Chinese International Relations Vocabulary
Offices under that State Council
(2)国务院办事机构
State Bureaus Administration by Ministration or Commission)
(5)部委管理的国家局
Pentagon
(美)五角大楼(美国国防部办公楼)
Balanced Budget: Act of 1997 Passed by Congress in 1997, this historic measure mandated a balanced federal budget by 2001 but was ironically undone in that very year by the events of 9/11.
1997年平衡預算法案1997
ABC war: a general term for war involving weapons of mass destructions (WMD), especially atomic (nuclear), biological, and chemical weapons. See weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
ABC戰爭
Mayor of XXX County
XX县县长
Executive Vice County Mayor of XXX
XX县常务副县长
Versailles Treaty
《凡尔赛条约》
"The One-China Principle is the foundation and prerequisite for peaceful reunification"
一个中国的原则是和平统一的基础
One—party States
一党制国家
One Country, Two Systems
一国两制
package deal
一揽子交易
first secretary
一等秘书
Unicameral
一院制
one-party dominant One-party dominant systems are different from authoritarian one-party systems in that they hold regular elections, allow open criticism of the government, and do not outlaw other parties; until recently, Japan operated as a one-party dominant system, as did Mexico; South Africa is one current example.
一黨獨大Yī dǎng dú dà
Bandung conference
万隆会议
Three Represents YTheory (the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)
三个代表
Thirty Years War
三十年战争
Three-Gorges Project
三峡工程
Migrants from Three Gorges area
三峡移民
tripolar system
三极体系
third secretary
三等秘书
triangular diplomacy
三角外交
Three Emphases Education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)
三讲教育：讲学习，讲政治，讲正气
three direct links of trade , mail , and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits
三通(指台湾海峡两岸实现通商，通航和通邮)
appellate court: a court that reviews cases on appeal from district courts.
上訴法院
House of Lords
上议院
laid-off workers
下岗职工
subsistence allowances for laid-off workers
下岗职工基本生活费
House of Commons
下议院
persona non-grata
不受欢迎的人
irreversibility
不可逆转性
asymmetrical strategy
不对称战略
nonintervention
不干涉
Nonproliferation Treaty An international agreement, drafted in 1968, not to aid nonnuclear nations in acquiring nuclear weapons; it was not signed by France, China, and other nations actively seeking to build these weapons.
不擴散核武器條約Bù kuòsàn héwǔqì tiáoyuē
unfair competition
不正当竞争
non-aligned countries
不结盟国家
nonaligned movement (NAM)
不结盟运动
never to attach any conditions
不附带任何条件
non-first use
不首先使用核武器
advance with the times 4
与时俱进
Despotism
专制
absolute government / absolutism
专制政府/绝对专制主义
exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
专属经济区
cosmopolitanism
世界主义
world system theory
世界体系理论
World Health Organization (WHO)
世界卫生组织
world federalism
世界联邦主义
World Trade Organization (WTO)
世界贸易组织
World Bank
世界银行
Tokyo war-crimes trials
东京战犯审判
ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian nations
东南亚国家联盟
Eastern India Company
东印度公司
Eastern bloc
东方阵营
host country
东道国
the two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and warding off risks.
两大历史性课题（提高党的执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力）
bipolar distribution of power
两极权力分布
individual level
个人层次
personality system
个人系统
case study
个案研究,案例研究
Middle East, Mideast
中东
CPC Central Committee
中共中央委员会
General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee
中共中央总书记
All China Women's Federation
中化全国妇女联合会
President of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国主席
President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国主席/副主席
All China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots
中华全国□□□同胞联谊会
All China Sports Federation
中华全国体育总会
All China Federation of Industry and Commerce
中华全国工商联合会
All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese
中华全国归国华侨联合会
All China Federation of Trade Unions
中华全国总工会
All China Journalists' Association
中华全国新闻工作者协会
All China Youth Federation
中华全国青年联合会
Chinese Medical Association
中华医学会
Chinese empire
中华帝国
Indo-Chinese War
中印战争
Chinese Calligraphers Association
中国书法家协会
Chinese People's National Committee for Defense of Children
中国人民保卫儿童基金会
People's Organizations of China
中国人民团体
Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries
中国人民对外友好协会
National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会 (简称全国政协)
People's Bank of China
中国人民银行
Chinese Islamic Association
中国伊斯兰教协会
Chinese Buddhists Association
中国佛教协会
Chinese Writers Association
中国作家协会
Communist Youth League of China
中国共产主义青年团
17th National Congress of Communist Party of China (17th NCCPC)
中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会
Chinese Publishers Association
中国出版协会
China's State Organs
中国国家机关
Association for Int'l Understanding of China
中国国际交流协会
Chinese Society of International Law
中国国际法学会
China Seismological Bureau
中国地震局
Three Self Patriotic Movement Committee of the Protestant Churches of China
中国基督教"三自"爱国运动委员会
Chinese Catholic Bishops College
中国天主教主教团
Nat'l Administrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church
中国天主教教务委员会
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
中国天主教爱国会
Chinese Olympic Committee
中国奥林匹克委员会
China Young Pioneers
中国少年先锋队
Chinese Academy of Engineering
中国工程院
Chinese Dramatists Association
中国戏剧家协会
Chinese Photographers Society
中国摄影家协会
member of the National Committee of CPPCC
中国政协委员
China Society of Political Science and Law
中国政法学会
China Federation of Literary and Art Circles
中国文学艺术界联合会
Chinese Ballad Singers Association
中国曲艺家协会
Chinese Acrobats Association
中国杂技艺术家协会
Chinese Opera Research Institute
中国歌剧研究会
China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped
中国残疾人福利基金会
Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) 8
中国民用航空总局
China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art
中国民间文艺家协会
China Meteorological Bureau
中国气象局
China Law Society
中国法律会
Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre
中国法律质询中心
China Film Association
中国电影家协会
Chinese Television Artists Association
中国电视艺术家协会
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
中国社会科学院
China Welfare Institute
中国福利会
China Society and Technology Association
中国科学技术协会
Chinese Society of Science and Technology History
中国科学技术史学会
Chinese Academy of Sciences
中国科学院
Chinese Pen Centre
中国笔会中心
Red Cross Society of China
中国红十字会总会
Chinese Artists Association
中国美术家协会
Translators Association of China
中国翻译工作者协会
United Nations Association of the People's Republic of China
中国联合国协会
Nat'l Commission of The People's Republic of China for UNESCO
中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会
Chinese Dancers Association
中国舞蹈家协会
Chinese Society for Measurement
中国计量测试学会
China Securities Regulatory Commission(CSRS)
中国证券监督管理委员会
Chinese Taoist Association
中国道教协会
Chinese Monetary Society
中国金融学会
Chinese Musicians Association
中国音乐家协会
Central/Local relations
中央与地方的关系
Central Military Commission
中央军事委员会
Member, Central Committee
中央委员
Central Intelligence Agency
中央情报局
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC
中央政治局
Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
中央纪律检查委员会
central bank
中央银行
core-periphery model
中心边缘模式
to suspend diplomatic relations
中断外交关系
intermediate-range ballistic missile
中程弹道导弹
neutrality The policy of giving the very highest priority to staying out of war by adopting a nonthreatening posture toward neighboring states, maintaining a strictly defensive military capability, and refusing to take sides in conflicts; Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland are among the countries that have pursued a policy of neutrality most successfully.
中立Zhōnglì
neutrality stated, neutral country
中立国
middle-range power
中等国家
Chairman
主任委员
presidium
主席团
sovereignty doctrine
主权原则
sovereign state
主权国家
sovereign equality
主权平等
sovereignty costs
主权成本
sovereign actor
主权行为体
sovereignty A government's capacity to assert supreme power successfully in a political state.
主權Zhǔquán
sovereign wealth fund A state owned investment fund made up of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, precious metals, and property; such funds invest globally. China, for example, has invested huge sums in the United States via its sovereign wealth fund.
主權財富基金Zhǔquán cáifù jījīn
Peace of Utrecht
乌得勒支和约
utopian socialist Individuals who believed that public ownership of property could be effectively accomplished and could solve most important political problems.
乌托邦理论,空想社會主義Kōngxiǎng shèhuì zhǔyì
Uruguay Round
乌拉圭回合
ping-pong diplomacy
乒乓外交
the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress
九届全国人大四次会议
township enterprises
乡镇企业
Chief Executive, Township Government
乡镇长
Clerk of the Court
书记
Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee
书记处书记
prior restraint The legal doctrine that the government does not have the power to restrain the media from publication, except in cases of dire national emergency.
事先克制Shìxiān kèzhì
de facto recognition
事实上承认
ex post facto law A law that retroactively criminalizes acts that were legal at the time they were committed.
事後法Shìhòu fǎ
dualism
二元主义
200-nautical-mile maritime rights
二百海里海洋权
second secretary
二等秘书
mutual non-aggression
互不侵犯
non-interference in each other's internal affairs
互不干涉内政
reciprocity
互惠
to exchange ambassadors
互派大使
mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity
互相尊重主权和领土完整
mutual recognition
互相承认
mutual understanding and mutual accommodation
互谅互让
exchange of needed goods
互通有无
Asian flu: A term used to describe the widespread financial turmoil in Asian stock markets, financial institutions, and economies in 1997.
亞洲流感
to exchange views
交换意见
transaction benefit
交易收益
transactionism
交流理论
Ministry of Communications
交通部
Kyoto Protocol Countries that ratify this treaty, which went into effect in 2005, agree to cut emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases or to engage in emissions trading if they exceed a certain cap; the United States signed it under President Bill Clinton, but President George W. Bush renounced it shortly after taking office in 2001.
京都議定書Jīngdū yìdìngshū
Ministry of Personnel
人事部
body bomb
人体炸弹
per-capita gross domestic product (GDP)
人均国内生产总值
the nature of man
人性
Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
人权宣言
people-to-people contacts and exchanges
人民之间的联系和交流
Procurator; General, People's procuratorates
人民检察院检察长
Chief Judge , People's Tribunals
人民法庭庭长
President, People's Courts
人民法院院长
Lok Sabha The lower house of India's Federal Parliament; the directly elected House of the People; in India, as in the United Kingdom and other parliamentary systems, governments are formed by the majority party (or a coalition of parties) in the lower house following national elections (see also Rajya Sabha).
人民院Rénmín yuàn
human nature The characteristics that human beings have in common and that infl uence how they react to their surroundings and fellow humans.
人的本質Rén de běnzhí
humanitarianism
人道主义
humanitarian intervention
人道主义干涉
letter of introduction
介绍书
chargé d'affaires ,interim
代办,临时代办
office of the chargé d'affaires
代办处
war by proxy
代理人战争
proxy war: A war in which two adversaries back opposing parties to a conflict by supplying money, weapons, and military advisors, while avoiding direct combat operations against each other.
代理人戰爭Dàilǐ rén zhànzhēng
Representation
代表制
delegation
代表团
member of the delegation
代表团成员
delegate theory of representation A theory that elected officials should reflect the views of their constituencies.
代表理論的代表性Dàibiǎo lǐlùn de dàibiǎo xìng
Credentials Committee
代表资格审查委员会
Representative government
代议制政府
the Dayton Peace Accords
代顿协议
Knesset The unicameral Israeli parliament.
以色列議會Yǐsèliè yìhuì
arbitration
仲裁
value judgment
价值判断
Islamic fundamentalism
伊斯兰原教旨主义
Islamic radicalism
伊斯兰激进主义
to meet with
会见
traditionalism
传统主义
casualty
伤亡
the Peloponnesian War
伯罗奔尼撒战争
low-information rationality The idea that voters can make sensible choices (for example, casting their ballot wisely) even though they lack knowledge and sophistication about public policy, candidates, and current events.
低信息理性Dī xìnxī lǐxìng
Low Countries
低地国家
low-intensity conflict Occurs when one state finances, sponsors, or promotes the sporadic and prolonged use of violence in a rival country.
低強度衝突,低烈度冲突
low politics
低级政治
supply-side economics
供应学派经济学
dependency theory
依附理论
Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs
侨务办公厅
country of one's residence
侨居国
brokered democracy: this theory holds that the interests of major groups cannot be steamrolled by the majority without jeopardizing democracy and that legislators and decision makers should act as brokers in writing laws and devising policies that are acceptable to all major groups in society.
促成民主
to safeguard national sovereignty and national resources
保卫国家主权和民族资源
conservative A political philosophy that emphasizes prosperity, security, and tradition above other values (see also liberal).
保守Bǎoshǒu
Clientelism
保护主义
to maintain neutrality
保持中立
royalist One who favors absolutism or rule by an all-powerful monarch.
保皇黨Bǎohuáng dǎng
protective democracy: A theory of democracy that places the highest priority on national security.
保護民主Bǎohù mínzhǔ
asymmetric information
信息不对称
Ministry of Information Industry
信息产业部
Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications
信息产业部
information warfare (IW), infowar
信息战
information revolution
信息革命
revisionism
修正主义
individualism According to Alexis de Tocqueville, the direction of one's feelings toward oneself and one's immediate situation; a self-centered detachment from the broader concerns of society as a whole. According to John Stuart Mill, the qualities of human character that separate humans from animals and give them uniqueness and dignity.
個人主義Gèrén zhǔyì
breakdown and regime change
倒台与政权更迭
collapse
倒塌
alternate member
候补委员
candidate selection
候选人选择
candidate
候选人，选手
cease-fire
停火
kin-country syndrome Phenomenon wherein countries whose peoples and leaders are culturally tied to one another take similar positions.
