CJ 1100 Final
Which of the following best captures classical criminologists' concept of "utility"?
"The greatest happiness shared by the greatest number."
Which of the following is a method used in heredity studies?
Adoption studies
Which of the following is a general criticism of positivism?
All the answers are correct.
Why has the Eighth Amendment done little to protect inmates from staff brutality?
Brutality is normally treated as a tort rather than a constitutional issue.
The most complete DNA database in the United States is _______.
CODIS
Which state spent the most on corrections in 2017?
California
Which of the following scientists suggested that some people were "less highly evolved or developed than others" and that some people "were nearer their apelike ancestors than others in traits, abilities, and dispositions"?
Charles Darwin
Why was the U.S. Secret Service created?
to combat counterfeiting
Which of the following refers to the way in which criminal law should be enforced?
uniformity
Which of the following was the closest European forerunner of the modern U.S. prison?
workhouses
Which of the following sets of characteristics best describes the typical arrestee in 2017?
young, male, and white
Who among the following theorists advocated containing crime within reasonable boundaries rather than eliminating it?
Émile Durkheim
Which of the following is an advantage of hiring college-educated police officers?
College-educated officers are less likely to have citizen complaints
Which of the following statements about community policing is TRUE?
Community policing called for a shift from incident-based crime fighting to a problem-oriented approach.
Which of the following is an example of a restorative practice?
Community service
Which of the following statements highlights the most important difference between the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the uniform crime reports (UCR)?
Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS makes it possible to examine crimes in much more detail because it contains more data on each crime.
Which of the following cases launched the prisoners' rights movement?
Cooperv.Pate
Which of the following activities occurs prior to the formal start of a criminal trial?
Discovery
The ability of police officers to exercise individual judgement, rather than formal rules, when making decisions, is known as ________.
Discretion
A grand jury is a group of citizens who hear a criminal case during trial and decide upon the defendant's guilt.
False
Extinction is the presentation of an aversive stimulus to reduce a response.
False
One objection to radical theory is that the radical definition of crime as the violation of human rights is too narrow and specific.
False
Revocation of probation is automatic if a probationer commits a new crime.
False
Shortening the time between application and final selection can be detrimental to attracting and retaining qualified candidates.
False
Specific deterrence is the use of the punishment of specific individuals to prevent people in general or society at large from engaging in crime.
False
The Earth Liberation Front is an example of a right-wing terrorist group.
False
The Minneapolis study of domestic violence found that mediation was the best way for police to handle these disputes.
False
The Supreme Court has found that staff use of force against an inmate must cause a significant physical injury to violate the Eighth Amendment.
False
The U.S. Supreme Court has moved to ensure that inmates receive all of the elements of due process during the disciplinary process.
False
The major advantage of a social definition of crime, at least on the surface, is that it is narrower and less ambiguous than a legal definition of crime.
False
The majority of drug arrests and drug seizures result from mid-level investigations.
False
The majority of jail inmates are convicted felons serving short sentences.
False
The majority of offenders on house arrest are electronically monitored to ensure compliance.
False
The majority of people whose property is seized by the federal government for forfeiture are charged with a crime.
False
The majority of prison and jail inmates who are mentally ill receive appropriate treatment while incarcerated.
False
The penitentiary concept was first put into wide practice in Europe.
False
The police possess narrow discretion.
False
The primary focus of the due process model is efficiency.
False
The process of importation occurs when an inmate enters prison for the first time and is socialized into the customs and principles of the inmate society.
False
The reformatory was a walled prison with large cell blocks that contained stacks of three or more tiers of one- or two-man cells.
False
The venire is the process of selecting the final jury for a trial.
False
There is a constitutional basis for plea bargaining.
False
There is usually a low degree of consistency between the sentencing recommendation in the presentence investigation (PSI) report and the actual sentence handed down by the judge.
False
Throughout history, imprisonment has been the primary sentence for lawbreakers, and it still is today.
False
Today's state legislatures are increasingly replacing determinate sentences with indeterminate ones.
False
Traditionalist police officers hold favorable views of procedural guidelines.
False
Under the hands-off philosophy toward prison matters, court officials were willing to hear prisoners' claims regarding their rights while they were incarcerated.
False
Undercriminalization occurs when the criminal law prohibits some behaviors that arguably should not be prohibited.
False
Unsecured bond is a form of pretrial release that requires suspects to maintain contact with a pretrial release program.
False
Émile Durkheim rejected the idea that society is more than a simple aggregate of individuals and believed that the world is simply the product of individual actions.
False
Which of the following is an intangible cost of crime?
Fear of crime
Who has the primary responsibility for drug smuggling interdiction?
