Christian Heritage Final

filioque

"And from the Son"; a Latin word added to the creeds in the Westerns Church to state that the Holy Spirit arises from both Father and Son. The notion, which was not accepted by Orthodox Christianity, contributed to the separation between the Western and Eastern Churches.

sola scriptura

"by Scripture alone"- the assertion of the ultimate authority of the Bible over the church; Luther believed that the church tended to impose its ideas on the Bible and that the Bible should the regarded as authoritative by the church

Advent

"coming" or "arrival"; refers to period immediately before Christmas during which Christians recall the background to the coming of Jesus

sola fide

"on faith alone"; also historically known as the doctrine of justification by faith alone, is a Christian theological doctrine that distinguishes most Protestant denominations from Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, and some in the Restoration Movement.

defining characteristics of Pentecostalism

"speaking in tongues"; strongly experiential and involve prophesying, healing, and exorcisms, unmediated experience of the Holy Spirit, baptism of the Holy Spirit as third blessing, Azusa Street Revival

importance of Scripture for Reformation theology

??? returning to simpler form of Christianity represented in the NT seemed increasing attractive;

Arius/Arianism

A 4th century priest in Alexandria who taught that only God the Father was God in the true sense; The Son though also divine, was created by the Father and therfore was less than him. His teaching was rejected at the Council of Nicaea and the Council of Constantinople A heresy denying that Jesus is truly God

Lent

A forty-day season of preparation leading up to the annual Holy Week commemoration of the Crucifixion, Death, and Resurrection of Jesus.

Liturgy

The Church's official, public, communal prayer. It is God's work, in which the People of God participate. The Church's most important liturgy is the Eucharist, or the Mass.

liturgy

The Church's official, public, communal prayer. It is God's work, in which the People of God participate. The Church's most important liturgy is the Eucharist, or the Mass.

formation of the biblical canon

hristian biblical canons of both the Old and New Testament were decided by the 5th century for the ancient undivided Church (which includes both Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions) and was reaffirmed by the Catholic Church in the wake of the Protestant Reformation at the Council of Trent (1546). The canons of the Church of England and English Calvinists were decided definitively by the Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) and the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), respectively. The Synod of Jerusalem (1672) established additional canons that are widely accepted throughout the Orthodox Church

Apologetics/apology

a study of now to prove and defend the Christian faith;

Diet of Worms/Edict of Worms (1521)

a time when a German Monk named Martin Luther stood before the roman empire and would not recant his teaching and writing. He was accused of writing and declaring blasphemy on the Church and it was extremely disgraceful. Instead of recanting, he told that he would rather be proven wrong by the scripture.

social goals of 19th century Protestant reformers

abolish slavery, to evangelize the world (Dwight Moody), To reform personal and public life (two goals- to promote self-discipline by individuals and to enforce Christian discipline in society.), to redeem urban life-to address cities (population tripled), and to unify Protestantism institutionally.

feminist theological critiques

argued that the fundamentally male notion of God embedded within Judaism; movement argued that traditional Christian language showed bias toward male role models and languages;

The Apostle's Creed

most important creed to emerge from "baptismal creeds"; set our as 12 statements, attributed to the 12 apostles; contains main ideas of the Christian faith that the church received from the apostles- summary of some of the main topics of the Christian faith

Martin Luther King Jr (1929-1968)

most widely know leader of the African American civil rights movement; his organization, Southern Christian Leadership Conference promoted non violent direct action campaigns in major cities; "Letter from Birmingham Jail"; famous speech "I have a dream"; Nobel Peace Prize in 1964; expanded activism to include the war on poverty and opposition of the Vietnam War

Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger

wrote the Malleus Maleficarum in1486; for witch hunter on how to ID witches

Anselm of Canterbury

(1033-1109) "The Father of Scholasticism" was a Benedictine monk who, seeking to defend faith by reasoning, created the first ontological argument to prove the existence of God; Only God can make the payment of sin, but humanity must pay for it, so Jesus pays for sins believed that humans could not render to God more than what was due to him. The satisfaction due to God was greater than what all created beings are capable of doing, since they can only do what is already required of them. Therefore, God had to make satisfaction for himself. Yet if this satisfaction was going to avail for humans, it had to be made by a human. Therefore only a being that was both God and man could satisfy God and give him the honor that is due him.

King Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church- started the church of England because he wanted to divorce his wife and the Catholic Church wouldn't allow it

First Council of Constantinople (381)

(381), ecumenical council, re-affirmed Nicaea, made clear that the Holy Spirit is fully God as well, rejected Arianism (for the last time), accepted the Nicene Creed

Irenaneus of Lyons

(c. 1300-200); one of the churches greatest early theologians; believed that not every interoperation of the Bible should be treated with equal value; argued humanity has been deflected from its true path by sin- humanity has lost its way (tends to see humanity as human being)

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Malleus Maleficarum (1486-87)

(Latin for "The Hammer of Witches", or "Hexenhammer" in German) is one of the most famous medieval treatises on witches. It was written in 1486 by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, and was first published in Germany in 1487. Its main purpose was to challenge all arguments against the existence of witchcraft and to instruct magistrates on how to identify, interrogate and convict witches.

Edict of Milan

(313 CE) Proclamation by the Roman Emperor Constantine outlawing the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.