健國綜合徵Jiàn guó zònghé zhēng
good health and a long life
健康长寿
accidental war: in the modern age, the unintentional launching of a nuclear attack because of a mistake or miscalculation.
偶然的戰爭
catalytic war: A conflict that begins as a localized and limited encounter but grows into a general war after other parties are drawn into the conflict through the activation of military alliances.
催化戰爭Cuīhuà zhànzhēng
Tyranny
僭主制/暴政
deadlock
僵局
Confucian civilization
儒家文明
Confucianist
儒教徒
eugenics The science of controlling the hereditary traits in a species, usually by selective mating, in an attempt to improve the species.
優生學Yōushēng xué
preemption
先发制人
preemptive war
先发制人的战争
Glorious Revolution
光荣革命
Kashmir
克什米尔
Crimean War
克里米亚战争
secretary, Party Leadership Group
党组书记
civil war A war between geographical sections or political factions within a nation.
內戰Nèizhàn
deputy to the National People's Congress
全国人大代表
Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress
全国人大委员长/副委员长
National People's Congress (NPC)
全国人民代表大会 (简称 全国人大)
the NPC Presidium
全国人民代表大会主席团
the NPC Standing Committee
全国人民代表大会常务委员会
the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee
全国人民代表大会常务委员会办公厅
China Society of History
全国史学会
Nat'l Children's Work Coordination Committee
全国少年儿童工作协调委员会
Nat'l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children
全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会
globalization: The process by which values, attitudes, preferences, and products associated with the most technologically advanced democracies are being spread around the world via mass media and trade.
全球化Quánqiú huà
global governance
全球治理
global agenda
全球议程
all-round well-off society 6
全面小康社会
forge ahead with the new great project of Party building
全面推进党的建设的新的伟大工程
complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons
全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器
CTB, Comprehensive test ban
全面禁止核试验
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
全面禁止核试验条约
bipolar system: the breakdown of the traditional European balance-of-power system into two rival factions headed by the United States and the former Soviet Union, each with overwhelming economic and military superiority and each unalterably opposed to the politics and ideology of the other.
兩極體制
bicameralism Division of the legislature into two houses.
兩院制Liǎngyuànzhì
counsellor withthe rank of minister, minister-counsellor
公使衔参赞
legation
公使馆
treasury bond
公债
public interest: In political parlance, policies aimed at the general good or society as a whole; in contrast to private interest or special interest, which involve laws or policies favoring individuals or groups.
公共利益Gōnggòng lìyì
Public administration
公共行政
public choice theory
公共选择理论
public domain
公共领域
announcement
公告,通告
Ministry of Public Security
公安部
referendum: A vote through which citizens may directly repeal an action taken by the legislature.
公投Gōngtóu
communique
公报
plebiscite
公民投票
plebiscite A vote by an entire community on some specific issue of public policy.
公民投票Gōngmín tóupiào
civic education The process of inculcating in potential citizens the fundamental values and beliefs of the established order.
公民教育Gōngmín jiàoyù
Civil rights
公民权利
citizenship: The right and the obligation to participate constructively in the ongoing enterprise of self-government.
公民權Gōngmínquán
Civil liberties
公民自由
citizen-leader: An individual who influences government decisively even though he or she holds no official government position.
公民領袖Gōngmín lǐngxiù
high seas
公海
open sea
公海
international waters
公海；国际水域
public good: The shared beliefs of a political community as to what goals government ought to attain (for example, to achieve the fullest possible measure of security, prosperity, equality, liberty, or justice for all citizens).
公益,公共物品
public opinion: A view held by citizens that influences the decisions and policies of government officials.
公眾意見Gōngzhòng yìjiàn
protocol
公约
generally-accepted principles of international relations
公认的国际关系原则
Notary Public
公证员
glasnost Literally "openness"; this term refers to Mikhail Gorbachev's curtailment of censorship and encouragement of political discussion and dissent within the former Soviet Union.
公開性Gōngkāi xìng
community sense
共同体意识
questions of common interest; question of common concern
共同关心的问题
CFSP, Common foreign and Security Policy
共同外交与安全政策
co-decision In the European Union, a method of legislation and rule-making that involves both the European Council (heads of government) and the European Parliament.
共同決定Gòngtóng juédìng
joint action
共同行动
shared ideas
共同观念
republic A form of government in which sovereignty resides in the people of that country, rather than with the rulers. The vast majority ofrepublics today are democratic or representative republics, meaning that the sovereign power is exercised by elected representatives who are responsible to the citizenry.
共和國Gònghéguó
communism A political system based on radical equality; the antithesis of capitalism.
共產主義Gòngchǎn zhǔyì
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
关税与贸易总协定
tariffs reduction
关税减让
Tariffs Union
关税同盟
customs union
关税同盟
normalization of relations
关系正常化
Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs
内务司法委员会
re-employment
再就业
re-employment of laid-off workers
再就业下岗人员
military integration
军事一体化
military base
军事基地
military intervention
军事干预
military-technical revolution
军事技术革命
military provocation
军事挑衅
military assistance
军事援助
military coup
军事政变
military defense
军事防御
militarism
军国主义
arms control
军备控制
arms dealer, merchant of death
军火商
military expenditures
军费开支
armed force (two terms)
军队/武装力量
Ministry of Agriculture
农业部
Serfdom
农奴制
surplus rural workers
农村剩余劳动力
projects to upgrade rural power grids
农村电网改造
Decision making
决策
thawing of Cold War
冷战的缓和
Quango
准--非政府组织
Quasi-judicial
准司法
reduction or cancellation of debts
减轻债务负担
Kellog-Briand Pact
凯洛格-白里安公约
stratified sampling: A manner of polling in which participants are chosen on the basis of age, income, socioeconomic background, and the like, so that the sample mirrors the larger population; the opposite of random sampling.
分層抽樣Fēn céng chōuyàng
decentralization
分散化
separation of powers The organization of government into distinct areas of legislative, executive, and judicial functions, each responsible to different constituencies and possessing its own powers and responsibilities; the system of dividing the governmental powers among three branches and giving each branch a unique role to play while making all three interdependent.
分权,三權分立Sān quán fēnlì
separatism
分离主义
Chernobyl nuclear accident
切尔诺贝利核事故
altruism
利他主义
egoism
利己主义
interest rate
利率
Interests
利益
Interest articulation and aggregation
利益表达与聚合
interest group
利益集团
interests group
利益集团
interest group An association of individuals that attempts to influence policy and legislation in a confined area of special interest, often through lobbying, campaign contributions, and bloc voting.
利益集團Lìyì jítuán
Statute Law
制定法
institutionalization
制度化
institutional peace theory
制度和平论
checks and balances: Constitutional tools that enable branches of government to resist any illegitimate expansion of power by other branches.
制衡 / 三权分立
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II (START II): A treaty negotiated between the United States and the former Soviet Union that limited strategic nuclear weapons.
削減戰略武器條約 II（START II）Xuējiǎn zhànlüè wǔqì tiáoyuē II(START II)
surplus value
剩余价值
Vice County Mayor
副县长
deputy head of the delegation, deputy leader of the delegation
副团长
Vice Premier
副总理
Duty General Police Commissioner
副总警监
General Office
办公厅
Director, General Office
办公厅主任
utilitarian philosophy
功利主义哲学
functionalism: In political thought, the theory that the gradual transfer of economic and social functions to international cooperative agencies (for example, specialized UN agencies, such as UNESCO) will eventually lead to a transfer of actual authority and integration of political activities on the international level.
功能主義Gōngnéng zhǔyì
accelerate economic restructuring
加快经济结构调整
weighted voting
加权表决
unrest
动荡
hijack
劫机
Ministry of Labor and Social Security
劳动和社会保障部
Chemical Weapons Convention: A 1993 international arms control treaty to eliminate chemical weapons within 10 years. It calls for the destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles and the monitoring of companies making compounds that can be used to produce nerve agents in order to end production of chemical weapons.
化學武器公約
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) A military alliance, founded in 1949, originally consisting of the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Norway, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Iceland, and Luxembourg; previously, its principal aim was to prevent Soviet aggression in Europe. At present, 26 states, including many former Eastern European states that were once members of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, belong to NATO.
北大西洋公約組織（北約）Běi dàxīyáng gōngyuē zǔzhī (běi yuē)
NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
北大西洋公约组织
Global North
北方世界
Great Northern War
北方战争
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Agreement signed in 1994 by the United States, Mexico, and Canada that established a compact to allow free trade or trade with reduced tariffs among the three nations.
北美自由貿易協定（NAFTA）Běiměi zìyóu màoyì xiédìng (NAFTA)
NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement
北美自由贸易协定
regional integration
区域一体化
regionalism
区域主义
regionalization
区域化
regional security complex
区域安全复合体
regional awareness
区域意识
regional
区域的
regional identity
区域认同
Chief Executive, District Government
区长
Reform of medical insurance system
医保制度改革
health care reform
医疗改革
district courts The court in which most U.S. federal cases originate.
區法院Qū fǎyuàn
Crusade
十字军
luncheon
午宴
Semi-presidential systems
半总统制
Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee
华侨委员会
entente
协约
coherent state
单一民族国家
unipolarity
单极
unilateralism
单边主义
Global South
南方世界
Antarctic Treaty: an international agreement that prohibits all military activity on the Antarctic continent and allows for inspection of all nations' facilities there. It also nullifies allterritorial claims to Antarctic land and pledges the signatories to peaceful cooperation in exploration and research.
南極條約
game theory
博弈论
Fraternity
博爱
Dominant party
占统治地位的党
satellite state
卫星国
Ministry of Health
卫生部
Ministry of Public Health
卫生部
Inca Empire
印加帝国
Indo-Pakistani War
印巴战争
Indochina
印度支那
Hinduism
印度教
Hindu civilization
印度文明
crimes against humanity A category of crime, first introduced at the Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals, covering the wanton, brutal extermination of millions of innocent civilians.
危害人類罪Wéihài rénlèi zuì
crimes against peace A Nuremberg war crimes trial category, covering the violation of international peace by waging an unjustified, aggressive war.
危害和平Wéihài hépíng
historical institutionalism
历史制度主义
end of history
历史的终结
atomic bomb
原子弹
Pax atomica
原子治下的和平
Secretary of CPC County Committee
县委书记
Vice Secretary of CPC County Committee
县委副书记
Standing Committee Member of CPC County Committee
县委常委
County level officials
县级领导
Chief Executive, County Government
县长
County Mayor
县长
counsellor
参赞,参事
participatory A model of democracy that seeks to expand citizen participation in government to the maximum possible degree.
參與Cānyù
friendly exchanges
友好往来
friendly visit, goodwill visit
友好访问
two-level game or two-tier game
双层博弈
the two sides, the two parties
双方
bilateralism
双边主义
bilateral conflict
双边冲突
bilateral agreement
双边协议
bilateral and multilateral economic cooperation
双边和多边经济合作
bilateral aid
双边援助
bilateral trade
双边贸易
dual nationality
双重国籍
counterculture
反主流文化
"Oppose the 'Independence of Taiwan'"
反对"台独"
reflectivism
反思主义
counterterrorism
反恐Fǎnkǒng
terrorism Political activity that relies on violence or the threat of violence to achieve its ends.
反恐Fǎnkǒng
war on terror: After 9/11, President George W. Bush declared a worldwide "war on terrorism" aimed at defeating international terrorist organizations, destroying terrorist training camps, and bringing terrorists themselves to justice.
反恐戰爭Fǎnkǒng zhànzhēng
antitrust law
反托拉斯法
antinuclear movements
反核运动
anti-semitism
反犹太主义
developing countries
发展中国家
develop the relations of friendship and cooperation
发展友好合作关系
"To develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability"
发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系
to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability
发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系
to develop the national economy
发展民族经济
spokesman
发言人
advanced industrial nations
发达工业国家
to make up for each other's deficiencies
取长补短
persona grata
受欢迎的人
trustee theory of representation: The theory that elected officials should be leaders, making informed choices in the interest of their constituencies.
受託人理論的代表性Shòutuō rén lǐlùn de dàibiǎo xìng
Koran
古兰经
classical realism
古典现实主义
Cuban Missile Crisis
古巴导弹危机
gulag archipelago Metaphorical name for the network of slave labor camps established in the former Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin and maintained by his secret police to which nonconformists and politically undesirable persons were sent.
古拉格群島Gǔ lā gé qúndǎo
letter of recall
召回公文
Justiciability
可审判性
sustainable growth A concept popular among environmentalists and liberal economists that emphasizes the need for economic strategies that take account of the high-cost and long term impact on the environment (including global warming) of economic policies aimed at profit-maximization, current consumption, and the like.
可持續增長Kě chíxù zēngzhǎng
sustainable development
可持续发展
predictability
可预测性
Taiwan Affairs Office
台湾事务办公厅
justice Fairness; the distribution of rewards and burdens in society in accordance with what is deserved.
司法Sīfǎ
judicial review The power of a court to declare acts by the government unconstitutional and hence void.
司法審查Sīfǎ shěnchá
Judiciary
司法机构
Magistrate
司法行政官
Ministry of Justice
司法部
Inter-Parliament Union
各国议会联盟
cooperative security
合作安全
legitimacy The exercise of political power in a community in a way that is voluntarily accepted by the members of that community.
合法性Héfǎ xìng
legitimate authority The legal and moral right of a government to rule over a specific population and con trol a specific territory; the term legitimacy usually implies a widely recognized claim of governmental authority and voluntary acceptance on the part of the population(s) directly affected.
合法權力Héfǎ quánlì
cohabitation In France, the uneasy toleration of a divided executive.