Federal law enforcement agencies
Which of the following factors is a reason for the growth of private security in the United States?
Fewer constitutional limitations on private security personnel
Which of the following Statements regarding inmate labor is true?
In some states, inmates are not paid for their work in prison.
Which of the following best describes the gleaning lifestyle?
Inmates are concerned with taking advantage of the resources available in prison to prepare for life after release
Which of the following statements is true about classification facilities?
Inmates normally stay at classification facilities for about 60 days.
Which of the following statements regarding release on parole is true?
Inmates released by discretionary parole are more likely to succeed than those released through mandatory parole
Which of the following cybercrimes involves hacking into and controlling industry databases, with the offender promising to release control if funds are received?
Internet extortion
Which of the following statements is true about an expostfacto law?
It declares criminal an act that was not illegal when it was committed.
Which of the following statements is true about the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 signed into law by President Barack Obama?
It discarded the mandatory minimum 5-year prison sentence for first-time offenders possessing crack cocaine.
Which of the following is the most important problem with the M'Naghten rule?
It fails to address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but was unable to control his or her actions.
Which of the following statements defines the term "panopticon"?
It is a prison design consisting of a round building with tiers of cells lining the inner circumference and facing a central inspection tower.
Which of the following statements is true of parole?
It is given before prisoners have served their full sentences.
Which of the following statements reflects a feature of conflict theory?
It is reformist in its policy implications.
Which of the following statements is true about electronic monitoring?
It is used to verify that offenders are at their designated locations at particular times.
With respect to criminal punishment, what is the purpose of incapacitation?
It makes it impossible for offenders to commit crimes during the period of incapacitation
Which of the following statements is true about the Pennsylvania system of confinement?
It required that inmates be kept in solitary cells so that they could study religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, and perform handicraft work.
Who is the longest-serving director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation?
J. Edgar Hoover
Who is considered the "father" of probation?
John Augustus
Which of the following was the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Paynev.Tennessee in 1991?
Judges and juries may consider victim-impact statements in their sentencing decisions.
Which of the following statements is true about determinate sentencing?
Judges in states that have indeterminate sentencing statutes generally have more discretion in sentencing than judges in states with determinate sentencing laws.
Which of the following is a service provided by the U.S. Marshals?
Manage and dispose of seized and forfeited property
Which of the following is a problem associated with finding an appropriate definition of crime?
Many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are.
Which of the following is true of HIV testing in prison?
Nearly all states today test for HIV at intake
Which was the first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force?
New York
Which of the following statements is true about the fear of crime?
Nonwhites worry more about crime than whites.
Which of the following is included in the new mission of the FBI?
Protecting the U.S. from terrorist threats
Which of the following recruitment programs involves a focus on high school students?
Tech prep programs
Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court decisions severely restricted the police use of deadly force?
Tennesseev. Garner
Which of the following is an example of the police duty of law enforcement?
Testifying in court, breaking up a fight, escorting funeral processions, investigating a missing child case.
Which of the following states incarcerated the most inmates at the end of 2017?
Texas
Which of the following is true of "The First Step Act", which was signed into law by President Trump in 2018?
The Act gives eligible federal drug prisoners time credits for successfully participating in recidivism reduction programming
Which of the following is a provision of the USA PATRIOT Act?
The Act permits the FBI to search private records without a warrant and probable cause and without having to reveal to anyone what it has done.
Which component of the Department of Homeland Security has the mission of keeping terrorists and terrorist weapons out of the U.S.?
The U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Organizational change can reduce the potential for stress in the police work environment.
True
Postmodernist criminologists prefer to replace the prevailing description of the world with new conceptions, words, and phrases that convey alternative meanings, as Edwin H. Sutherland did when he introduced the concept of white-collar crime.
True
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 requires that second or subsequent habeas petitions be dismissed when the claim had already been made in a previous petition.
True
The Secret Service is responsible for providing protection to heads of state visiting the U.S. from other countries.
True
The Supreme Court has held that a violation of the "knock-and-announce rule" does not require suppression of any evidence found in a search if the interests violated had nothing to do with the seizure of evidence.
True
The Supreme Court has held that the police cannot attach a GPS (global-positioning system) device to the bumper of a suspect's automobile to track his or her movements for nearly a month without a valid warrant.
True
The Supreme Court has recently extended the right to the effective assistance of counsel to plea bargains that lapse or are rejected.
True
The Supreme Court has ruled that even if one co-habitant consents to a warrantless search of a home, the police may not conduct the search if another co-habitant is physically present and objects to the search.
True
The U.S. Constitution forbids expostfacto laws.
