Chp. 7 & 8

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?

Highlighting.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

Increased firing in the neurons.

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

Distraction.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

Encoding specificity.

The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?

Smell perfume.

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and...

Source misattribution.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that...

When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

_______ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation.

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of...

Constructive memory processes.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the...

Constructive nature of memory.

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Constructive.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved...

Creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that...

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of...

24 hours.

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

Accurate.

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on 9/11. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10-11 am class period. Both women intend to study for 3 hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study 1 hour for each of the next 3 days, while Alana will study 3 hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

"S", who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated...

Less efficiently than normal.

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

Location.

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?

Strong encoding.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is...

Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

James Naime would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

Survival.

Jeanie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance info to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on...

The self-reference effect.

Which of the following techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the info?

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for 3 weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

By the person whose memory will be tested.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...

A sequence of actions.

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

Apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...

Arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the...

Generation effect.

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22.

Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

Highlighting.

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...

Narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

Organizational context.

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?

Prefrontal cortex.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

Recent and remote episodic.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

Relaxed.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

Repeating it over and over.

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

Repetition.

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be...

Repressed.

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval.

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _______ on memory?

Schemas.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is transferring info into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it everyday for 3 years.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

Transfer-appropriate processing.

When the methods used to encode and retrieve info are the same, this is called _____ processing.

Transfer-appropriate.

Ellen is 32 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?

Winning the first grade spelling bee.