同居Tóngjū
approval voting
同意投票
concurrent powers Joint federal and state control.
同時權力Tóngshí quánlì
homogenization
同质化
homogeneous civilization
同质文明
list system Method of proportional representation by which candidates are ranked on the ballot by their party and are chosen according to rank.
名單制Míngdān zhì
post-classical realist
后古典现实主义
post-positivism
后实证主义
post-modernism
后现代主义
postmodern war
后现代战争
to make representations to, to take up a (the) matter with
向...交涉
to lodge a protest with
向...提出抗议
accredited to ...
向...派遣的
Monarchy
君主制
divine right of kings
君权神授, 神授王权
Veto
否决权
Enlightenment period
启蒙运动时期
cyclical theory
周期理论
pacifism
和平主义
partnership of peace
和平伙伴关系
peaceful coexistence
和平共处
the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
和平共处五项原则
peace dividend
和平红利
peaceful settlement of disputes
和平解决争端
advice and consent
咨询和同意
Habsburg dynasty
哈布斯堡王朝
Copenhagen School
哥本哈根学派
Cossacks
哥萨克人
philosopher-kings Wise philosopher who governs Plato's ideal city in The Republic.
哲學家 - 國王Zhéxué jiā - guówáng
message of condolence
唁电
sole legal government
唯一合法政府
mentalism
唯心主义
idealism A political philosophy that considers values, ideals, and moral principles as the key to comprehending, and possibly changing, the behavior of nation-states.
唯心主義Wéixīn zhǔyì
materialism
唯物主义
commercial attaché
商务专员
commercial secretary
商务参赞
commercial counsellor's office
商务处
commercial republic This concept, found in the Federalist Papers, is most closely identified with Alexander Hamilton, who championed the idea of a democracy based on economic vitality, capitalistic principles, and private enterprise free of undue state regulation.
商業共和國Shāngyè gònghéguó
unitary system: A system in which the government may choose to delegate affairs to local government.
單一制Dānyī zhì
unipolar system: In international relations theory, the existence of a single invincible superpower; the inter national system said to have existed after the collapse of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole remaining (and thus unrivalled) military and economic superpower on the world stage.
單極體系Dān jí tǐxì
prisoner's dilemma
囚徒困境
dependent variable
因变量
Group theory
团体理论
head of the delegation, leader of the delegation
团长
fixed exchange rate
固定汇率
letter of credence, credentials
国书
state visit
国事访问
domestic disturbance
国内动乱
Domestic Affairs
国内时事
domestic society
国内社会
State Councilor
国务委员
State Council
国务院
General Office of the State Council
国务院办公厅
Counselors' Office of the State Council
国务院参事室
Development Research Centre of the State Council
国务院发展研究中心
Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council
国务院台湾事务办公室
Premier, State Council
国务院总理
Government Offices Administration of the State Council
国务院机关事务管理局
Institutions Directly under the State Council
国务院直属事业单位
Departments Directly under the State Council
国务院直属机构
Research Office of the State Council
国务院研究室
ministries and commissions directly under the State Council
国务院部委
Ministry of Land and Natural Resources
国土资源部
state banquet
国宴
"All countries, big or small, should be equal."
国家不分大小，应该一律平等
State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(under the Ministry of Public Health)
国家中医药管理局(卫生部)
state-centrism
国家中心主义
state-centric system
国家中心体系
statism
国家主义
state sovereignty
国家主权
system of states
国家体系
State Physical Cultural Administration
国家体育总局
Head of state
国家元首
national military security
国家军事安全
State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry
国家冶金工业局
State Administration for Entry, Exit Inspection and Quarantine(under the General Administration of Customs)
国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署)
State Development Planning Commission
国家发展计划委员会
merger of states
国家合并
homogeneity of states
国家同质性
State Bureau of Internal Trade
国家国内贸易局
State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)
国家外国专家局(人事部)
State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People's Bank of China)
国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行)
national security
国家安全
national security policy
国家安全政策
State Bureau of Religious Affairs
国家宗教事务局
State Auditing Administration
国家审计署
state level
国家层次
State Administration of Industry and Commerce
国家工商行政管理局
State Administration of Radio, Film and Television
国家广播电影电视总局
State Bureau of Building Materials Industry
国家建筑材料工业局
national strategy
国家战略
state-sponsored terrorism
国家支持的恐怖主义
State Cultural Relics Bureau(under the Ministry of Culture)
国家文物局(文化部)
National Tourism Administration
国家旅游局
State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry
国家有色金属工业局
State Bureau of Machine Building Industry
国家机械工业局
national power
国家权力
State Forestry Bureau
国家林业局
State Ethnic Affairs Commission
国家民族事务委员会
State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping(ditto)
国家测绘局(国土资源部)
State Bureau of Oceanic Administration( under the Ministry of Land and Resources)
国家海洋局(国土资源部)
State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau
国家烟草专卖局
State Bureau of Coal Industry
国家煤炭工业局
State Copyright Bureau
国家版权局
national attribute
国家特性
stateness
国家特性
State Environmental Protection Administration
国家环境保护总局
national goal
国家目标
State Intellectual Property Office(SIPO)
国家知识产权局
State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry
国家石油和化学工业局
State Taxation Administration
国家税务总局
State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)
国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)
State Bureau of Textile Industry
国家纺织工业局
State Economic and Trade Commission
国家经济贸易委员会
State Statistics Bureau
国家统计局
State Drug Administration(SDA)
国家药品监督管理局
National School of Administration
国家行政学院
State Family Planning Commission
国家计划生育委员会
Fiscal crisis of the state
国家财政危机
State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision
国家质量技术监督局
State Bureau of Light Industry
国家轻工业局
state morality
国家道德
State Post Bureau(under the Ministry of Information Industry)
国家邮政局(信息产业部)
interstate transaction cost
国家间交易成本
interstate relations
国家间关系
state-owned enterprises (SOE)
国有企业
Reform of state- owned enterprises
国有企业改革
nationalization
国有化
gross national product (GNP)
国民生产总值
national boundary
国界
Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense
国防科学技术工业委员会
Ministry of National Defense
国防部
internationalism
国际主义
international system
国际体系
international community
国际共同体
rudimentary code of international relations
国际关系中最起码的准则
critical international theory
国际关系批判理论
English School of International Relations
国际关系的英国学派
scope of international relations
国际关系的范围
international institution (2)
国际制度/体制
international crisis
国际危机
IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency
国际原子能机构
international cooperation and integration
国际合作与一体化
systems at the international level
国际层次的系统
international situation
国际形势
international terrorism
国际恐怖主义
international convention
国际惯例
Institute for International Strategic Studies
国际战略问题学会
balance of payments
国际收支
international political system
国际政治体系
IPE, international political economy
国际政治经济学
international anarchy
国际无政府状态
International Affairs
国际时事
international regime
国际机制
an established principle of international law
国际法准则
ICJ, International Court of Justice
国际法院
international society
国际社会
international order
国际秩序
international organization
国际组织
League of Nations
国际联盟
international actor
国际行为体
international financial system
国际金融体系
International Finance Society
国际金融学会
international hegemony
国际霸权
domestic terrorism A form of terrorism practiced within a country by people with no ties to any government.
國內恐怖主義Guónèi kǒngbù zhǔyì
homeland security A term President George W. Bush popularized after the 9/11 terrorist attacks; it refers to a whole range of counterterrorist policies, including tighter border and immigration controls, stepped-up airport security, expanded FBI surveillance powers, and more invasive police investigations.
國土安全Guótǔ ānquán
national interest The aims of policies that help a nation maintain or increase its power and prestige.
國家利益Guójiā lìyì
national security Protection of a country from external and internal enemies.
國家安全Guójiā ānquán
nation building The process by which inhabitants of a given territory—irrespective of ethnic, religious, or lin guistic differences—come to identify with symbols and institutions of their nation-state.
國家建設Guójiā jiànshè
state building The creation of political institutions capable of exercising authority and allocating resources effectively within a nation.
國家建設Guójiā jiànshè
state terrorism Usually violent methods used by a government's own security forces to intimidate and coerce its own people.
國家恐怖主義Guójiā kǒngbù zhǔyì
National Action Party (PAN) The main opposition party in Mexico; the PAN's candidate, Vicente Fox, was elected president in 2000.
國家行動黨（PAN）Guójiā xíngdòng dǎng (PAN)
National Assembly Focal point of France's bicameral legislative branch that must approve all laws.
國民大會Guómín dàhuì
gross national debt (GND) The U.S. federal government's accumulated deficits stood at $8.8 trillion in the spring of 2007, or just under 63 percent of gross national product.
國民總債務（GND）Guómín zǒng zhàiwù (GND)
Kuomintang The Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, defeated by Mao Zedong in 1949.
國民黨Guómíndǎng
cosmopolitan democracy A model of democracy that sees the individual as part of a world order, not merely (or even primarily) as a citizen of a particular nation-state.
國際化的民主Guójì huà de mínzhǔ
international law The body of customs, treaties, and generally accepted rules that regulate the rights and obligations of nations when dealing with one another.
國際法
World Court: Also known as the International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations; the Court hears any case brought before it by parties who voluntarily accept its jurisdiction.
國際法庭Guójì fǎtíng
International Monetary Fund (IMF) An international organization established by the United Nations and composed of the governments of many nations that is designed to promote worldwide monetary cooperation, international trade, and economic stability. It also helps equalize balance of payments by allowing member countries to borrow from its fund.
國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）Guójì huòbì jījīn zǔzhī (IMF)
international nongovernmental organizations (INGO) International organization made up of private individuals and groups.
國際非政府組織（INGO）Guójì fēi zhèngfǔ zǔzhī (INGO)
Holy Land
圣地
Holy war
圣战
in the company of..., accompanied by...
在...陪同下
Commissioner, prefecture
地区专员
regional subsystem
地区子系统
local protectionism
地方保护主义
Local government
地方政府
Local government finance
地方政府财政
Local politics
地方政治
Prefect
地方长官
global village
地球村
geographic location
地理位臵
Age of Exploration
地理大发现时代
geopolitics
地缘政治
Geoeconomics
地缘经济学
Seismological Society
地震学会
equilibrium A synonym for the word balance; also often used interchangeably with stability in literature on international relations.
均衡Jūnhéng; 平衡
"Adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time."
坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线，弘扬与时俱进的精神
urbanization
城市化
city state
城邦国家
urban social security system
城镇社会保障体系
Primary party organization
基层党组织
fundamental rights
基本权利
Christianity
基督教
retribution The punishment of criminals on the ground that they have done wrong and deserve to suffer.
報應Bàoyìng
Serbia
塞尔维亚
Samuel P. Huntington
塞缪尔•亨廷顿
increase revenue and cut government expenditure 4
增收节支
limits-to-growth proposition
增长极限论
statement
声明
Division Chief /Deputy Division Chief
处长/副处长
memorandum, aidememoire
备忘录
complex interdependence
复合相互依赖
Foreign and Economy Committee
外事委员会
diplomatic representative
外交代表
diplomatic mission
外交代表机构
diplomatic precedence
外交位次
doyen of the diplomatic corps, dean of the diplomatic corps
外交使团团长
diplomatic courier
外交信使
diplomatic relations
外交关系
to upgrade diplomatic relations
外交关系升格
normalization of diplomatic relations
外交关系正常化
diplomat
外交官
diplomatic rank
外交官衔
diplomatic practice
外交惯例
diplomatic recognition
外交承认
diplomatic privileges
外交特权
diplomatic etiquette
外交礼仪
diplomatic process
外交程序
diplomatic immunity
外交豁免
diplomatic channels
外交途径
diplomatic bag, diplomatic pouch
外交邮袋
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
外交部
outer space
外层空间
demilitarization of outer space
外层空间的非军事化
Outer Space Treaty An international agreement, signed by the United States and the former Soviet Union, that banned the introduction of military weapons into outer space, prohibited the extension of national sovereignty in space, and encouraged cooperation and sharing of information about space research.
外層空間條約Wàicéng kōngjiān tiáoyuē
currency exchange rate
外汇汇率
spill-over
外溢
multi-centric system
多中心体系
multiple independently targeted reentry vehicle (MIRV) The name given to intercontinental missiles containing many nuclear warheads that can be individ ually programmed to split off from the nose cone of the rocket upon reentry into the earth's atmosphere and hit different specific targets with a high degree of accuracy.
多個獨立目標再入飛行器（MIRV）Duō gè dúlì mùbiāo zài rù fēixíngqì (MIRV)
pluralism
多元主义
pluralistic security community
多元安全共同体
pluralist democracy A model of democracy that stresses vigorous competition among various interests in a free society.
多元民主Duōyuán mínzhǔ
Plural society
多元社会
Doha Round The trade negotiations within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), formerly the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT).
多哈回合Duōhā huíhé
polyarchy
多头制
Majority government
多数派政府
tyranny of the majority: The political situation in which a dominant group uses its control of the government to abuse the rights of minority groups.
多數人暴政Duōshù rén bàozhèng
majority rule The principle that any candidate or program that receives at least half of all votes plus one prevails.
多數人統治Duōshù rén tǒngzhì
plurality vote system A system in which candidates who get the largest number of votes win, whether or not they garner a majority of the votes cast; in a majority vote system, if no candidate gets more than half the votes cast, a runoff election is held to determine the winner.
多數表決制Duōshù biǎojué zhì
multipolarity
多极
multinational stated
多民族国家
multinational state Sovereign state that contains two or more (sometimes many more) major ethno-linguistic groups (or nations) in the territories it controls; notable examples include India, Nigeria, Russia, China, as well as the former Yugoslavia.