True
The United States has more police departments than any other nation in the world.
True
The War on Drugs began with the passage of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914.
True
The assignment of a probationer to a probation officer takes offender and officer characteristics into account.
True
The crime control model places a premium on speed and finality.
True
The criminal justice response to crime begins when a crime is reported to the police.
True
The doctrine of legal guilt emphasizes the presumption of innocence.
True
The object of criminal justice in the United States is to prevent and control crime.
True
The object of proportionality review is to reduce, as much as possible, disparity in death penalty sentencing.
True
The response of the U.S. Congress to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was the enactment of the Homeland Security Act of 2002.
True
The year-and-a-day rule provides that a person cannot be prosecuted for murder if the victim dies more than a year and a day after the injury.
True
There is no mandatory reporting for pursuit deaths.
True
To determine the types of supervision and services persons placed on probation require, many agencies employ risk-and-needs assessment instruments.
True
Totality-of-conditions cases involve claims that some combination of prison practices and conditions makes a prison, as a whole, unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
True
Trial by jury is a Sixth Amendment right.
True
U.S. Marshals are responsible for operating the Witness Security Program.
True
Usually, society turns to criminal justice only after other institutions of social control have failed.
True
When compared to other professions, police generally rank relatively high on honesty and ethical standards.
True
When criminal defense attorneys go to trial, they are frequently unable to recoup all of their expenses.
True
Under the USA PATRIOT Act, protesting members of activist groups could be charged with domestic terrorism if they committed specifically defined federal terrorism crimes.
Under the USA PATRIOT Act, protesting members of activist groups could be charged with domestic terrorism if they committed specifically defined federal terrorism crimes.
Your friend is angry at your behavior and says that there should be a law against what you did. Which of the following problems with a legal definition of crime is best represented by your friend's statement?
Undercriminalization
Which of the following institutions is commonly regarded as the first state prison of the United States?
Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia
When does a trial denovo occur?
When a case is reheard by a trial court of general jurisdiction
Which of the following is a reason for the problems that plague jails?
a general lack of public support for jail reform, rapid rates of inmate turnover, which make it difficult to coordinate programs, the limited and unstable nature of local taxes to fund and staff jails.
What is the result if, after serious deliberation, even one juror cannot agree with the others on a verdict?
a hung jury
The term "jurisdiction," as used in your text, means
a politically defined geographical area.
Which of the following are the three variables that interact to form a crime triangle?
a victim, an offender, and a location
Which of the following statements best describes the term parole?
a way of being released from prison before the entire sentence has been served
The movement to limit the discretion of police officers is the result of
abuses of discretion.
The term ________ refers to criminal conduct—specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm.
actus reus
When an entire patrol section is instructed to make numerous traffic stops and field interrogations, the practice is referred to as ________ patrol.
aggressive
One of the main purposes of an arraignment is to
allow the defendant to enter a plea.
Police officers cannot make an arrest for every violation of law, which means that they _______.
are unable to provide full enforcement
The primary purpose of a(n) ________ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea.
arraignment
Which of the following crimes is a Part I offense?
arson
Which of the following is a requirement for participants to ensure the most effective drug court program?
at least one clinical case management session per week
What standard of proof is necessary to find a defendant guilty as charged?
beyond a reasonable doubt
Which of the following is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals?
biological positivism
Which of the following focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because, in the past, men's experiences have been taken as the norm and generalized to the population?
feminist theory
Which of the following types of jails is built in a linear design, in which inmates live together in cells, dormitories, or "tanks," and guards at regular intervals walk up and down the corridors or "catwalks" and observe inmates?
first-generation jails
Which of the following is one of the foundations upon which the professional model of policing is based?
follow-up investigation
The foot patrol experiment in Newark found that
foot patrol was linked to reduced fear of crime.
Structured fines are presumed to be fairer than tariff fines because tariff fines are
frequently too low to be meaningful to wealthier offenders and too high for poorer offenders to pay.
Which of the following Latin terms is defined as a court order requiring that a confined person be brought to court so that his or her claims can be heard?
habeascorpus
Until the middle of the twentieth century, courts followed a(n) ________ philosophy toward prison matters.
hands-off
Which of the following characteristics is common in both women's and men's prisons?
high levels of depersonalization
In the United States, the states that do not utilize preliminary hearings schedule an arraignment date at the ________.
initial appearance
Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a(n)
institution of social control.
Which type of probation provides offenders with more treatment services than traditional probation?
intensive supervision probation
Which of the following is one of the three I's of police selection?
interaction skills
What was the index crime for which women were most frequently arrested in 2017?
larceny-theft
The due process model is based on the doctrine of
legal guilt.