First Council of Nicaea/Nicea (325)

(325), ecumenical council, condemned Arianism, adopted the Nicene Creed, and declared Christ homoousios with the Father (of the same substance)

Fourth Lateran Council (1215-16)

1215, called by Pope Innocent III, was a summons to spiritual reform; among things established: secrecy of the confessional, Real Presence, fixing the number of the sacraments at seve, enforcement of clerical celibacy; no blood shed from priests; no more trial ordeal; Innocent's dream where the church was falling down and Fransis of Assis holding up the church

via media, Elizabethan compromise, Elizabethan settlement

1558- 1559; established the national English church as a reformed episcopal church with a broadly Protestant articles of faith and a Catholic liturgy

adiaphora

A Greek word meaning "indifferent things."; aperipheral or non-essential matters that are not to be made binding on the Christian conscience; issues in the church that God has not addressed in scripture- things that aren't essential for salvation

Pelagianism; Pelagian; Pelgius

A fifth century heresy that held that humans could save themselves without God's supernatural help. the false belief that salvation is all earned by us and achieved by our free will alone a Christian Monk who introduced notion that original sin did not seriously damage the human capacity to do good that human nature remained essentially good, and that humans could lead holy lives if they exert sufficient efforts. Apposed by Augustine and eventually condemned heresy

Gnosticism

A heresy from the first Christian centuries that taught that Jesus shared secret information or knowledge with only a few people who were guaranteed Salvation; comes from Greek word for "knowledge."; also distrusted material creation, teaching that the human body was evil

scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets; 17th century movement that thought of God as the creator of the world, but does not continue to be involved in the world- God is a great clockmaker or watchmaker metaphor. The world may be created by God, but not run by him. Not necessarily rejecting the concept of God, it is the explanation of how God is explained that is being rejected.

preferential option for the poor

A principle to be followed in exercising Christian charity. This principle says that God is particularly concerned with the needs of those who suffer the most and that the human community should be too.

Methodism

A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and hard work- initially a revivalist movement within the Anglican Church led in America by George Whitefield and in England by John Wesley; would eventually separate from the Anglicans in the aftermath of the American Revolution

Marcion/Marcionism

A second-century Christian scholar and evangelist, later labeled a heretic for his docetic Christology and his belief in two Gods - the harsh legalistic God of the Jews and the merciful loving God of Jesus - views that he claimed to have found in the writings of Paul. A heresy invented by Marcion who was condemned by the Church of Rome in the 2nd century. Marcion understood the God revealed in the Old Testament to be different from the God revealed in the New.. The Old Testament God was a "demiurge" - a jealous and vengeful God of Law - who created world. Jesus Christ, on the other hand, was the true God who was unconcerned with the Law.

eschatology

A study of and teaching about the "last things" (death, judgment, heaven, hell, purgatory, the Second Coming of Christ, and the resurrection of the body).

Latin American liberation theology

A theology rooted in the context of the economic deprivation and political oppression of Latin American people. Special emphases of this theology are God's preferential love of the poor, salvation as holistic liberation, and theology as an element in the practice of liberation rather than as mere theory.

Athanasius of Alexandria

Against Arius' view that Jesus was creates and not divine, this bishop taught the doctrine of restoration: the Logos made flesh (sarx) his own to restore humanity to its original state before sin. "God became man so the man might become God." bishop of Alexandria, opponent of Arianism (in the debate between Antioch and Alexandria), taught that Jesus and God shared the same substance and (therefore Jesus had always existed along with God) Jesus was divine substance

Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918)

American Baptist whose pastorate in Hell's Kitchen awakening him to social problems and their relationship to the Christian faith; church history professor at Rochester Seminary: wrote several books (Christianity and the Social Crisis, Christianizing the Social order, and A Theology of the Social Gospel- that moved him to forefront of the Social Gospel; Christian faith did not abandon the need for individual conversion, but the essence of Jesus' teaching- The Kingdom of God- means that the gospel was social uses Scripture to arguer a more social outlook; "Father of the Social Gospel"; challenged the disparity between the demands of the gospel; Key in social gospel movement: Making kingdom of God real here on Earth, moved by poverty he saw, church needs to be active in that- profit isn't main goal of organization.

historical criticism

An approach to literature that uses history as a means of understanding a literary work more clearly. Such criticism moves beyond both the facts of an author's personal life and the text itself in order to examine the social and intellectual currents in which the author composed the work.

Athanasius

An influential fourth-century church father and bishop of the large and important church in Alexandria, Egypt. was the first church writer to list our twenty-seven New Testament books (and only those books) as forming the canon It was not until the year 367 C.E., almost two and a half centuries after the last New Testament book was written, that any Christian of record named our current twenty-seven books as the authoritative canon of Scripture. the author of this list, also listed heretical books. This may have led monks of a nearby monastery to hide the Gnostic writings discovered 1,600 years later by Bedouin near Nag Hammadi, Egypt.

Radical Reformation

Anabaptist; "rebaptizing" or "second baptizing" and refers to what was perhaps the most distinctive aspect of Anabaptist practice- only those who had made a personal public profession of faith should be baptized; arose around Zurich- centered on group of individuals who argued that Zwingli was not being faithful o his own reforming principles; a general distrust of external authority, the rejection of infant baptism in favor of the baptism of adult believers, the common ownership of property, and an emphasis upon pacifism and non-resistance; "the left wing of the Reformation"

"mixed body" of the church

Augustine emphasized this, including both saints and sinners- parable suggest that the separation of the good from the evil takes place at the end of time, not in history (separation will take place in God's own time)

Peter Abelard

Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine; founder of scholastic method of teaching; Moral influence theory of atonement

Benedict of Nursia/ Rule of St. Benedict

Benedict of Nursia is a Christian saint, who is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Catholic Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion and Old Catholic Churches. The Rule of Saint Benedict is a book of precepts written by Benedict of Nursia for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot.

Eastern Roman Empire (395-479 CE)

Byzantine Empire (falls after the Western Roman Empire) The Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine empire. The center was Constantinople. From this "New Rome" roads fanned out to the Balkans, Middle East, and North Africa.