多民族國家Duō mínzú guójiā
multilateralism
多边主义
multilateral agreement
多边协定
multilateral diplomacy
多边外交
multilateral aid
多边援助
Concert of Powers
大国协调
Great Power diplomacy
大国外交
concurrent majority John Calhoun's theory of democracy, which holds that the main function of government is to mediate between and among the different economic, social, and sectional interests in U.S. society.
大多數並發Dà duōshù bìngfā
Magna Carta A list of political concessions granted in 1215 by King John to his barons that became the basis for the rule of law in England.
大憲章Dà xiànzhāng
grand theory
大理论
mass media The vehicles of mass communication, such as television, radio, fIlm, books, magazines, and newspapers.
大眾媒體Dàzhòng méitǐ
Great Depression
大萧条
Atlantic Charter
大西洋宪章
Atlantic Alliance
大西洋联盟
massive retaliation Strategic military doctrine based on a plausible standing threat of nuclear reprisal employed by the United States in the 1950s during the short-lived era of the U.S. nuclear monopoly; according to this doctrine, if the Soviet Union attacked U.S. allies with conventional military forces, the United States would retaliate with nuclear weapons.
大規模報復Dà guīmó bàofù
WMD, Weapons of mass destruction
大规模杀伤性武器
Amnesty International
大赦国际
Great Leap Forward Mao Zedong's attempt, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to transform and modernize China's economic structure through mass mobilization of the entire population into self-sufficient communes in which everything was done in groups.
大躍進Dà yuèjìn
continental country
大陆国家
heartland
大陆心脏
Continental Order
大陆秩序
Tiananmen Square In 1989, unarmed civilian workers and students marched in Tiananmen Square in Beijing to demand democratic freedom and government reforms. Army troops responded with force, killing 1,500 demonstrators and wounding another 10,000.
天安門Tiān'ānmén
Pacific War
太平洋战争
failed state
失败国家
Ottoman Empire
奥斯曼帝国
Treaty if Augsburg
奥格斯堡条约
feminist theory
女性主义理论
Feminism
女权主义
Slavery
奴隶制
Women's suffrage
妇女选举权
Patronage
委任
letter of appointment
委任书
certificate of appointment
委任证书
Member
委员
Commission
委员会
deterrence In criminal justice theory, punishing a criminal for the purpose of discouraging others from committing a similar crime. In international relations, the theory that aggressive wars can be prevented if potential victims maintain a military force sufficient to inflict unacceptable punishment on any possible aggressor.
威懾Wēishè
Congress of Westphalia
威斯特伐利亚会议
Treaty of Westphalia
威斯特伐利亚和约
subsystem
子系统
isolationism
孤立主义
security regime
安全体制
security community
安全共同体
security relationship
安全关系
security interest
安全利益
security dilemma
安全困境
security strategy
安全战略
concept of security
安全概念
Security Council
安全理事会
security study
安全研究
spheres of security
安全范围
perspectives of security
安全观
Ministry of State Security
安全部
safety valve
安全阀
The Andean Pact
安第斯条约集团
Song Ching Ling Foundation
宋庆龄基金会
suzerain state, metropolitan state
宗主国
suzerainty
宗主权
Reformation
宗教改革
Freedom of religion
宗教自由
bureaucracy
官僚制/官僚
bureaucratic politics
官僚政治
qualitative analysis
定性分析
quantitative analysis
定量分析
quantitative methods
定量方法
pragmatism
实用主义
adjudication
审判
Judge
审判员,法官
Chief Judge
审判长
censorship
审查制度
auditing administration
审计署
propaganda: The use of mass media to createwhatever impression is desired among the general population and to influence thoughts and activities toward desired ends.
宣傳Xuānchuán
declaration, manifesto
宣扬
constitutional democracy
宪政民主
Constitutional law
宪法
Constitution/constitutionalism
宪法/宪政
Committee for Revision of the Constitution
宪法修改委员会
Convention of the constitution
宪法规约
palace revolt
宫廷政变
to give a banquet in honour of...
宴请...
Paternalism
家长型控制
Toleration
宽容
kulaks A class of well-to-do landowners in Russian society that was purged by Joseph Stalin because it resisted his drive to establish huge collective farms under state control.
富農Fùnóng
Oligarchy
寡头制
oligarchy A form of authoritarian government in which a small group of powerful individuals wields absolute power.
寡頭政治Guǎtóu zhèngzhì
iron law of oligarchy The elitist theory that because of the administrative necessities involved in managing any large organization, access to and control of information and communication become concentrated in a few bureaucrats, who then wield true power in the organization.
寡頭統治鐵律Guǎtóu tǒngzhì tiě lǜ
positivism: A philosophy of science, originated by Auguste Comte, that stresses observable, scientific facts as the sole basis of proof and truth; a skeptical view of ideas or beliefs based on religion or metaphysics.
實證主义Shízhèng
Bastille: At the time of the French Revolution (1789), the Bastille was the infamous royal prison in Paris; the mass storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, and the freeing of the prisoners constituted a direct attack against the monarchy and symbolized the end of an era in French history; the revolutionaries then used the guillotine against none other than the reigning Bourbon monarch, King Louis XVI, and his extravagant wife, Queen Marie Antoinette.
寨Zhài
internal sovereignty
对内主权
external sovereignty
对外主权
external relations system
对外关系体系
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation
对外贸易经济合作部
to undertake obligations in respect of the nuclear-free zone
对无核区承担义务
express grave concern over sth.
对某事予以严重关注
be deeply concerned about sth.
对某事表示深切关注
Feudalism
封建主义
peer group: A group of people similar in age and characteristics.
對等組Duì děng zǔ
Asia Minor
小亚细亚
to assume one's post
就任
Netherlands
尼德兰
levels of analysis
层次分析法
right of residence
居留权
summit meeting
峰会
interstate war Conflicts between sovereign states.
州際戰爭Zhōu jì zhànzhēng
roving ambassador
巡回大使
cruise missile
巡航导弹
Inspector/Monitor
巡视员
industrialization
工业化
Industrial Age
工业时代
Industrial Revolution
工业革命
Trade unions
工会
Balkan
巴尔干
Paris Peace Conference
巴黎和会
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Control
巴黎统筹委员会
market failure
市场失灵
civil society
市民社会
Mayor/Vice Mayor
市长/副市长
bolshevik
布尔什维克
Boer War
布尔战争
Bretton Woods Agreement
布雷顿森林协定
Brussels Treaty
布鲁塞尔条约
imperialism A policy of territorial expansion (empire building), often by means of military conquest; derived from the word empire.
帝國主義Dìguó zhǔyì
Executive Vice County Mayor
常务副县长
Executive Vice Governor
常务副省长
Standing Committee
常务委员会
convention
常规
conventional war
常规战争
the COREPER, Committee of Permanent Representatives
常驻代表委员会
interventionism
干涉主义
interference
干预
intervening variable
干预变量
equality and mutual benefit
平等互利
equal protection The doctrine enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment that holds that the prohibitions placed on the federal government and the protections afforded American citizens under the Bill of Rights also apply to the states.
平等保護Píngděng bǎohù
national security in its broad sense
广义国家安全
asylum (two terms)
庇护；避难
at the invitation of...
应...邀请
on invitation, upon invitation
应邀
rehabilitation: Education, training, and social conditioning aimed at encouraging imprisoned criminals to become normal, productive members of society when they are released.
康復Kāngfù
Kant
康德
delayed repayment of capital and interest
延期还本付息
constructivism
建构主义
establishment of diplomatic relations
建立外交关系
to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level
建立大使级外交关系
to establish normal state relations
建立正常的国家关系
to establish consular relations
建立领事关系
Ministry of Construction
建设部
open fire
开枪，开火
alienation
异化
pagan
异教徒
Heterogeneous
异质化
Maladministration
弊政
extradition
引渡
disadvantaged groups
弱势群体 对弱势群体给予特殊的就业援助。Special employment assistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups.
Impeachment
弹劾
ballistic missile defense
弹道导弹防御
coercive diplomacy
强制性外交
Compulsory voting
强制性投票
contemporary diplomacy
当代外交
metaphysics
形而上学
Shadow cabinet
影子内阁
to request the consent of...
征求...的同意
Lawyer
律师
solicitor In Great Britain, an attorney who can prepare court cases and draw up contracts and other legal documents but cannot plead cases or become a judge.
律師Lǜshī
Bundestag: The lower house in the German federal system; most legislative activity occurs in this house.
德國聯邦議院Déguó liánbāng yìyuàn
Loyal Opposition The belief, which originated in England, that the out-of-power party has a responsibility to formulate alternative policies and programs; such a party is sometimes called the loyal opposition.
忠誠的反對派Zhōngchéng de fǎnduì pài
Think tank
思想库/智囊团（台）
gender gap A term used to refer to differences in voting between men and women in the United States; this disparity is most obvious in political issues and elections that raise the issue of appropriateness of governmental force.
性別差距Xìngbié chājù
total war
总体战争
Governor-General
总督
His excellency Mr. President and Mme... ...
总统先生阁下和夫人
President/Presidential system
总统，总统制
General strike
总罢工
Commissioner General
总警监
General Police Commissioner
总警监
consul-general
总领事
terrorism
恐怖主义
Reign of Terror: During the French Revolution, the mass executions, ordered by Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety, of those deemed to be public enemies, namely all who opposed the revolution or dared to dissent.
恐怖統治Kǒngbù tǒngzhì
to resume diplomatic relations
恢复外交关系
Engels
恩格斯
paradox of democratic peace Democratic states are often militarily powerful, fight other states, engage in armed intervention, and sometimes commit acts of aggression, but they do not fight each other.
悖論民主和平Bèi lùn mínzhǔ hépíng
memorial speech
悼词
to be shocked to learn of
惊悉
Italian city-state system
意大利城邦体系
ideology Any set of fixed, predictable ideas held by politicians and citizens on how to serve the public good.
意識形態Yìshí xíngtài
ideological conflict
意识形态冲突
Munich conference
慕尼黑会议
theater missile defense
战区导弹防御系统
tactical weapon
战术武器
strategic interests
战略利益
strategic weapon
战略武器
victorious nation
战胜国
a defeated country
战败国
reparation
战败国赔偿
war powers: The U.S. Constitution gives the Congress the power to raise and support armies, to provide and maintain a navy, to make rules regulating the armed forces, and to declare war; it makes the president the commander in chief of the armed forces.
戰爭權力Zhànzhēng quánlì
war crime: Violation of generally accepted rules of war as established in the Geneva Conventions on the conduct of war. The Geneva Conventions call for the humanitarian treatment of civilians and prisoners of war, and respect for human life and dignity; crimes against humanity, such as genocide and ethnic cleansing, are also war crimes.
戰爭罪Zhànzhēng zuì
war by misperception: Armed conflict that results when two nations fail to perceive one another's true intentions accurately.
戰爭誤解Zhànzhēng wùjiě
Camp David Accords: A 1979 agreement by which Israel gave the Sinai back to Egypt in return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist; the two former enemies established full diplomatic relations and pledged to remain at peace with one another.
戴維營協議Dàiwéiyíng xiéyì
trusteeship
托管制度
expand housing loans, student loans and major commodity loans
扩大住房贷款，助学贷款和大件消费品贷款
expand domestic demand and consumption
扩大内需，刺激消费
patrimonial sea
承袭海
no-confidence vote In parliamentary governments, a legislative vote that the sitting government must win to remain in power.
投不信任票Tóu bù xìnrèn piào
Voting
投票
Turnout
投票率
poll
投票，民意测验
Entrenchment
护宪
to combat the global economic slump
抵抗全球经济衰退
Latin American
拉丁美洲
reception
招待会
Byzantine Empire
拜占庭帝国
Mandate theory
授权学说
Delegated legislation
授权立法
exclusivity
排他性
Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) In the European Union, part of an antipollution drive aimed at significantly reducing Europe's "carbon footprint" by 2020 by assigning carbonemission allowances to industries and factories and creating a carbon exchange, or a market where "clean" companies (ones that do not use their full allowances) can sell the "credits" they accumulate by not polluting to "dirty" companies (ones that exceed their allowances).
排放交易計劃（ETS）Páifàng jiāoyì jìhuà (ETS)
exclusionary rule In judicial proceedings, the rule that evidence obtained in violation of constitutional guidelines cannot be used in court against the accused.
排除規則Páichú guīzé
to receive
接见
cybernetic theory; cybernetics
控制论
overthrow
推翻，颠覆
to take exception to; to object to
提出异议
Motions Examination Committee
提案审查委员会
to propose a toast to...
提议为...干杯
proposal
提议，提案
bandwagon
搭便车
crash
撞击，坠毁
expansionist strategy A strategy by which a nation seeks to enlarge its territory or influence.
擴張戰略Kuòzhāng zhànlüè
polity
政体
Party convention
政党代表大会
Spoils system
政党分赃制
Parties,political:functions of
政党功能
party machine
政党核心集团
caucus
政党秘密会议
Party organization
政党组织
Party identification
政党认同
administrative board
政委员
government The persons and institutions that make and enforce rules or laws for the larger community.
政府Zhèngfǔ
government's work report
政府工作报告
Reform of government institutions
政府机构改革
Government formation process
政府组成过程
Public inquiry
政府调查
intergovernmental organization
政府间国际组织
Head of government
政府首脑
Political obligation
政治义务
Political system
政治体系/政治系统
political apathy Lack of interest in political participation.