In 2015, which level of government spent the most on police protection?
local
The only personal experience most people have with the criminal justice process is contact with a
local police officer.
The most misused drug in the U.S. is ______.
marijuana
What is the only crop targeted by local police agencies for crop eradication?
marijuana
Which of the following terms is a theory of institutional corrections, popular during the 1940s and 1950s, in which crime was seen as symptomatic of personal illness in need of treatment?
medical model
Which of the following is a judicial selection process in which the governor appoints judges from a list of qualified lawyers compiled by a nonpartisan nominating commission composed of both lawyers and other citizens?
merit selection
Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility used when a crime has been committed to prevent a more serious crime?
necessity defense
When prosecutors elect not to prosecute, they enter a
notation of nolleprosequi.
The final step in the police selection process, before academy training begins, is usually the ___________.
oral interview
Which of the following is used with people leaving prison?
parole
Which of the following is the most time-consuming and resource-intensive task of any police agency?
patrol
Which of the following suggests that the solution to all social problems, including crime, is the transformation of human beings, mutual dependence, reduction of class structures, the creation of communities of caring people, and universal social justice?
peacemaking criminology
Which of the following is used to increase efficiency—meaning speed and finality—in the crime control model?
plea bargaining
One way in which state and local governments in the United States share the costs of criminal justice is by making ________ primarily a local function.
police protection
Which of the following refers to the legitimate source of criminal law?
politicality
Which of the following was an explicit rejection of the critical and "negative" philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers?
positivist theories
Which critical perspective focuses on understanding the creation of knowledge?
postmodernism
The purpose of a(n) ________ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged.
preliminary hearing
Which of the following standards of proof is evidence that more likely than not outweighs the opposing evidence, or sufficient evidence to overcome doubt or speculation?
preponderance of evidence
Racial profiling often occurs during ________, where police justify stopping a car because of minor equipment or moving traffic violations that might otherwise be ignored.
pretext stops
Which of the following standards of proof is required for a search or an arrest?
probable cause
Which of the following is the most frequently used sentence in criminal justice?
probation
Which of the following penal sanctions is used primarily to prevent undesired conduct and to provide retribution?
punishment
Which of the following terms refers to vulnerable prison inmates in the language of prison?
punks
Which of the following standards of proof is more than a gut feeling and legally permits a law enforcement officer to stop and frisk a suspect?
reasonable suspicion
Which of the following terms is defined as the return to illegal activity after release from incarceration?
recidivism
The smart justice movement emphasizes a focus on
reentry.
Which of the following types of offenses may be punishable by death in the United States?
a felony
Which of the following is the focus of labeling theory?
the way people and actions are defined as criminal
In 2015, the federal government spent about ________ of the total expenditures on criminal and civil justice.
20 percent
Overall, about how much of every tax dollar is spent on criminal justice?
4 cents
Overall, what percentage of blacks in the U.S. have favorable views of the police?
40%
What is the key to the operation of the crime control model?
A presumption of guilt
Which of the following best describes a medium-security state prison?
A prison that uses a combination of cell blocks and dormitory or barracks-type living quarters
Which of the following occurred between 1968 and 1972?
A series of lawsuits challenged various aspects of capital punishment.
Which state courts have authority to try all civil and criminal cases and to also hear appeals from lower courts?
Trial courts of general jurisdiction
Why were slave codes enacted?
Because of fears of violent slave revolts
In which of the following situations is an officer most likely to handle a minor offense formally?
If the victim and alleged offender have a close relationship
You were found guilty at trial after an eyewitness to the crime positively identified you as the criminal. You claim that your court-appointed attorney was incompetent and therefore you were denied your right to effective assistance of counsel. Why will you probably not win this claim?
Because there was an eyewitness to the crime and therefore it is unlikely that any possible incompetence on the part of your attorney led to the final result.
Which of the following inmates is most likely to be arrested after release from prison?
A 22-year-old male inmate
Which of the following is an example of posttrial diversion?
A judge places a guilty offender on informal probation
What is the Missouri Plan?
A merit-based method of selecting judges
Which of the following is a description of a left-wing terrorist group?
A terrorist group calling for radical change to liberate people from capitalism
Which of the following statements regarding police chiefs is true?
A typical police chief rarely serves longer than 10 years.
Why is the number of states that have correctional officer unions decreasing?
An increase in the number of states with right to work laws
Which of the following theorists modified Edwin H. Sutherland's theory by introducing role theory and arguing that criminal behavior could be learned by identifying with criminal roles and not just by associating with criminals?