19th century Christian sects

Catholics, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestanism-(Calvinist, Anabaptist, Puritanism) Evangelicalism, Anglicanism, Pentecostal, the Baptist, Lutheranism, Methodism, Presbyterianism

structural sin

Connections between personal actions and social structures. ex: cost of education, political campaign spending, and poverty

Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz and mujerista theology

Cuban born professor of ethics and feminist theologian at Drew University; Roman Catholic and pioneer in there arena of mujerista theology- feminist liberation theology viewed through perspectives of Latinas

Pope Francis I

Current head of the Catholic Church

Gustavo Gutierrez (b. 1928)

Dominican priest reagarded as founder of liberation theology- starting point is the reality of life in Latin America (poverty and unjust socio-political structure); rooted in practices and viewed in the eyes of the poor;Theology of Liberation (1971)

fasting and feasting

Eating nothing to focus on Christ, or eating lots to celebrate Christ

Bernard of Clairvaux

Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities; the last doctor of the church

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791) Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and comunity

Emergent church

Evangelical church influenced by liberal, secular, and post modern ideas; Seeks to adapt to the more modern or post-modern generation

orthodoxy

From the Greek word orthodoxos, it means having the "right" opinion or thinking; adhering to the accepted or traditional especially in matters of religious faith.

Incarnation

From the Latin, meaning "to become flesh," referring to the mystery of Jesus Christ, the divine Son of God, becoming man. In the Incarnation, Jesus Christ became truly man while remaining truly God.

Logos (Word)

God

Queen Mary

Henry XIII daughter with Catherine Aragon; succeed Edward VI; was strongly Catholic in sympathies- set in motion a series of measure that surpassed Protestantism and restored Catholicism; burned public of Thomas Cranmer; at her death, Catholicism had not yet been re-established

outcomes of the Crusades

Hopeful reconciliation between East and West, but 4th Crusade ruined any chances. Major exchanges of ideas and culture between East and West. Mostly benefits West and reintroduced Greek and Arabic culture. Opened Europe to the world outside of the Europe. Made pilgrimages easier, and the Franciscans were instructed with the Holy Place; Muslim Victory, Christians no longer hold Jerusalem, friction/bitterness Christians and Muslims (over wars), exchange of trade, science, cultural knowledge

Emperor Leo III

Iconoclast. In 726, he issued a decree calling all icons a form of idolatry and ordered their destruction. Pope St. Gregory II, Patriarch St. Germanus, and many bishops and monks condemned the decree.

transubstantiation

In the Sacrament of the Eucharist, this is the name given to the action of changing the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ- Catholic belief

Thomas Cranmer

King Henry appointed _____ as archbishop of Canterbury- led t some Protestant influences being brought to bear on the English church; able to bring noticeable Protestant forms of public worship and encouraged leading Protestant thinkers to settle in England and give theological direction to the Reformation; burned publicly by Mary Tudor

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

justification by faith

Luther developed this idea, according to which an individual receives salvation as a gracious gift from God; saw it as recognition that God provides everything necessary for justification, God is active and human are passive; justification of the sinner is based upon the grace of God and is received through faith

regions associated with the different Reformations Christian traditions

Lutheran Reformation: Germany Calvinist Reformation: Switzerland Radial Reformation: Zurich The Reformation in England: England

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Ninety-five Theses; questioned the right of the pope to grant indulgences- church had lost sight of any meaningful notion of grace; insisted that lay people have right to read and interpret Bible themselves; developed doctrine of justification through faith alone

human free will

Pelagius: humans can freely choose. Augustine: free will is biased towards evil but can still make good decisions Human choices/actions

Tertullian of Carthage

North African apologist, converted from paganism (helped define the developing orthodoxy of the Church), 1st to use 'trinitas' (Trinity, to describe God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit), attacked the teachings of Marcion, joined the sect of Montanism

predestination/election

Often associated with Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation, it is the doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and become Christian and that people have no actual choice in the matter.

19th century Holiness movements

Pentecostalism; made up mostly of of Methodist, John Wesley's doctrine of Christian Perfection, emphasizes the supernatural- more "charismatic gifts"

Anabaptist

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture. Protestant and Catholic leaders condemned them for advocating the complete separation of church and state; A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

praxis

Putting faith into action

Black womanist theology

Refers to some religious writings of black women in North America, focusing on writings of black women and early experiences of women of color to formulate theology

sacraments

Sacred rituals performed by the Catholic church. There are seven: baptism, confirmation, marriage, communion, penance, holy order (that is, becoming a priest), and extreme unction (words spoken at the death bed). a religious ceremony or act of the Christian Church that is regarded as an outward and visible sign of inward and spiritual divine grace, in particular.

indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation; buying away your sins/buying you way into heave

Cistercians

So called "White Monks," after the color of their habits, this order was founded by the Cluniac monk St. Robert of Molesme in 1098. They adopted the Benedictine rule and placed a special emphasis on austerities, farming, simplicity, and strictness in daily life.

Karl Barth (1886-1968)

Swiss pastor, professor, and one of the most important theologians of the 20th century; Church Dogmatics remains his most influential work; responded to what he considered a human-centered theology in liberal Protestantism with an emphasis upon God's revelation in Jesus Christ, the Word made the flesh; was part of the larger Reformed tradition that focused o the sovereignty of God and election- restated the doctrine of election, from election of individuals to God's election of grace in Jesus Christ;Church Dogmatics (1936-1956)

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss priest who began Zwinglianism, abolished monasticism, relics, paintings, veneration of saints, celibacy, pilgrimages, and papal authoity, but argued with Lutheranism over Communion; (1484-1531) Swiss humanist, priest and disciple of Erasmus. Founded the reform church in Switzerland.