政治冷漠Zhèngzhì lěngmò
politicization
政治化
Political participation
政治参与
political geography
政治地理
political science
政治学
statesman: A politician in a position of authority who possesses exceptional political skills, practical wisdom, and concern for the public good and whose leadership has a significant positive effect on society.
政治家Zhèngzhì jiā
politburo: A small clique that formed the supreme decision-making body in the former Soviet Union. Its members often belonged to the Secretariat and were ministers of key governmental departments.
政治局Zhèngzhì jú
Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee
政治局委员
Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee
政治局常委
Politburo(and Pesidium)
政治局（及常务委员会）
Political influence
政治影响
Political psychology
政治心理学
political efficacy The ability to participate meaning fully in political activities, usually because of one's education, social background, and sense of self-esteem.
政治效能感Zhèngzhì xiàonéng gǎn
Political integratio
政治整合/政治一体化
political culture The moral values, beliefs, and myths people live by and are willing to die for.
政治文化Zhèngzhì wénhuà
Political violence
政治暴力
Political communication
政治沟通
political offender
政治犯
political realism: The philosophy that power is the key variable in all political relationships and should be used pragmatically and prudently to advance the national interest; policies are judged good or bad on the basis of their effect on national interests, not on their level of morality.
政治現實主義Zhèngzhì xiànshí zhǔyì
political development A government's ability to exert power effectively, to provide for public order and services, and to withstand eventual changes in leadership.
政治發展Zhèngzhì fāzhǎn
political socialization: The process by which members of a community are taught the basic values of their society and are thus prepared for the duties of citizenship.
政治社會化Zhèngzhì shèhuì huà
political psychophysiology
政治精神心理学
political elite
政治精英
Political succession
政治继承
Political corruption
政治腐败
Political action committee
政治行动委员会（美国）
political action committee (PAC) Group organized to raise campaign funds in support of or in opposition to specific candidates.
政治行動委員會（PAC）Zhèngzhì xíngdòng wěiyuánhuì (PAC)
political fugitive
政治逃犯
political party: Any group of individuals who agree on some or all aspects of public policy and organize to place their members in control of the national government.
政治黨Zhèngzhì dǎng
Policy analysis
政策分析
Implementation
政策实施
Policy output studies
政策输出研究
platform
政纲
coup d'etat: The attempted seizure of governmental power by an alternate power group (often the military) that seeks to gain control of vital government institutions without any fundamental alteration in the form of government or society.
政變Zhèngbiàn
loyalty-transferring
效忠转移
church and state
教会与国家
internuncio
教廷公使
nuncio
教廷大使
Clericalism
教权主义
Ministry of Education
教育部
Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee
教育，科学，文化委员会
Holism
整体主义
cultural attaché
文化专员
cultural secretary
文化参赞
cultural imperialism
文化帝国主义
Ministry of Culture
文化部
clash of civilizations
文明的冲突
Renaissance
文艺复兴
sever diplomatic relations
断绝外交关系
to sever diplomatic relations
断绝外交关系
Stalin
斯大林
Spinoza
斯宾诺莎
Smith,Adam
斯密，亚当
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所
Slavic-Orthodox civilization
斯拉夫-东正教文明
neoconservative In the United States, a term associated with the ideology of top advisors and Cabinet members during the presidency of George W. Bush; neoconservatives advocate a strong national defense, decisive military action in the face of threats or provocations, pro-Israeli policy in the Middle East, and a minimum of government interference in the economy. In general, neoconservatives are opposed to federal regulation of business and banking.
新保守主義Xīn bǎoshǒu zhǔyì
newly industrializing country
新兴工业化国家
emerging market
新兴市场
neo-functionalism
新功能主义
Xinhua News Agency
新华通讯社
neoclassical realism
新古典现实主义
New Right
新右派
new views of security; new security idea
新安全观
New Left
新左派
neo-interventionism
新干涉主义
New Deal
新政
neo-realism
新现实主义
neorealist-neoliberal debate
新现实主义和新自由主义的论战
neo-liberalism
新自由主义
neo-liberal institutionalism
新自由制度主义
Press and Publication Administration
新闻出版署
Information Office
新闻办公室
news conference
新闻发布会
Information Department
新闻司
press section, in formation service
新闻处
methodology The way scientists and scholars set about exploring, explaining, proving, or disproving proposi tions in different academic disciplines. The precise methods vary according to the discipline and the object, event, process, or phenomenon under investigation.
方法Fāngfǎ
policy （2）
方针，政策
Schlieffen Plan
施里芬计划
ambassador-at-large
无任所大使
loans with no or low interest
无息和低息贷款
anarchism
无政府主义
anarchy
无政府状态
nuclear free zone
无核区
rogue state
无赖国家
Russo-Japanese War
日俄战争
Geneva Convention A body of international law dealing with the treatment of the wounded, prisoners of war, and civilians in a war zone.
日內瓦公約Rìnèiwǎ gōngyuē
samurai
日本武士
n a bid to do sth.
旨在做某事i
Meiji Restoration The end of Japan's feudal era, in 1868, when a small group of powerful individuals crowned a symbolic emperor, embarked on an economic modernization program, and established a modern governmental bureaucracy.
明治維新Míngzhì wéixīn
Franco-Prussian War
普法战争
ordinary politician Individual who concentrates on getting reelected.
普通政客Pǔtōng zhèngkè
common law In Great Britain, laws derived from consistent precedents found in judges' rulings and decisions, as opposed to those enacted by Parliament. In the United States, the part of the common law that was in force at the time of the Revolution and not nullified by the Constitution or any subsequent statute.
普通法Pǔtōng fǎ
verbal note
普通照会
Prussian empire
普鲁士帝国
brain trust
智囊团
Violence
暴力
rioting and looting
暴动和抢劫
atrocity
暴行
Droop quota
最低下限
ultimatum
最后通牒
poorest developing countries (PDCs): The 20 or so countries with the lowest per capita income in the world; all are located in sub-Saharan Africa with the exceptions of Afghanistan and Nepal.
最貧窮的發展中國家（PDC上）Zuì pínqióng de fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā (PDC shàng)
Supreme People's Procuratorate
最高人民检察院
Procurator-General
最高人民检察院检察长
Supreme People's Court
最高人民法院
President of the Supreme People's Court
最高人民法院院长
Supreme Court The U.S. federal court of last resort, settling cases that raise particularly troublesome questions of legal interpretation or constitutional principle.
最高法院Zuìgāo fǎyuàn
Conseil d'Aetat
最高行政法院
socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics
有中国特色的社会主义民主政治
disputed areas
有争议的地区
nonwhite people
有色人种
limited war The opposite of all-out war, particularly all-out nuclear warfare.
有限戰爭Yǒuxiàn zhànzhēng
limited nuclear war
有限核战争
Korean War
朝鲜战争
futurology
未来学
ontology
本体论
localization
本土化
opportunism
机会主义
Institution
机构/制度
Bill of rights
权利法案
transferring rights
权利让渡
distribution of power
权力分配
balance of power
权力制衡,均势
power-cycle theory
权力周期理论
power politics
权力政治
power-transition theory
权力转移理论
Duma Officially called the State Duma, it is the lower house of the Federal Assembly, Russia's national legislature, reestablished in the 1993 constitution, after having been abolished in 1917. It comprises 450 members, half of whom are elected from nationwide party lists, with the other half elected from single-member constituencies.
杜馬Dù mǎ
Truman Doctrine: President Harry Truman's pledge of U.S. support for any free people threatened with revolution by an internal armed minority or an outside aggressor.
杜魯門主義Dùlǔmén zhǔyì
Teutonic knights
条顿骑士团
Young Plan
杨格计划
Jefferson,Thomas
杰斐逊，托马斯
polarization
极化
totalitarian regime
极权主义政权
polarity theory
极理论
to build a harmonious society
构建和谐社会
Berlin Wall
柏林墙
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
核不扩散条约
The Nuclear Supplier Group
核供应国集团
nuclear winter
核冬天
nuclear monopoly When only one side in an adversarial relationship possesses a credible nuclear capability; the United States enjoyed a nuclear monopoly for roughly a decade after World War II.
核壟斷Hé lǒngduàn
nuclear deterrence
核威慑
core interests
核心利益
nuclear technology
核技术
nuclear age
核时代
verification
核查
nuclear weapons
核武器
Grotius
格劳修斯
Solon Lawmaker who successfully reconciles the functions of delegate and trustee; Solon was the great law-giver of ancient Athens, birthplace of western civilization's first democracy.
梭倫Suō lún
to review the guard of honour
检阅仪仗队
totalitarianism A political system in which every facet of the society, the economy, and thegovernment is tightly controlled by the ruling elite. Secret police ter rorism and a radical ideology implemented through mass mobilization and propaganda are hallmarks of the totalitarian state's methods and goals.
極權主義Jíquán zhǔyì
ultranationalism: Extreme nationalism often associated with fascism; a militant right-wing orientation typically characterized by militarism, racial bigotry, and xenophobia.
極端民族主義Jíduān mínzú zhǔyì
institutional interest group A group of government officials and bureaucrats with expertise and vested interests in certain policies and programs that often par allel those of special interests in the private sector; as insiders with powerful allies in the private sector, members of certain institutional interest groups (such as defense, intelligence, energy, and agriculture) are in an advantageous position to lobby U.S. Congress for increased funding in the annual "battle of the budget."
機構利益集團Jīgòu lìyì jítuán
entitlements: Government expenditures that provide benefits that are deeply ingrained in the fabric of American life and that Americans expect as a matter of right because they have made mandatory tax contributions to government-run retirement and health insurance funds.
權利Quánlì
right to revolution John Locke's theory that when governmental actions undermine the essential rights of life, liberty, and property, citizens have a right to revolt and replace the government with one that will rule correctly.
權利革命Quánlì gémìng
nomenklatura The former Soviet Communist Party's system of controlling all important administrative appointments, thereby ensuring the support and loyalty of those who managed day-to-day affairs.
權貴階層Quánguì jiēcéng
less developed country
欠发达国家
sub-national unit
次国家单位
SNA, sub-national authority
次国家权威
welcoming banquet
欢迎宴会
speech of welcome
欢迎词
on learning with great joy
欣悉
on the happy occasion of
欣逢
Eurasia
欧亚大陆
Eurocentric system
欧洲中心体系
EC, European Community
欧洲共同体
European Community
欧洲共同体
European Common Market
欧洲共同市场
Concert of Europe
欧洲协调
the European Council
欧洲委员会
OSC, Organization for Security and Cooperation
欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)
ECJ, the European Court of Justice
欧洲法院
EU, European Union
欧洲联盟
European Parliament
欧洲议会
the European Parliament
欧洲议会
EMS, European Monetary System
欧洲货币体系
the European Commission
欧盟委员会
Council of the European Union
欧盟理事会
euro area In the EU, the euro area zone refers to the 12 member states that have adopted the euro, including Germany, France, and Italy, but not the United Kingdom.
歐元區Ōuyuán qū
European Union (EU) The economic association of European nations; formerly known as the Common Market or European Economic Community.
歐洲聯盟（歐盟）Ōuzhōu liánméng (ōuméng)
formal note
正式照会
official visit
正式访问
due process A guarantee of fair legal procedure; it is found in the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments of the U.S. Constitution.
正當程序Zhèngdàng chéngxù
just war A war fought in self-defense or because it is the only way a nation can do what is right.
正義戰爭Zhèngyì zhànzhēng
military attaché
武官
military attaché's office
武官处
Discrimination
歧视
death toll
死亡数
colonialism The policy of seeking to dominate the economic or political affairs of underdeveloped areas or weaker countries (see also imperialism).
殖民主義Zhímín zhǔyì
Colonial government
殖民统治
His (Her, Your) Royal Highness
殿下
proportional representation (PR): Any political structure under which seats in the legislature are allocated to each party based on the percentage of the popular vote each receives.
比例代表制（PR）Bǐlì dàibiǎo zhì (PR)
comparative politics
比较政治学
comparative study
比较研究
democratization Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of encouraging democratic reforms within the former Soviet Union, including increased electoral competition within the Communist party.
民主化Mínzhǔ huà
democratic peace
民主和平论
Pax Democratica
民主治下的和平
Democracy Wall A wall located in the heart of Beijing on which public criticism of the regime was permitted to be displayed in 1978.
民主牆Mínzhǔ qiáng
democratic correlates Conditions or correlates thought to relate positively to the creation and maintenance of democracy within a nation.
民主的關聯Mínzhǔ de guānlián
democratic socialism A form of government based on popular elections, public ownership and control of the main sectors of the economy, and broad welfare pro grams in health and education to benefit citizens.
民主社會主義Mínzhǔ shèhuì zhǔyì
Democratic centralism
民主集中制
Opinion polls
民意测验
Ministry of Civil Affairs
民政部
nationalism Devotion to one's nation; a label sometimes applied to excessive patriotism.
民族主義Mínzú zhǔyì
nationalistic universalism: A messianic foreign policy that seeks to spread the ideas and institutions of one nation to other nations.
民族主義的普遍Mínzú zhǔyì de pǔbiàn
national identity
民族国家认同
nation-state A geographically defined community administered by a government.
民族國家Mínzú guójiā
Ethnic Affairs Committee
民族委员会
national self-determination The right of a nation to choose its own government.
民族自決Mínzú zìjué
national liberation
民族解放
ethnic identity
民族身份
citizen diplomacy
民间外交
Ministry of Water Resources
水利部
neutralized state
永久中立国
to seek a fair and reasonable solution
求得公平合理的解决
currency market
汇市
chauvinism
沙文主义
statecraft "The use of the assets or the resources and tools (economic, military, intelligence, media) that a state has to pursue its interest and to affect the behavior of others, whether friendly or hostile," according to foreign policy expert and former diplomat Dennis Ross.
