhě

nongovernmental organization

非政府组织

Satyagraha

非暴力不合作主义

Civil disobedience 5

非暴力反抗

nonviolent resistance A passive form of confrontation and protest; also called civil disobedience at times.

非暴力抵抗Fēi bàolì dǐkàng

Non-violent action

非暴力行为

informal agreement

非正式协议

straw poll: Unscientific survey; simple, inexpensive poll open to all sorts of manipulation and misuse.

非正式投票Fēi zhèngshì tóupiào

informal visit

非正式访问

nondiscrimination

非歧视原则

nonlinearity

非线性

nonlethal weapon

非致使武器

dewesternization

非西方化

nonvital interests

非重大利益

nonzero-sum game

非零和游戏

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) The dominant political party in Mexico from 1929 to the present. The PRI had never lost an election until 2000, when Vicente Fox of the National Action Party won the presidency.

革命制度黨(PRI)Gémìng zhìdù dǎng (PRI)

Revolution and counter-revolution

革命和反革命

Revolutionary War The American War of Independence (1775-1783); see American Revolution.

革命戰爭Gémìng zhànzhēng

subversion The attempt to undermine a government, often using outside assistance.

顛覆Diānfù

Deference

顺从

adviser

顾问

Budget/Budgeting

预算,预算编制

preventive diplomacy

预防性外交

preventive war

预防性战争

consul

领事

consulate

领事馆

territorial integrity

领土完整

territorial contiguity

领土毗连

inalienability of territory

领土的不可割让性

territorial jurisdiction

领土管辖权

Leadership

领导

territorial waters

领水

territorial sea

领海

breadth of territorial sea

领海宽度

limits of territorial sea

领海范围

territorial air

领空

Prime minister/Prime ministerial government

首相(总理)/首相(总理)制政府

summit conference

首脑会晤

summit diplomacy

首脑外交

chief

首领,长官

Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

香港特别行政区行政长官

salami tactics The methods used by Vladimir Lenin to divide his opponents into small groups that could be turned against one another and easily overwhelmed.

香腸戰術Xiāngcháng zhànshù

Marxism The political philosophy of Karl Marx (1818-1883), who theorized that the future belonged to the industrial underclass ("proletariat") and that a "classless society" would eventually replace one based on social distinctions (classes) tied to property ownership. During the Cold War (1947-1991), the term was often mistakenly applied to everyone who embraced the ideology or sympathized with the policies of the Soviet Union or the People's Republic of China against the West.

馬克思主義Mǎkèsī zhǔyì

Marxism-Leninism In the history of the Russian Revolution, Lenin's anticapitalist rationale for the overthrow of the czar (absolute monarch) and the establishment of a new political order based on communist principles set forth in the writings of Karl Marx.

馬克思列寧主義,马列主

Marshall Plan A post-World War II program of massive economic assistance to Western Europe, inspired by the fear that those war devastated countries were ripe for communist backed revolutions.

馬歇爾計劃Mǎxiē'ěr jìhuà

Strait of Malacca

马六甲海峡

Macedonia

马其顿

Machiavelli

马基雅维里主

Falklands War

马岛战争

expel

驱逐,放逐

Hold High the Banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Carry out the Important Thoughts of "Three Represents"

高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,全面贯彻"三个代表"重要思想

Caucasus

高加索

Gaul

高卢

high politics

高级政治

charismatic leader: A political leader who gains legitimacy largely through the adoration of the populace. Such adoration may spring from past heroic feats (real or imagined) or from personal oratorical skills and political writings.

魅力型領導者

Weimar Republic The constitutional democracy founded in Germany at the end of World War I by a constitutional convention convened in 1919 at the city of Weimar; associated with a period of political and economic turmoil, it ended when Hitler came to power in 1933.

魏瑪共和國Wèi mǎ gònghéguó

Ruhr crisis

鲁尔危机

cocktail party

鸡尾酒会

Opium War

鸦片战争

doves

鸽派

hawks

鹰派

Madison,James

麦迪逊,詹姆斯

Hegel

黑格尔

party discipline In a parliamentary system, the tendency of legislators to vote consistently as a bloc with fellow party members in support of the party's platform.

黨的紀律Dǎng de jìlǜ

affirmative action Giving preferential treatment to a socially or economically disadvantaged group in com pensation for opportunities denied by past discrimination.

鼓励性行动,積極行動Jījí xíngdòng

Minister in Charge of Commission for

(国务院各委员会)主任

Minister

(国务院各部)部长

Chairman, Local People's Congress

(地方人大)主任

the Council of Ministers

(欧盟)部长理事会(即欧盟理事会)

protectorate

(被)保护国

Director

(部委办)主任, 局长, 司长


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