Duns Scotus

Taught at Franciscan house in Oxford, (Fan of Augustine) logical (Bad theologian from Scotland according the Dominicans); "the subtle doctor" emphasized the importance of free will. Argued the individual identity of a thing is part of its form.

consubstantiation

The Lutheran doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine- Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

Baptism of/with the Holy Ghost

The baptism in the Holy Spirit is an empowering for service that takes place in the life of the Christian (Acts 1:5,8). In it we are immersed in the Spirit's life and power- Just as the indwelling Spirit that Christians receive when they are saved reproduces the life of Jesus, so the outpoured, or baptizing, Spirit reproduces the ministry of Jesus, including miracles and healings.

Christology

The branch of Christian theology that studies the nature, Person, and works of Jesus Christ.

Hagia Sofia

The cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Easter

The day on which Christians celebrate Jesus' resurrection from the dead

biblical inerrancy

The doctrine that the books of the Scriptures are free from error regarding the truth God wishes to reveal through the Scriptures for the sake of our salvation; the bible is without error or fault in its teaching

Baptism

The first of the Seven Sacraments, this sacrament initiates us into the Church, the Body of Christ. Both personal and Original Sin is forgiven through receipt of this sacrament; Sacrament by which God cleanses all sin, and one becomes a member of the church.

descendants of Ham/curse of Ham

The story's original objective was to justify the subjection of the Canaanites to the Israelites,[4] but in later centuries, the narrative was interpreted by some Jews, Christians, and Muslims as an explanation for black skin, as well as slavery.[5] Nevertheless, most Christian denominations and all Islamic and Jewish sects now strongly disagree with such interpretations due to the fact that in the biblical text, Ham himself is not cursed and race or skin color is never mentioned.[6]

soteriology

The study of salvation

concupiscence

The tendency of all human beings toward sin, as a result of Original Sin.

Trinity

The truth that God, although one, is three Divine Persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

"faith seeking understanding"

Theology has been described as _________

The Great Awakening

Third phase: evangelize the world, redeem and reform personal and public life, redeem urban life; religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people Puritanical era where religion became important because people feared they were going to be punished by God

Donatism

This 4th century heresy rejected sacraments administered by clergy (the lapsi) who had formerly betrayed and then returned to the faith. These heretics believed that the validity of sacraments depended on the holiness of the minister.

criteria for the canon

Written by a recognized prophet or apostle, Written by those associated with recognized prophet or apostle, Truthfulness, Faithfulness to previously accepted canonical writings,Confirmed by Christ, prophet, apostle, Church Usage and Recognition,

communion of both kinds

Zwingli: believed it to be purely a symbolic act - commemorating the last supper and christ's sacrifice for mankind. Luther: believed there was a spiritual presence in the bread and wine at the time of communion- this difference became apparent at the time of the Marburg Colloquy in 1529. Zwingli tried to simplify the Christian belief and practise even more than Luther.

doctrine

a belief, principle, or teaching; a system of such beliefs or principles; a formulation of such beliefs or principles

Sabbath

a day of religious observance and abstinence from work, kept by Jews from Friday evening to Saturday evening, and by most Christians on Sunday- a day set apart to rest and honor God

Evangelicalism

a form of Protestantism characterized by a belief in spiritual rebirth; stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation

schism

a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions

second order and third orders

a more abstract form of discourse that seeks greater clarity and coherence by translating the symbolic and mythic language into concepts and doctrines; an association of persons who live according to the ideals and spirit of a Catholic, Anglican, or Lutheran religious order, but do not belong to its "first order" (generally, in the Catholic Church, the male religious: for example Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelite and Augustinian friars), or its "second order" (contemplative female religious associated with the "first order"). Members of third orders, known as tertiaries (Latin tertiarii, from tertius, third), may be lay men and women or ordained men (or women, if the tradition ordains them) who do not take religious vows, but participate in the good works of order and may be allowed to wear at least some elements of the order's habit, such as a scapular. Less often, they belong to a religious institute (a "congregation") that is called a "third order regular".

liberation

a movement within the Catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice

patriarchy

a network of social systems that privileges males through authority and power and subordinate females and others

Vatican II reforms

addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world; called by Pope John XXIII (emphasized aggiornamento- updating an renewal of church); revised mass could be in the vernacular, communion could be in both kinds, and non-Catholic Christians were acknowledged as "separated brethren"

Enchiridion militis Christiani (Handbook of the Christian Soldier), 1503 Eramus of Rotterdam

affirmed regular reading of Scripture by laity; clergy's role is to be educators; emphasizes an inner religion that makes no references to the rituals, priest, of institutes of the church written by Desiderius Erasmus in 1501 and was published in English in 1533 by William Tyndale- is an appeal on Christians to act in accordance with the Christian faith rather than merely performing the necessary rites. It became one of Erasmus' most influential works.

Community churches

an independent or denominational church in a particular community- an interdenominational or nondenominational church for community use found in the U.S. and Canada

Liberal Protestantism (aka Liberal Theology or Liberalism)

also known as liberal theology, covers diverse philosophically and biblically informed religious movements and ideas within Christianity from the late 18th century onward; religious movement arising in late 20th-century Roman Catholicism and centred in Latin America. It sought to apply religious faith by aiding the poor and oppressed through involvement in political and civic affairs.

Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971)

an American theologian and ethicist who taught at Union Theological Seminary; theology often associated with neoorthodoxy or neoliberalism is called "Christian Realism"- focused on issues and the dialectic of the ethics of love and justice; reemphasized the sinfulness of humanity in reaction to liberalism; affirmed but redefined original sin (sin was inevitable but not necessary)

Aquinas' teleological argument

an argument for the existence of God or, more generally, for an intelligent creator "based on perceived evidence of deliberate design in the natural or physical world"; it is historically closely associated with the concept of Natural Theology.

Inquisitions (1184-1500s)

an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX circa 1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was re-established to combat Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government.

William J Seymour (1870-1922)

an itinerant Holiness evangelist who accepted Pentecostal beliefs (particularly speaking in tongues as the initial evidence of the baptism of the Holy Spirit); Led the Azusa Street revival (Los Angeles)- leadership of african american reveals the interracial character of birth of movement

heresy

an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred; false teaching

Treaty of Tordesilles (1494)

bilateral discussions between Spain and Portugal led to ____, which allocated each nation certain areas of these new territories

Chalcedonian Christology

christ is one person, two natures, fully God and fully man

Council of Chalcedon (451)

considered to have been the fourth ecumenical council by the Great Church. Not all Christians agreed with its teachings. Its most important achievement was to issue the Chalcedonian Definition. The Council's judgements and definitions regarding the divine marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates. This church council solemnly declared that Jesus the Christ is on person in two natures, possessing a fully human and fully divine nature, united unconfusedly and indivisible

salvation

deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Christ

Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-74)

dominican monk, has been called the most influential Christian theologian of the medieval period; best known work was the Summa Theologica; great systematizer of the faith, and later Catholic doctrine reflected his teachings; believed that God was revealed through reason (natural revelation) and faith (special revelation)

John Calvin (1509-64)

drew a distinction between the "visible" and the "invisible" church- at one level the church is community of Christian believers (visible group), church is the invisible assembly of the elect, known only to God (invisible aspects); the Institutes of the Christian Religion- a guide to the Bible

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1469-1536)

established the intellectual foundations of the Reformation period who in 1516 published the first edition of the Greek New Testament along with a revised Latin translation and copious annotations; Famous Christian humanist that wrote "The Praise of Folly" and didn't believe in Christian ceremonies or rules; who in 1516 published the first edition of the Greek New Testament along with a revised Latin translation and copious annotations

Pentecost

feast that celebrates the gift of the Holy Spirit to the apostles, which led to the dramatic expansion of the church in its formative period; falls of the 5th day after Easter

Justin Martyr

first to use Greek philosophical terminology in determining the essential agreement of the Christian faith; also claimed that ancient Greek philosophers were "Christians before Christ" composed his First Apology in Rome, 155 AD- describes two early Christians worship services; provides an account of the baptism of new converts, regular Sunday gathering of community of faith

Christmas

fixed or immovable feast celebrated on December 25- date chosen for the celebration of the birth of Jesus irrespective of when the birth actually happened (never to be understood that Christians believed Jesus was born on this day); commemorated with special carol services

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

foremost component of the Catholic Reformation- clarified catholic teaching on a number of confusing matters and introduced much needed reforms in relation to the conduct of the clergy, ecclesiastical discipline, religious education, and missionary activity; council was delayed for a few years; Main achievements: the clarification of Catholic teachings and the elimination of abuses within the church

Aimee Semple McPhearson (1890-1944)

founder of the Pentecostal denomination, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel; most famous representative of the role of women preachers in early Pentecostalism (media celebrity attracted Hollywood celebrities to her services); connerstone belief of Pentecostalism: baptism of the Holy Spirit evidence by speaking tongues

Book of Common Prayer

handbook for the Church of England; written by Thomas Cranmer- the official service book of the Church of England and, with some variation, of other churches of the Anglican Communion

misogyny

hatred of women

Witchcraft Persecutions (1450-1750)

he general desire of the Catholic Church's clergy to check fanaticism about witchcraft and necromancy is shown in the decrees of the Council of Paderborn, which, in 785, explicitly outlawed condemning people as witches and condemned to death anyone who burnt a witch

Baptist Protestantism

idea that congregations should consist only of those who explicitly and publicly affirm their faith and that baptism should be reserved only for those who affirm their faith in this way; established in North America; policies of congregation in matter of doctrine, discipline, or church order could not be overturned by any superior body since none have superiority of church- local independence is essential; Helwys was principal formulator of that distinctively Baptist request: that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, so that individuals might have a freedom of religious conscience.

The German Reformation/Lutheran Reformation

initially an academic movement, concerned primarily with reforming the teaching of theology at the University of Wittenberg; began in 1522; changed into one of reform of church and society; give new rule to laity including women- every Christian was a priest in God's sight

Puritanism

intended to be abusive- stigmatize those members of the Church of England during region of Elizabeth I who wanted to adopt more reformed beliefs and practices; seen as vigorous supporter of parliamentary authority- resulting Civil War led to execution of Charles I and to the establishment of a Puritan Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell- led to withering as a significant political and social force in England

De civitae Dei (On the City of God) and Confessions-Augustine

is a book of Christian philosophy written in Latin by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century AD. The book was in response to allegations that Christianity brought about the decline of Rome and is considered one of Augustine's most important works; a cornerstone of Western thought, expounding on many profound questions of theology, such as the suffering of the righteous, the existence of evil, the conflict between free will and divine omniscience, and the doctrine of original sin

Nicene Creed (325)

is a profession of faith widely used in Christian liturgy. It is called Nicene because it was originally adopted in the city of Nicaea by the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