治国术,經世致用Jīngshì zhì yòng
act
法令
Office of Legislative Affairs
法制办公厅
Commission of Legislative Affairs
法制委员会
Legal Medical Expert
法医
French Revolution (1789) Brought down the Bourbon monarchy in France in the name of "liberté, egalité, et fraternité" (liberty, equality, and fraternity); introduced the contagion of liberalism in a Europe still ruled by conservative, aristocratic, and royalist institutions; and ushered in the rule of Napoléon Bonaparte. Prelude to the First Republic in France and to the Napoleonic Wars.
法國大革命Fàguó dàgémìng
Law Committee
法律委员会
de jure recognition
法律承认
law of pauperization: In Karl Marx's view, the rule that capitalism has a built-in tendency toward recession and unemployment, and thus workers inevitably become surplus labor.
法律的貧困化Fǎlǜ de pínkùn huà
law of capitalist accumulation: According to Karl Marx, the invariable rule that stronger capitalists, motivated solely by greed, will gradually eliminate weaker competitors and gain increasing control of the market.
法律資本主義積累Fǎlǜ zīběn zhǔyì jīlěi
bill of attainder: a legislative decree that declares a person guilty and prescribes punishment without any judicial process.
法案的褫奪Fǎ'àn de chǐduó
bill (two terms)
法案，议案
rule of law The concept that the power and discretion of government and its officials ought to be restrained by a supreme set of neutral rules that prevent arbitrary and unfair action by government; also called constitutionalism.
法治Fǎzhì
Fashoda crisis
法绍达危机
fascism
法西斯主义
fascism A totalitarian political system that is headed by a popular charismatic leader and in which a single political party and carefully controlled violence form the bases of complete social and political control. Fascism differs from communism in that the economic structure, although controlled by the state, is privately owned.
法西斯主義Fàxīsī zhǔyì
Judicial Policeman
法警
Baltic
波罗的海
take note of...
注意到
money laundering
洗钱
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) A long-range missile armed with multiple nuclear warheads capable of striking targets anywhere in the world; both the United States and Russia possess large arsenals of these ultimate strategic weapons.
洲際彈道導彈（ICBM）Zhōujì dàndào dǎodàn (ICBM)
Faction
派别
romanticism
浪漫主义
Floating vote
浮动投票人
floating exchange rate
浮动汇率
naval blockade
海上封锁
General Administration of Customs
海关总署
naval force
海军
naval capability
海军实力
naval attaché
海军武官
cross-Strait relations
海峡两岸关系
Seabed Treaty: An international agreement that forbids the establishment of nuclear weapons on the ocean floor beyond the 12-mile territorial limit.
海底條約Hǎidǐ tiáoyuē
sea power
海权
maritime resources
海洋资源
Persian Gulf War
海湾战争
Hague Convention A widely accepted set of rules governing conduct in land wars, the use of new weapons, and the rights and duties of both neutral and warring parties.
海牙公約Hǎiyá gōngyuē
withering away of the state: A Marxist category of analysis describing what happens after capitalism is overthrown, private property and social classes are abolished, and the need for coercive state power supposedly disappears.
消亡的狀態Xiāowáng de zhuàngtài
negative sovereignty
消极主权
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
消费者物价指数
profound condolence
深切哀悼
Mixed government
混合政府
mixed regime A nation in which the various branches of government represent social classes.
混合政體Hùnhé zhèngtǐ
purges The elimination of all rivals to power through mass arrests, imprisonment, exile, and murder, often directed at former associates and their followers who have (or are imagined to have) enough influence to be a threat to the ruling elite.
清除Qīngchú
fishery resources
渔业资源
Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office
港澳办公厅
guerrilla warfare The tactics used by loosely organized military forces grouped into small, mobile squads that carry out acts of terrorism and sabotage, then melt back into the civilian population.
游擊戰Yóujízhàn
lobbying
游说
stagflation
滞胀
Manchuria
满洲
gradualism The belief that major changes in society should take place slowly, through reform, rather than suddenly, through revolution.
漸進Jiànjìn
Paine
潘恩
submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) Strategic missiles with multiple nuclear warheads launched from submarines that prowl the ocean depths and that cannot be easily detected or destroyed by a preemptive attack.
潛射彈道導彈（SLBM）Qián shè dàndào dǎodàn (SLBM)
potential power
潜在权力
radicalism
激进主义
Radical parties
激进政党
gunboat diplomacy
炮舰外交
bomb
炸弹；轰炸
inadvertent war A war resulting from misperception, misinformation, or miscalculation; an unnecessary war.
無意戰爭Wúyì zhànzhēng
nullification According to this controversial idea, a state can nullify acts of the U.S. Congress within its own borders; John Calhoun and other states'-rights advocates put forward this doctrine prior to the Civil War.
無效Wúxiào
unconditional surrender: Giving an all-but vanquished enemy a stark choice between surrendering immediately (placing itself entirely at the mercy of the victor) or being utterly destroyed.
無條件投降Wútiáojiàn tóuxiáng
stateless nation People (or nations) who are scattered over the territory of several states or dispersed widely and who have no autonomous, independent, or sovereign governing body of their own; examples of stateless nations include the Kurds, Palestinians, and Tibetans
無狀態的國家Wú zhuàngtài de guójiā
proletarian: In Marxist theory, a member of the working class.
無產階級Wúchǎn jiējí
dictatorship of the proletariat: In Marxist theory, the political stage immediately following the workers' revolution, during which the Communist Party controls the state and defends it against a capitalist resurgence or counterrevolution; the dictatorship of the proletariat leads into pure communism and the classless society.
無產階級專政Wúchǎn jiējí zhuānzhèng
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution A chaotic period beginning in 1966, when the youth of China (the Red Guards), at Mao Zedong's direction, attacked all bureaucratic and military officials on the pretext that a reemergence of capitalist and materialist tendencies was taking place. The offending officials were sent to forced labor camps to be "reeducated."
無產階級文化大革命Wúchǎn jiējí wénhuà dàgémìng
classless society In Marxist political theory, the ideal society in which wealth is equally distributed according to the principle "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs."
無階級社會Wú jiējí shèhuì
note
照会
in consideration of the actual conditions
照顾现实情况
demagogue Someone who uses his or her leadership skills to gain public office through appeals to popular fears and prejudices and then abuses that power for personal gain.
煽動者Shāndòng zhě
Schumpeter
熊彼特
natural selection
物竞天择
special envoy
特使
ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary
特命全权大使
industries and enterprises in dire straits
特困行业和企业
qualified majority voting (QMV) In the European Union a form of voting in the European Council and Council of Ministers in which no member state has a veto but passage of a measure is based on an elaborate formula that involves a triple majority, including more than 70 percent of the votes cast.
特定多數投票（總市值）Tèdìng duōshù tóupiào (zǒng shìzhí)
Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions
特定问题委员会
Prerogative
特权
special interest An organization or association that exists to further private interests in the political arena; examples in the United States are the U.S. Chamber of Commerce or the National Association of Manufacturers (business), the AFL-CIO (labor), and the National Farmers Organization (NFO).
特殊利益Tèshū lìyì
Commissioner
特派员,警监
charter
特许状
Jew
犹太人
Declaration of Independence
独立宣言
Independent agency
独立机构
authoritarianism (2)
独裁主义，权威主义,專制國家
national security in its narrow sense
狭义国家安全
Zionism The movement whose genesis was in the reestablishment, and now the support of, the Jewish national state of Israel.
猶太复國主義Yóutài fù guó zhǔyì
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) A loose federation of newly sovereign nations created after the collapse of the Soviet Union; it consisted of almost all the republics that previously had made up the USSR.
獨立國家聯合體（獨聯體）Dúlì guójiā liánhé tǐ (dú lián tǐ)
crown
王权
Pacific Rim
环太平洋地区
modern state system
现代国家体系
modern distance education
现代远程教育
realism
现实主义
antecedents of realist theory
现实主义理论渊源
Realpolitik
现实政治
status quo
现状
status quo strategy: A national policy of maintaining the existing balance of power through collective security agreements, diplomacy, and negotiation, as well as through "legitimizing instruments," such as international law and international organizations.
現狀戰略Xiànzhuàng zhànlüè
Rationality
理性
rational actor model
理性行为体模型
rational choice institutionalism
理性选择制度主义
rational choice: The role of reason over emotion in human behavior. Political behavior, in this view, follows logical and even predictable patterns so long as we understand the key role of self-interest.
理性選擇Lǐxìng xuǎnzé
idealism
理想主义, 唯心主义
theoretical framework
理论体系
theoretical foundation
理论基础
lebensraum
生存空间
ecological security
生态安全
ecopolitics
生态政治学
ecocide
生态灭绝
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC): A 1972 international arms control treaty that pledged the destruction of biological weapon stockpiles and outlawed the production and storage of such weapons.
生物武器公约
survivor
生还者
to solve disputes by peaceful means
用和平手段解决争端
televised meeting
电视会议
telecommunications revolution
电讯革命
dystopia A society whose creators set out to build the perfect political order only to discover that they cannot remain in power except through coercion and by maintaining a ruthless monopoly over the means of communication.
異位Yì wèi
developmental democracy A model of democracy that stresses the development of virtuous citizens.
發展民主Fāzhǎn mínzhǔ
Hundred Flowers A brief period in China (1956) when Mao Zedong directed that freedom of expression and individualism be allowed; it was quashed when violent criticism of the regime erupted.
百花Bǎihuā
surplus
盈余
Ombudsman
监察专员
Ministry of Supervision
监察部
Tutelage
监护
warden
监狱长
cordial hospitality
盛情接待
incarceration The isolation of criminals in an effort to protect society and to prevent lawbreakers from committing more crimes.
監禁Jiānjìn
direct democracy A form of government in which political decisions are made directly by citizens rather than by their representatives.
直接民主Zhíjiē mínzhǔ
Direct action
直接行动
interdependence In political thought, the theory that no nation can afford to isolate itself completely from the political, economic, and cultural activities of other nations and that as a result, a growing body of international organizations whose interests transcend national concerns has arisen.
相互依存Xiānghù yīcún, 相互依赖
mutual deterrence The theory that aggressive wars can be prevented if potential victims maintain a military force sufficient to inflict unacceptable punishment on any possible aggressor.
相互威懾Xiānghù wēishè
mutual
相互的
mutual assured destruction (MAD) A nuclear stale mate in which both sides in an adversarial relationship know that if either one initiates a war, the other will retain enough retaliatory ("second strike") capability to administer unacceptable damage even after absorbing the full impact of a nuclear surprise attack; during the Cold War, a stable strategic relationship between the two superpowers.
相互確保摧毀（MAD）Xiānghù quèbǎo cuīhuǐ (MAD)
relative gain
相对收益
Secretary,...Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC
省委/市委书记
Governor
省长, 州长
caretaker government
看守政府
Hezbollah
真主党
intellectual property
知识产权
overkill Having a much larger nuclear arsenal than is (or would be) needed to wipe out an adversary completely.
矯枉過正Jiǎowǎngguòzhèng
oil embargo
石油禁运
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) A cartel established in 1961 that, since 1973, has successfully manipulated the worldwide supply of and price for oil, with far-reaching consequences for the world economy and political structure.
石油輸出國組織（歐佩克）Shíyóu shūchū guó zǔzhī (ōupèikè)
OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
石油输出国组织
shatterbelt
破碎地带
hard power
硬权力
assured destruction
确保摧毁
consultations
磋商
the consultation procedure
磋商程序
Protocol Department
礼宾司
Socialism
社会主义
Social contract
社会契约论
social constructivism
社会建构主义
Social democracy
社会民主主义
Community (two terms)
社区/共同体
Corporatism
社团主义
socialism An ideology favoring collective and govern ment ownership over individual or private ownership.
社會主義Shèhuì zhǔyì
toast
祝酒词
"Wish prosperity to ... and well-being to its people"
祝（某国）国家繁荣人民幸福
sacred and inviolable
神圣不可侵犯
Holy League
神圣同盟
Holy Roman Empire
神圣罗马帝国
theocracy: A government based on religion and dominated by the clergy.
神权政治,政教合一Zhèngjiào hé yī
ban
禁止
embargo
禁运
welfare state: A state whose government is concerned with providing for the social welfare of its citizens and does so usually with specific public policies, such as health insurance, minimum wages, and housing subsidies.
福利國家Fúlì guójiā
Formosa
福摩萨
during one's absence
离任期间
basic pensions for retirees
离退休人员基本养老金
private visit
私人访问
Racism
种族主义
ethnocentrism
种族优越感
ethnic conflict
种族冲突
racial discrimination
种族歧视
Genocide
种族灭绝, 种族屠杀
racial issue
种族问题
Clerk/Officer
科员
scientism
科学主义
Ministry of Science and Technology
科学技术部
scientific behaviouralism
科学行为主义
Popular Science Society
科普学会
Section Chief
科长/股长
Secretariat
秘书处
Secretary General
秘书长
Secretary-General
秘书长
Secret police
秘密警察
positive sovereignty
积极主权
ethnocentric bias The inability of nations to be reasonably objective when judging their own acts because of ideology or nationalism.
種族中心主義的偏見Zhǒngzú zhōngxīn zhǔyì de piānjiàn
ethnic cleansing The practice of clearing all Muslims out of towns and villages in Bosnia by violent means; the term has also been used to characterize genocidal assaults on minority populations in other parts of the world, including the Darfur region of Sudan.
種族清洗Zhǒngzú qīngxǐ
apartheid system: the South African system designed to perpetuate racial domination by whites prior to the advent of black majority rule there in the early 1990s.
種族隔離制度
Mill
穆勒
air force
空军
air attaché
空军武官
air power
空权
shuttle diplomacy
穿梭外交
Constitutionalism
立宪主义 / 宪政
Constitutional government
立宪政体
Legislative veto
立法否决
Legislative committees
立法委员会
Legislatures
立法机关
Legislative drafting
立法起草
Competitive party system
竞争性政党制度
Election campaign
竞选运动
first-strike strategy
第一次打击战略
first past the post An electoral system used in the United Kingdom and the United States in which legislative candidates run in single-member districts and the winner is decided by plurality vote; this system favors broad-based, entrenched political parties and tends toward a two-party configuration. Critics contend that it is undemocratic because it places a huge hurdle in the path of small or new parties and forces voters to decide between voting for a major party candidate near the center of the political spectrum and wasting their votes on a third-party candidate who cannot possibly win.
第一過去崗位Dì yī guòqù gǎngwèi
the third world
第三世界
Third World Collectively, the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, most of which were once European colonies; Third World nations tend to be poor and densely populated.
第三世界Dì sān shìjiè
second-strike capacity
第二次打击能力
second strike: Retaliation in kind against a nuclear attack(er); this capability paradoxically minimizes the likelihood that a nuclear confrontation will lead to an actual nuclear exchange.
第二次罷工Dì èr cì bàgōng
Second chambers
第二院，上议院
Supremacy Clause Article VI, Section 2, of the Constitution, which declares that acts of Congress are "the Supreme law of the Land . . . binding on the Judges in every State."
第疑雲Dì yíyún
Estates
等级
Question Time In the United Kingdom, the times set aside Monday through Thursday every week for Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (the party out of power) to criticize and scrutinize the actions and decisions of the government (the party in power); twice each week, the prime minister must answer hostile questions fired at him or her by the opposition.
答問時間Dá wèn shíjiān
reciprocal banquet
答谢宴会
simple majority The largest bloc of voters in an election.
簡單多數Jiǎndān duōshù
elitist theories of democracy In political thought, the theory that a small clique of individuals (a "power elite") at the highest levels of government, industry, and other institutions actually exercise political power for their own interests; according to elitist theories, ordinary citizens have almost no real influence on governmental policy.
精英民主理論Jīngyīng mínzhǔ lǐlùn
Doctrine of elites
精英理论
Elites, Elitism
精英，精英主义
system analysis
系统分析
system level
系统层次
rectification In Maoist China, the elimination of all purported capitalist traits, such as materialism and individualism.
糾正Jiūzhèng
Nazism Officially called National Socialism, Nazism is a form of fascism based on extreme nationalism, militarism, and racism; the ideology associated with Adolf Hitler and the Holocaust.
納粹主義Nàcuì zhǔyì
Cumulative vote
累计投票
cells: small, tightly knit organizational units at the grassroots level of V. I. Lenin's Bolshevik party.
細胞Xìbāo
economic stimulus A fiscal tool of government designed to bolster a weak economy and create jobs via public works projects and deficit spending.
經濟刺激Jīngjì cìjī
Green Revolution A dramatic rise in agricultural output, resulting from modern irrigation systems and synthetic fertilizers, characteristic of modern India, Mexico, Taiwan, and the Philippines.
綠色革命Lǜsè gémìng
presidential democracy A democratic form of government in which the chief executive is chosen by separate election, serves a fixed term, and has powers carefully separated from those of the other branches of government.
總統民主Zǒngtǒng mínzhǔ
prosperity and strength
繁荣富强
Nazi Germany
纳粹德国
Nuremberg war-crimes trial
纽伦堡战犯审判
organizational behavior
组织行为
economic integration
经济一体化
EMU, Economic and Monetary Union
经济与货币联盟
Office for Economic Restructuring
经济体制办公厅
economic globalization
经济全球化
economic determinism
经济决定论
economic sanction
经济制裁
OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
经济合作与发展组织
economic circle
经济周期
economic growth
经济增长
economic recovery
经济复苏
economic security
经济安全
low-cost housing
经济房
recession
经济萧条
empiricism
经验主义
structuralist paradigm
结构主义范式
duality of structure
结构二重性
structural realism
结构现实主义
absolute gain
绝对收益
Governability
统治能力
Ruling class
统治阶级
appeasement
绥靖
Congress of Vienna
维也纳会议
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
维也纳外交关系公约
peace keeping operation
维和行动
peace-keeping force
维和部队
to safeguard world peace
维护世界和平
to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty
维护国家独立和主权完整
status-quo state
维持现状国家
Comprehensive National Power
综合国力
comprehensive security
综合安全
buffer state
缓冲国
détente
缓和
signatory state of the treaty (convention)
缔约国
absence voting
缺席投票
Romanov dynasty
罗曼诺夫王朝
Roman Empire
罗马帝国
Roman Catholic Church
罗马教会
Pax Romana
罗马治下的和平
Recall
罢免
American hegemony
美利坚霸权
Congress
美国国会
CNN (Central News Network) 7
美国有线新闻网
Pax Americana
美国治下的和平
American Revolution (1775-1783) Also called the War of Independence and the Revolutionary War, this epoch-making event led to the end of British rule over the 13 colonies.
美國獨立戰爭（1775-1783）
American Indian Civilization
美洲印第安文明
OSA, Organization of American States
美洲国家组织
Mass membership party
群众性政党
Functional representation
职能代表
United Nations
联合国
General Assembly
联合国大会
UN General Assembly
联合国大会
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO
联合国教育科学文化组织
Coalition government
联合政府
Consociational democracy
联合民主
League
联盟，联合
association agreement
联系协定
liaison office
联络处
Federalist Papers
联邦党人文集
coalition In a multiparty parliamentary system, the political situation in which no single party has a majority and the largest party allies itself loosely with other, smaller parties to control a majority of the legislative seats.
聯盟Liánméng
federalism A system of limited government based on the division of authority between the central government and smaller regional governments.
聯邦制Liánbāng zhì
Bundesrat: The upper house in the German federal system; its members, who are appointed directly by the Länder (states), exercise mostly informal influence in the legislative process.
聯邦參議院Liánbāng cānyìyuàn
Federal Assembly Russia's national legislature, a bicameral parliament, established under the 1993 constitution, comprising a lower chamber (State Duma) and an upper chamber (Federation Council).
聯邦議會Liánbāng yìhuì
Rajya Sabha: The upper house of India's Federal Parliament; the indirectly elected Council of States (see also Lok Sabha).
聯邦院Liánbāng yuàn
federal budget deficit In the United States, the difference between federal revenues and federal expenditures in a given year; the national debt is the cumulative sum of budget deficits over many years.
聯邦預算赤字Liánbāng yùsuàn chìzì
Declaration of the Rights of Man: Enacted by the French National Assembly in August 1789, this brief manifesto was intended as the preamble to a liberal-democratic constitution to be written later; it affirmed the sovereign authority of the nation but limited that authority by recognizing the right to individual life, property, and security.
聲明權利人Shēngmíng quánlì rén
stock market clash
股票市场崩溃
energy crisis
能源危机
Rotten borough
腐败选区
Self-determination
自决
self-help system
自助体系
independent variable
自变量
Self-government
自治
autonomous
自治
Chairman, Autonomous Regional People's Government
自治区人民政府主席
Dominion
自治领
nature law
自然法
state of nature The condition of human beings before the creation of a social code of behavior and collective techniques to control normal human impulses.
自然狀態Zìrán zhuàngtài
liberalism
自由主义
free market system
自由市场体系
libertarianism A system based on the belief that government is a necessary evil that should interfere with individual freedom and privacy as little as possible; also known as minimalism.
自由意志論Zìyóu yìzhì lùn
laissez-faire capitalism An ideology that views the marketplace, unfettered by state interference, as the best regulator of the economic life of a society.
自由放任的資本主義Zìyóu fàngrèn de zīběn zhǔyì
liberal A political philosophy that emphasizes individualism, equality, and civil rights above other values (see also conservative).
自由派Zìyóu pài
Discretion
自由裁量权
Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
自由贸易协定
autarky
自给自足
express one's sincere congratulations and best wishes
致以衷心的祝贺和最好的愿望
interest aggregation A term political scientists use to describe how the interests, concerns, and demands of various individuals and groups in society are translated into policies and programs; in constitutional democracies, a major function of political parties.
興趣聚合Xìngqù jùhé
initiative In U.S. government, a vote by which citizens directly repeal an action of the legislature.
舉措Jǔcuò
Suez crisis
苏伊士运河危机
Socrates
苏格拉底
Pax Britannica
英国治下的和平
British Raj: British colonial rule on the Asian subcontinent from the eighteenth century to 1947, when India and Pakistan became independent.
英國拉吉
paradigm
范式
tea party
茶会
Estates-General The legislature of France before 1789 in which each of the three estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners) was represented.
莊園一般Zhuāngyuán yībān
Moghuls Muslim invaders who created a dynastic empire on the Asian subcontinent; the greatest Moghul rulers were Babur (1526-1530), Akbar (1556-1605), Shah Jahan (1628-1658), and Aurangzeb (1658-1707); Shah Jahan was the architect of the Taj Mahal.
莫臥爾Mò wò ěr
Warsaw Pact: A military alliance between the former Soviet Union and its satellite states, created in 1955, that established a unified military command and allowed the Soviet army to maintain large garrisons within the satellite states, ostensibly to defend them from outside attack.
華沙條約組織Huáshā tiáoyuē zǔzhī
Gestapo In Nazi Germany, the secret state police, Hitler's instrument for spreading mass terror among Jews and political opponents.
蓋世太保Gàishìtàibǎo
nihilism A philosophy that holds that the total destruction of all existing social and political institutions is a desirable end in itself.
虛無主義Xūwú zhǔyì
administration
行政
divided executive Situation in French government in which the president and the prime minister differ in political party or outlook.
行政劃分Xíngzhèng huàfēn
members of the administrative and technical staff
行政技术人员
Executives
行政机关
administrative tribunal
行政法庭
administrative court
行政法院
behaviorism An approach to the study of politics that emphasizes fact-based evaluations of action.
行為主義
behavioral engineering The carefully programmed use of rewards and punishments to instill desired patterns of behavior in an individual or an animal.
行為工程
block vote
街区选举，集团投票
to convey one's sympathy
表示慰问
to express regret
表示遗憾
be appointed ambassador to ...
被任命为驻...大使
trapped
被困的
transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region
西电东送
the strategy of developing the western region
西部大开发
normative approach An approach to the study of politics that is based on examining fundamental and enduring questions.
規範的做法Guīfàn de zuòfǎ
politics of scale
规模政治
normative theory
规范理论
Dissolution of parliament
解散议会
deconstruction
解构
Freedom of speech,expression,and the press
言论，表达和出版自由
recall: Direct voting to remove an elected official from office.
記得Jìde
lobbyist A person who attempts to influence governmental policy in favor of some special interest.
說客Shuō kè
Police Superintendent
警司
Superintendent
警司
Constable
警员
Police Constable
警员
Police state
警察国家
Police Ranks in China
警察警衔
Police Commissioner
警监
Police Supervisor
警督
Supervisor
警督
parliamentary sovereignty In the United Kingdom, the unwritten constitutional principle that makes the British parliament the supreme lawmaking body; laws passed by Parliament are not subject to judicial review and cannot be rejected by the Crown.
議會主權Yìhuì zhǔquán
parliamentary system A system of democratic government in which authority is concentrated in the legislative branch, which selects a prime minister and cabinet officers who serve as long as they have majority support in the parliament.
議會制Yìhuìzhì
obituary
讣告
be of the opinion, to hold, to consider, to maintain
认为
identity
认同或特性
cognitivism
认知主义
cognitive psychology
认知心理学
Speaker
议长
exequatur
许可证书
visit
访问
falsification
证伪
pilot project
试点项目
an atmosphere of cordiality and friendship
诚挚友好的气氛
Norman Conquest
诺曼征服
good offices
调停
Select committee
调查委员会
conciliation
调解
mediation (2)
调解,斡旋
condemn
谴责
Balfour Declaration: Named for the British foreign secretary who, in 1947, declared that the United Kingdom favored "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" and pledged to "facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."
貝爾福宣言
terms of trade In international economics, the valuation (or price) of the products (commodities, manufactures, services) that countries buy on the world market relative to the valuation of the products they sell; the structure of prices for different kinds of goods and services in international trade—for example, if manufactures are generally high-priced relative to minerals and agricultural products, then the terms of trade are unfavorable for countries that produce only farm commodities or raw materials.
貿易條件Màoyì tiáojiàn
capitalism: an economic system in which individuals own the means of production and can legally amass unlimited personal wealth. Capitalist theory holds that governments should not impose any unnecessary restrictions on economic activity and that the laws of supply and demand can best regulate the economy. In a capitalist system, the private sector (mainly business and consumers), rather than government, makes most of the key decisions about production, employment, savings, investment, and the like. The opposite of a centrally planned economy such as existed in the Soviet Union under Stalin and Stalin's successors.
資本主義
bourgeoisie: in Marxist ideology, the capitalist class.
資產階級Zīchǎn jiējí
winner-takes-all: Electoral system in which the candidate receiving the most votes wins.