The Fundamentals (1910-1915)

is a twelve volume set of essays outlining orthodox Christian doctrine that was influential in the early U.S. fundamentalist movement circa 1910. The books contain ninety essays, many by recognized Christian scholars of the day, on topics such as basic doctrine, inerrancy of Scripture, and errors in unorthodox groups such as Mormons and Christian Science;Although these books are strongly associated with the fundamentalist movement, to which they gave their name, they are for the most part not guilty of the extremism that has come to mark that movement. Evangelical Christians can read them nearly 100 years later and see in them a moderate and rational statement of the basics of the faith

Niceno-Constantinople Creed (381)

is that creed formulated at the First and Second Ecumenical Councils. It was defined by the Holy Fathers of those first two councils (held in Nicea and Constantinople, respectively) to combat various heresies: notably Arianism, Apollinarianism, Macedonianism (also called Pneumatomachianism), and Chiliasm; the Creed as it now stands was formed in two stages, and the one in use today in the Orthodox Church reflects the revisions and additions made at the Second Ecumenical Council. Some centuries later, the Roman Catholic Church attempted a unilateral revision of the Creed by the addition of the Filioque, thus being one of the causes of the Great Schism between Rome and the rest of the Church.

Monophysite/non-Chalcedonian churches

is the Christological position that, after the union of the divine and the human in the historical Incarnation, Jesus Christ, as the incarnation of the eternal Son or Word (Logos) of God, had only a single "nature" which was either divine or a synthesis of divine and human; refers primarily to the position of those (especially in Egypt and to a lesser extent Syria) who rejected the Council of Chalcedon in 451 (the Fourth Ecumenical Council).

Speaking in tongues

is the New Testament phenomena where a person speaks in a language that is unknown to him. This language is either the language of angels or other earthly languages; this New Testament gift was given by the Holy Spirit to the Christian church and is for the purpose of the edification of the Body of Christ as well as for glorifying the Lord.

Memoralism (Zwinglian)

is the belief held by some Protestant denominations that the elements of bread and wine (or juice) in the Eucharist (more often referred to as The Lord's Supper by memorialists) are purely symbolic representations of the body and blood of Jesus, the feast being established only or primarily as a commemorative ceremony; The early Reformed theologian Huldrych Zwingli is commonly associated with memorialism, Zwingli affirmed that Christ is truly (though not naturally) present to the believer in the sacrament, but that the sacrament is not used instrumentally to communicate Christ, as John Calvin taught; this viewpoint is commonly held by Anabaptists and some Evangelical churches such as Baptists, many Pentecostals, Plymouth Brethren and segments of the Restoration Movement,[

Summa Theoligica

is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274). Although unfinished, the Summa is "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature."[1] It was intended as an instructional guide for theology students, including seminarians and the literate laity;topics follow a cycle: the existence of God; Creation, Man; Man's purpose; Christ; the Sacraments; and back to God

ecclesiology

is the branch of theology that studies the nature, mission, and structure of the church.

Church of England (Anglicanism)

is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church, as the established church, is comprehensive with both liberal and conservative clergy and members; American revolutionaries saw themselves as called to break the spiritual and temporal power of the ________ (Christianity in the American Revolution)

charismatic movements

is the international trend of historically mainstream congregations adopting beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostalism. Fundamental to the movement is the use of spiritual gifts (Among Protestants, the movement began around 1960)

androcentrism

is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at the center of one's view of the world and its culture and history

Ordinary Time

its days are numbered with ordinal numbers that is the first Sunday in ordinary time, second Sunday in ordinary time and so forth. There are two blocks of ordinary time in the liturgical calender: the first one is between the Christmas season and lent t, and the second one, which is longer is between pentacost and advent. a time of hope and its liturgical color is green

Charles Hodge (1797-1878)

known as one of the 19th century "Princeton theologians" who articulated a strong Reformed/Calvinist theology and constructed the influential technical view of biblical inspiration called "inerrancy" which suggest that the Bible was without error in its original transcript;

Charles Fox Parham (1873-1929)

launched the Bethel Bible College- his particular interest was "speaking in tongues"; taught about his apparent recovery of the gift of tongues

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)

leader of the 19th century American feminism, advocate for abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights; leading participant in the first women's rights convention in America; The Woman's Bible

English Reformation

leading force for change was Henry VIII- not primarily the result of the pope's refusal to grant his divorce; shifted toward a policy that involved the replacement of the papal authority in the England with his own authority

Menno Simmons

left the Roman Catholic Church in the 1520s, rejecting transubstantiation and infant baptism; affirmed believer's baptism, separation from the world, and repudiation of violence; followers known as Mennonites - became a driving force in the Radical Reformation and are still a thriving Believers' Church today; believed the church was an assembly of the righteous, at odds with the world, and not a "mixed body"

Black theology

liberation. god stands with the oppressed and poor. construct theology from standpoint of oppressed. jesus was a social activist. god is black in sense that he stands with the oppressed. racial and economic oppression = theological starting point

Friars/Mendicant Orders

member of any of certain religious orders of men, especially the four mendicant orders (Augustinians, Carmelites, Dominicans, and Franciscans). surviving today are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians (Augustinian Hermits), Carmelites, Trinitarians, Mercedarians, Servites, Minims, Hospitalers of St. John of God, and the Teutonic Order;refers primarily to certain Christian religious orders that have adopted a lifestyle of poverty, travelling, and living in urban areas for purposes of preaching, evangelization, and ministry, especially to the poor. At their foundation these orders rejected the previously established monastic model of living in one stable, isolated community where members worked at a trade and owned property in common, including land, buildings and other wealth.

eremitism

monasticism characterized by solitude in which the social dimension of life is sacrificed to the primacy of religious experience

Anselm's satisfaction theory of atonement

of the atonement was formulated by the medieval theologian Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) in his book, Cur Deus Homo (lit. 'Why the God Man'). In his view, God's offended honor and dignity could only be satisfied by the sacrifice of the God-man, Jesus Christ;The classic Anselmian formulation of the Satisfaction View needs to be distinguished from Penal Substitution. Penal Substitution states that Christ bore the penalty for sin, in place of those sinners united to him by faith. Anselm, by contrast, regarded human sin as defrauding God of the honour he is due. Christ's death, the ultimate act of obedience, gives God great honour. As it was beyond the call of duty for Christ, it is more honour than he was obliged to give. Christ's surplus can therefore repay our deficit. Hence Christ's death is substitutionary in this sense: he pays the honour instead of us. But that substitution is not penal; his death pays our honour not our penalty; For Anselm, Christ obeyed where we should have obeyed; for John Calvin, he was punished where we should have been punished.

Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species (1859)

one of main enemies identified by fundamentalism; radical opposition to ____ theory of evolution became a litmus test of fundamentalist orthodoxy- posed a threat to traditional methods of biblical interpretation ands a reaction against what was seen as a defining characteristics of secular culture

Faith healing

one of the controversies of Pentecostalism; originally a good thing, but is open to corruption; healing achieved by religious belief and prayer, rather than by medical treatment.

Iconoclast vs Iconodule

one who opposes established beliefs, customs, and institutions; A person who attacks and ridicules cherished figures, ideas, and institutions VS One who supports or is in favor of religious images or icons, and is in opposition to an Iconoclast, someone against the use of religious images.

Swiss Reformation/Reformed tradition

origins of the Calvinist Reformation- leader John Calvin; owed its origins to a series of attempts to reform the morals and worship of the church according to a more biblical pattern- Calvin gave reformation definite form but origins can be traced back to Ulrich Zwingli and Henriech Bellinger; thought to to begin with the stabilization of the Zurich Reformation

padroado or patronato

padrado (Portuguese) or patronato (Spanish) is royal patronage or authority over the colonies

Rosemary Radford Ruether (b. 1936)

pioneer and leading theologian in feminist liberation- women as oppressed people; patriarchy is oppressive; Roman Catholic and criticized the Church for its views on sexuality and reproduction;Sexism and God-talk (1983)

Ninety-five theses on Indulgences (1517) -Martin Luther

propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written (in Latin) and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Schlosskirche (Castle Church), Wittenberg, on Oct. 31, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation; attracted considerable interest and brought the ideas in circulation at Wittenburg to the attention of a wider audience

Issues of criticized by Enlightenment thinkers

questioned ancient practices to argue against slavery (some used science to argue);criticism of traditional Christianity was based upon the principles f the omnicompetence of human reason, argues that the basic ideas of Christianity (being rational) could be derived from reason itself, the ability of reason to judge revelation was affirmed; The possibility of miracles, the notion of revelation, the doctrine of original sin, the problem of evil (theodicy) the status and interpretation of Scripture, The identity and significance of Jesus Christ (many enlightenment thinkers rejected Jesus as Christ and thought of him as a teacher)

Augustine of Hippo (354-430)

regarded as one of the most significant Christian theologians in the Christian tradition; converted to Christianity in the late 380s and became Bishop of Hippo; prolific writer, combating movements he viewed to be destructive of orthodoxy; thought is characterized by a focus on the sovereignty of God, depravity (original sin) of humanity, and predestination of believers

Catholic Reformation

revival of Roman Catholicism in the period following the opening of the Council of Trent; "Counter Reformation"- developed means of combating the Protestant Reformation (to limit influence) by reforming itself within the church; greatly simulated by the reformation of the older religious order and the establishments of new ones (Jesuits);

Azusa Street Revival (1906-09)

revivals in LA that happened on the street when Seymour went out and preached, people started speaking in tongues; 1906- most famous religious revival in the past 100 years

Regula fidea

rule of faith; used to refer to the statements "Do you believe in God the Father Almighty", "Do you believe in Jesus Christ, the Son of God", and "Do you believe in the Holy Spirit"; adopted by churches and Christian leaders; later creeds similar to Tertullian personal interpretation

Bartolome de las Casas (1484-1566)

spanish conquistador turned monk, sailed with Columbus on 3rd expedition, sense of shock and contempt inspired him to become a monk, mid 1500s- wrote scathing account of the americas for the king Conquistador that sailed with Colomubus on the 3rd voyage. Appalled by the treatment of the natives, contempt inspired him to become a monk in the Dominican Order. Spend the rest of his life trying to explain the atrocities in the Americas to the European court, warned the King that if he didnt take action to protect the natives, God would punish the Spanish. Also claimed the adovacated religous conversion was essential to combat the Protestant movement.

Queen Elizabeth I

succeed to the throne; pursued a complex policy, which seems to have been aimed at appeasing both Protestants and Catholics while allowing the queen to have supreme authority in matters religion; Elizabethan Settlement

John of Damascus

supported the use of icons; his reasoning was that christ was an "icon" of the holy spirit, therefore to deny icons is to deny christ The most influential theologian among the iconodules (worshippers of images) who lived under the Muslim rule and known for his famous theological distinction between what can be known as 'kataphatic' and 'apophatic' and was condemned by the council of Constantine V

different emphases and name of Eucharist

the mass: service of some sort (Catholics); Eucharist: designates any thanksgiving (Greek Orthodox); Holy Communion: points to the idea of fellowship or sharing between Jesus and church and individual Christians (Protestant- English Reformation); Lord's Supper: theme of breaking the bread in memory of the Lord's Supper (Protestant- English Reformation)

motives for the Crusades

tension between Christendom and Islam; wanted to gain power; didn't go down to amend each other; They were promised salvation, forgiveness of all sins and ticket to heave

cenobitism

the action of or motivation for becoming a member of a religious order living in a monastery or convent

John Smyth and Thomas Helwys

the joint founders of the General Baptist denomination.

clerical marriage

the practice of allowing clergy to marry, a practice not to be confused with that of allowing married persons to become clergy; disputed over time; factor that lead to Great Schism; Issue between east and west- allowed in East, banned in West

Benjamin B. Watfield (1851-1921)

the principal of Princeton Seminary from 1887 to 1921. He is considered the last great Princeton theologian before the split in 1929 that formed Westminster Seminary and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

Origen of Alexandria

theologian and biblical scholar from Egypt, 1st textual critic, Hesapla (his version of the Bible has 6 columns with different translations), his teaching 'Origenism' become heresy- (believed that souls fell away from God, and we are working our way back up to Him) an early christian theologian he wrote a number of works including against celsius, a response to a non christian critique of christianity, and on first principles, an exposition of christian doctrine as it was understood at that time

James Cone (b. 1938)

theologian at Union Theological Seminary; helped pioneer the field of black liberation theology;Black Theology and Black Power (1969) and A Black Theology of Liberation (1970)

Institutes of the Christian Religion -John Calvin

theological principles very similar to those already associated with Martin Luther; organized into four books: the knowledge of God the creator, the knowledge of God the redeemer, the manner of participation in the grace of Jesus Christ, and the external means or aids that God uses to bring us to Jesus Christ; guide to the Bible- intended to offer a doctrinal commentary of Scripture, allowing readers direct access to its authentic meaning

Byzantine Empire (479-1453 CE)

traced to 330 A.D., when the Roman emperor Constantine I dedicated a "new Rome" on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium. Though the western half of the Roman Empire crumbled and fell in 476, the eastern half survived for 1,000 more years, spawning a rich tradition of art, literature and learning and serving as a military buffer between the states of Europe and the threat of invasion from Asia. The Byzantine Empire finally fell in 1453, after an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople during the reign of Constantine XI; Christian in nature, it was perennially at war with the Muslims,

Jarena Lee (b. 1783)

was a 19th-century African-American woman who left behind an eloquent account of her religious experience. The publishing of her autobiography made Lee the first African American woman to have an autobiography published in the United States.[2] She was also the first woman authorized to preach by Richard Allen, founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1819.[3] Despite Allen's blessing, Lee continued to face hostility to her ministry because she was black and a woman. She became a traveling minister, traveling thousands of miles on foot. In one year alone, she "travelled two thousand three hundred and twenty-five miles, and preached one hundred and seventy-eight sermons."[3] Lee's importance is threefold. First, she exemplifies the 19th-century American religious movement's focus on personal holiness and sanctification. Second, she left a detailed account of her life of faith that serves as a valuable primary source. Third, she became an eloquent witness to her faith and a pioneer for women seeking license to preach in the Methodist traditions.

Anthony the Great/ The Life of Anthony

was a Christian monk from Egypt, revered since his death as a saint; The biography of Anthony's life by Athanasius of Alexandria helped to spread the concept of Christian monasticism, particularly in Western Europe via its Latin translations. He is often erroneously considered the first Christian monk, but as his biography and other sources make clear, there were many ascetics before him. Anthony was, however, the first to go into the wilderness (about ad 270), a geographical move that seems to have contributed to his renown.[5] Accounts of Anthony enduring supernatural temptation during his sojourn in the Eastern Desert of Egypt inspired the often-repeated subject of the temptation of St. Anthony in Western art and literature.

Council of Ephesus (431)

was a council of Christian bishops convened in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk in Turkey) in AD 431 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II. This third ecumenical council, an effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom,[1] confirmed the original Nicene Creed[2] , and condemned the teachings of Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople that the Virgin Mary may be called the Christotokos, "Birth Giver of Christ" but not the Theotokos, "Birth Giver of God". It met in June and July 431 at the Church of Mary in Ephesus in Anatolia.

semper eadem

was a popular expression with English Puritans during the seventeenth century to refer to The Immutable Mercy of Jesus Christ. This Latin phrase meaning "Always The Same" was used when preaching on the popular text from Hebrews 13:8; the motto on the coat of arms "Semper Eadem" is the latin for "always the same" and was the personal motto of Elizabeth I.

Mary Daly (1928-2010)

was an American radical feminist philosopher, academic, and theologian, who described herself as a "radical lesbian feminist";Post- Christian. 20th century feminist- criticized the detrimental effects of a patriarchal construction of Christianity; argued that Christianity's incapable of being salvation

Ignatius of Antioch

was an Apostolic Father and student of John the Apostle and was the third bishop of Antioch. En route to Rome, where he met his martyrdom by being fed to wild beasts, he wrote a series of letters which have been preserved as an example of very early Christian theology. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops Early Church Bishop who explains teachings on Eucharist, Holy Orders, Catholicism

Thomas Cromwell

was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540; was one of the strongest and most powerful advocates of the English Reformation. He helped to engineer an annulment of the king's marriage to Queen Catherine of Aragon, so that Henry could lawfully marry Anne Boleyn; charted an evangelical, reformist course for the embryonic Church of England from the unique posts of vicegerent in spirituals and vicar-general

William Wilberforce (1759-1833)

was an English politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade; he became an Evangelical Christian, which resulted in major changes to his lifestyle and a lifelong concern for reform- convinced of the importance of religion, morality and education

Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order)

were founded by Ignatius Loyola in Paris 1534; significant presences in Italy, Spain, and Portugal; influence was especially in the of missionary work and education- in education they developed a rigorous program of studies designed to ensure the intellectual excellence of their order

clerical concubinage

where clergy lived with women but were not legally married