贏家通吃Yíngjiā tōng chī
Property
财产权
Finance Affairs Committee
财务经济委员会
Ministry of Finance
财政部
Responsible government
责任政府
Interpellation
质询
to peddle munitions
贩卖军火
purchasing power
购买力
protectionism
贸易保护主义
balance of trade
贸易平衡
trade deficit
贸易赤字
Fabianism
费边主义
message of greeting, message of congratulation
贺电
Seniority
资历制
resource theory
资源理论
deficit
赤字
jackal state
走狗国家
to proceed to take up one's post
赴任
intifada An Arabic word meaning "uprising"; the name given to the prolonged Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation in the West Bank and Gaza in 1987-1993 and again in 2001-2002.
起義
supranationalism
超国家主义
Supranational government
超国家政府
supranational governance
超国家治理
superpower A superpower must, above all, have a full range of power capabilities, including not only military muscle but also economic, political, diplomatic, and even moral clout. Second, it must have global reach, the capacity to project power to all parts of the world. Third, it must be willing to assert its leadership role in the international arena. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union both qualified as superpowers by these criteria.
超級大國Chāojí dàguó
Overload
超载
Vietnam War
越南战争
tracking poll Repeated sampling of voters to assess shifts in attitudes or behavior over time.
跟踪調查Gēnzōng diàochá
transnationalism
跨国主义
transnational corporation, multinational corporation
跨国公司
multinational corporations (MNC) A company that conducts substantial business in several nations.
跨國公司（MNC）Kuàguó gōngsī (MNC)
transnational terrorism Exists when terrorist groups in different countries cooperate or when a group's terrorist actions cross national boundaries.
跨國恐怖主義Kuàguó kǒngbù zhǔyì
cross-cultural comparative analysis
跨文化比较分析
Luther,Martin
路德，马丁
identification card
身份证
arms race: reciprocal military buildups between rival states; a process that tends to accelerate research, technology, and development in weapons systems and, according to some experts, is a potential cause of war.
軍備競賽
junta A ruling oligarchy, especially one made up of military officers.
軍政府Jūn zhèngfǔ
soft money Campaign contributions to U.S. national party committees that do not have to be reported to the Federal Election Commission as long as the funds are not used to benefit a particular candidate; the national committees funnel the funds to state parties, which generally operate under less stringent reporting requirements. Critics argue that soft money is a massive loop hole in the existing system of campaign finance regulation and that it amounts to a form of legalized corruption.
軟錢Ruǎn qián
country in transition
转型国家
soft power
软权力
Axis Powers
轴心国
Whigs and Tories
辉格党与托利党
dialectical materialism Karl Marx's theory of historical progression, according to which economic classes struggle with one another, producing an evolving series of economic systems that will lead, ultimately, to a classless society.
辯證唯物主義Biànzhèng wéiwù zhǔyì
forntier region, border region
边界地区
status quo of the boundary
边界现状
boundary negotiation
边界谈判
marginalization
边缘化
marginal cost
边际成本
Darwinism
达尔文主义
Near East
近东
to resume charge of the office, to return to one's post
返任
offensive realism
进攻性现实主义
Carthage
迦太基
memorial meeting
追悼会
Grain for Green Project
退耕还林、还草工程
survival of the fittest
适者生存
reverse discrimination When affirmative action aimed at giving historically disadvantaged groups greater access to jobs, housing, and educational opportunities becomes an obstacle to members of the majority; an unintended consequence of giving preferences to minorities and victims of gender discrimination.
逆向歧視Nìxiàng qíshì
Electoral system
选举制度
Electoral college
选举团
Election program
选举纲领
constituency
选区
Ticket-splitting
选择投票
Leadership selection
选择领导
Registration of electors
选民登记
Ballot
选票
Sunnism
逊尼派
Transparency International
透明国际
to present one's credentials
递交国书
liberal education A type education often associated with private colleges in the United States; stresses the development of critical thinking skills through the study of literature, philosophy, history, and science.
通才教育Tōngcái jiàoyù
circular note
通知照会
inflation
通货膨胀
to negotiate through diplomatic channels
通过外交途径进行谈判
containment The global status quo policy followed by the United States after World War II; the term stems from the U.S. policy of containing attempts by the Soviet Union to extend its sphere of control to other states as it had done in Eastern Europe. NATO, the Marshall Plan, and the Korean and Vietnam wars grew out of this policy.
遏制Èzhì
Dawes Plan
道威斯计划
moral relativism The idea that all moral judgments are inherently subjective and therefore not valid for anybody but oneself; the belief that no single opinion on morality is any better than another.
道德相對主義Dàodé xiāngduì zhǔyì
selective service The Selective Service System was the official name of the military draft in the United States prior to 1972, when an all volunteer army replaced it.
選擇性服務Xuǎnzé xìng fúwù
the right to asylum
避难权
brinkmanship: in diplomacy, the deliberate use of military threats to create a crisis atmosphere; the calculated effort to take a tense bilateral relationship to the brink of war in order to achieve a political objective (for example, deterring a common enemy from carrying out an act of aggression against an ally).
邊緣政策
Deng Xiaoping Theory
邓小平理论
confederation
邦联
Articles of Confederation
邦联条例
Council of Ministers
部长会议
Assistant Minister
部长助理
Minister/Ministry
部长，部
Department
部门
to take concerted steps
采取协调行动
Physiocracy
重农主义
Redistribution
重划选区
mercantilism
重商主义
vital interests
重大利益
perestroika Term given to Mikhail Gorbachev's various attempts to restructure the Soviet economy while not completely sacrificing its socialist character.
重組改革Chóngzǔ gǎigé
Hare plan In parliamentary democracies, an electoral procedure whereby candidates compete for a set number of seats and those who receive a certain quota of votes are elected. Voters vote only once and indicate both a first and a second choice.
野兔計劃Yětù jìhuà
barbarism
野蛮状态
gold standard
金本位
financial institution
金融机构
Iron Curtain
铁幕
Ministry of Railways
铁道部
mirror image
镜像
long-circle theory
长周期理论
keeper of the balance In a balance-of-power system, the nation-state that functions as an arbiter in disputes, taking sides to preserve the political equilibrium.
門將的平衡Ménjiàng de pínghéng
Monroe Doctrine A status quo international policy laid down by U.S. president James Monroe, who pledged the United States to resist any attempts by outside powers to alter the balance of power in the American hemisphere.
門羅主義Mén luó zhǔyì
His (Her, Your) Excellency
阁下
defense policy
防务政策
defensive realism
防御现实主义
class
阶层/阶级
class struggle
阶级斗争
Abbasid dynasty
阿拔斯王朝
dependency
附庸国
vassal state
附庸国
land force
陆军
land power
陆权
His (Her, Your) Majesty
陛下
Jury
陪审团
attaché
随员
hidden employment
隐形就业
Privacy
隐私
random sampling: A polling method that involves canvassing people at random from the population; the opposite of stratified sampling.
隨機抽樣Suíjī chōuyàng
refugee camp
难民营
Yalta Conference
雅尔塔会议
Collective action
集体行动
Collective leadership
集体领导
Coalition theory
集合理论
collectivism The belief that the public good is best served by common (as opposed to individual) ownership of a political community's means of production and distribution.
集體主義Jítǐ zhǔyì
collectivization The takeover of all lands and other means of production by the state.
集體化Jítǐ huà
collective security In international relations, the aim of an agreement among several nations to establish a single powerful bloc that will be turned on any nation that commits an act of aggression; because no single nation could ever overpower the collective force, aggression would be futile.
集體安全Jítǐ ānquán
collective memory The things we learn about in grade school—what we come to "know" about our leaders, about crises we have survived as a nation, and about wars we have fought.
集體記憶Jítǐ jìyì
Employer's organization
雇主组织
mercenary
雇佣军
dual federalism Under this system, which prevailed in the United States between 1835 and 1860, the power of the national government was limited to enumerated powers; during this period, the Southern states claimed sovereign powers.
雙聯邦制Shuāng liánbāng zhì
dual executive In a parliamentary system, the division of the functions of head of state and chief executive officer between two persons; the prime minister serves as chief executive, and some other elected (or royal) figure serves as ceremonial head of state.
雙首長Shuāng shǒuzhǎng
zero-sum game
零和游戏
motor voter law A statute that allows residents of a given locality to register to vote at convenient places, such as welfare offices and drivers' license bureaus; the idea behind laws of this kind is to remove technical obstacles to voting and thus promote better turnouts in elections.
電機選民法Diànjī xuǎn mínfǎ
power of the purse Under the U.S. Constitution, the provision that gives the Congress the exclusive right to impose taxes and the final word on government spending.
電源的錢包Diànyuán de qiánbāo
Hoenzollern dynasty
霍亨索伦王朝
Hobbes
霍布斯
hegemonic state
霸权国
hegemonic status
霸权国地位
hegemonic war
霸权战争
theory of hegemony
霸权理论
Hegemonic stability theory
霸权稳定论
hegemonic structure
霸权结构
hegemonic governance
霸权统治
Qinghai-Tibet Railway
青藏铁路
nontraditional security
非传统安全
nontariff barriers (NTBs)
非关税壁垒
nonstate entity
非国家实体
nonstate actors Entity other than nationstates, including multinational corporations, nongovern mental organizations, and international nongovernmental organizations, that plays a role in international politics.
非國家行為者Fēi guójiā xíngwéi zhě
nongovernmental organization
非政府组织
Satyagraha
非暴力不合作主义
Civil disobedience 5
非暴力反抗
nonviolent resistance A passive form of confrontation and protest; also called civil disobedience at times.
非暴力抵抗Fēi bàolì dǐkàng
Non-violent action
非暴力行为
informal agreement
非正式协议
straw poll: Unscientific survey; simple, inexpensive poll open to all sorts of manipulation and misuse.
非正式投票Fēi zhèngshì tóupiào
informal visit
非正式访问
nondiscrimination
非歧视原则
nonlinearity
非线性
nonlethal weapon
非致使武器
dewesternization
非西方化
nonvital interests
非重大利益
nonzero-sum game
非零和游戏
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) The dominant political party in Mexico from 1929 to the present. The PRI had never lost an election until 2000, when Vicente Fox of the National Action Party won the presidency.
革命制度黨（PRI）Gémìng zhìdù dǎng (PRI)
Revolution and counter-revolution
革命和反革命
Revolutionary War The American War of Independence (1775-1783); see American Revolution.
革命戰爭Gémìng zhànzhēng
subversion The attempt to undermine a government, often using outside assistance.
顛覆Diānfù
Deference
顺从
adviser
顾问
Budget/Budgeting
预算，预算编制
preventive diplomacy
预防性外交
preventive war
预防性战争
consul
领事
consulate
领事馆
territorial integrity
领土完整
territorial contiguity
领土毗连
inalienability of territory
领土的不可割让性
territorial jurisdiction
领土管辖权
Leadership
领导
territorial waters
领水
territorial sea
领海
breadth of territorial sea
领海宽度
limits of territorial sea
领海范围
territorial air
领空
Prime minister/Prime ministerial government
首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府
summit conference
首脑会晤
summit diplomacy
首脑外交
chief
首领，长官
Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
香港特别行政区行政长官
salami tactics The methods used by Vladimir Lenin to divide his opponents into small groups that could be turned against one another and easily overwhelmed.
香腸戰術Xiāngcháng zhànshù
Marxism The political philosophy of Karl Marx (1818-1883), who theorized that the future belonged to the industrial underclass ("proletariat") and that a "classless society" would eventually replace one based on social distinctions (classes) tied to property ownership. During the Cold War (1947-1991), the term was often mistakenly applied to everyone who embraced the ideology or sympathized with the policies of the Soviet Union or the People's Republic of China against the West.
馬克思主義Mǎkèsī zhǔyì
Marxism-Leninism In the history of the Russian Revolution, Lenin's anticapitalist rationale for the overthrow of the czar (absolute monarch) and the establishment of a new political order based on communist principles set forth in the writings of Karl Marx.
馬克思列寧主義,马列主
Marshall Plan A post-World War II program of massive economic assistance to Western Europe, inspired by the fear that those war devastated countries were ripe for communist backed revolutions.
馬歇爾計劃Mǎxiē'ěr jìhuà
Strait of Malacca
马六甲海峡
Macedonia
马其顿
Machiavelli
马基雅维里主
Falklands War
马岛战争
expel
驱逐，放逐
Hold High the Banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Carry out the Important Thoughts of "Three Represents"
高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻"三个代表"重要思想
Caucasus
高加索
Gaul
高卢
high politics
高级政治
charismatic leader: A political leader who gains legitimacy largely through the adoration of the populace. Such adoration may spring from past heroic feats (real or imagined) or from personal oratorical skills and political writings.
魅力型領導者
Weimar Republic The constitutional democracy founded in Germany at the end of World War I by a constitutional convention convened in 1919 at the city of Weimar; associated with a period of political and economic turmoil, it ended when Hitler came to power in 1933.
魏瑪共和國Wèi mǎ gònghéguó
Ruhr crisis
鲁尔危机
cocktail party
鸡尾酒会
Opium War
鸦片战争
doves
鸽派
hawks
鹰派
Madison,James
麦迪逊，詹姆斯
Hegel
黑格尔
party discipline In a parliamentary system, the tendency of legislators to vote consistently as a bloc with fellow party members in support of the party's platform.
黨的紀律Dǎng de jìlǜ
affirmative action Giving preferential treatment to a socially or economically disadvantaged group in com pensation for opportunities denied by past discrimination.
鼓励性行动,積極行動Jījí xíngdòng
Minister in Charge of Commission for
（国务院各委员会）主任
Minister
（国务院各部）部长
Chairman, Local People's Congress
（地方人大）主任
the Council of Ministers
（欧盟）部长理事会（即欧盟理事会）
protectorate
（被）保护国
Director
（部委办）主任, 局长, 司长