Daniel Glaser
Which of the following is one of the principles advocated by August Vollmer to professionalize American policing?
Education is a key ingredient in professionalizing policing.
Totality-of-conditions cases usually claim that the prison violates which Amendment?
Eighth
Which of the following statements regarding private correctional facilities is true?
Employees in private prisons are at greater risk of inmate violence compared to those working in public prisons
Which of the following best describes the structured discretion death penalty statute used in Texas?
For a defendant to be convicted of capital murder, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed murder and that one of the statutorily-listed aggravating circumstances were present
Which of the following Amendments extends the procedural safeguards of the Bill of Rights to people charged with state crimes?
Fourteenth
The use of excessive force by a police officer violates the _______ Amendment.
Fourth
You learn that the police have attached a GPS device to your vehicle without a valid warrant. According to the Supreme Court, this violates the _________ Amendment.
Fourth
Which of the following is one of the three landmark cases in which the Supreme Court set aside death sentences for the first time in its history?
Furmanv.Georgia
Which of the following is one of the three landmark cases in which the Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty by approving guided-discretion statutes?
Greggv.Georgia
Which off the following types of criminal defendant is not well-served by the practice of plea bargaining?
Habitual offenders
With DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) profiling, a unique genetic profile can be derived from ________ found at the scene of a crime or on a victim.
Hair, blood, and semen.
Which of the following countries employs an inquisitorial trial system?
Mexico
TheWashingtonPost study into police use of deadly force in the U.S. in 2015 found that:
Most of the people killed by the police were armed, usually with guns.
Which of the following statements regarding the selection of sheriffs is true?
Most sheriffs are elected rather than appointed
Which of the following cities had the first modern police force?
Paris
Who is usually responsible for conducting the preliminary investigation in a felony case?
Patrol officers
Which of the following U.S. Presidents created the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)?
Richard Nixon
Which element of the SARA problem-solving process involves identifying problems?
Scanning
Which of the following theorists maintains that criminal behavior sometimes is chosen as an adaptation over other possible alternatives because it offers gratifications or psychological advantages that could not be achieved otherwise?
Seymour L. Halleck
Which of the following officials is responsible for providing civil process services for the court?
Sheriffs
Which of the following statements is true about the restoration of convicted felons' civil rights?
Some rights are restored by executive or judicial proceedings. Some rights are lost permanently. Some rights are restored automatically.
Which of the following activities is part of the law enforcement role of community corrections staff?
Supervising offenders
Which of the following Acts limited the USA PATRIOT Act's broad definition of domestic terrorism to specific federal terrorism crimes?
The USA PATRIOT Act Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005
Who determines whether an offender will be placed on probation?
The court
Which of the following statements regarding the presentence investigation (PSI) is true?
The main focus of the PSI is to estimate the risk the offender presents to the community and to determine the offender's treatment needs
Which of the following is considered to be the most important factor for parole authorities to consider when deciding whether to grant or deny parole?
The nature of the present offense
Which of the following is most likely to be a special, rather than a general, condition of probation?
The probationer must participate regularly in a Narcotics Anonymous program
What is a voirdire?
The process of screening out potential jurors who might be biased
Which of the following reforms to death penalty statutes that was approved by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Greggv.Georgia?
The use of bifurcated trials
Which of the following is one of the characteristics of social disorganization?
There are limited opportunities for delinquent behavior.
Which of the following best describes third-generation jails?
There are no physical barriers between inmates and correctional officers
Why do states often find it difficult to impose stricter requirements for individuals applying to be correctional officers?
There is little competition for prison jobs
Which of the following statements is true about a high percentage of lawsuits filed by inmates?
They are judged frivolous and are therefore dismissed.
Which of the following statements is true about active drug court participants?
They are more likely to reap psychosocial benefits unrelated to drug use or criminal behavior.
Which of the following statements is true of patent fingerprints?
They are visible to the naked eye
Which of the following statements is true about self-report crime surveys?
They ask selected subjects whether they have committed crimes.
Which of the following characteristics of today's police was taken up by municipal police officers after the American Civil War?
They began to wear uniforms.
Which of the following statements is true about correctional officers?
They have considerable discretion in discharging their duties within the constraints of rules, regulations, and policies.
Which of the following statements is true about halfway houses?
They place considerable emphasis on helping offenders find and keep jobs.
Which of the following has research shown to be an advantage of direct-supervision jails?
They provide a less stressful, more positive, and safer environment for inmates and staff, they reduce inmate violations for contraband possession, destruction of property, escapes, disrespecting officers and staff, suicides, and violence, they enhance supervision by reducing the number of unsupervised areas.
What do the following three Supreme Court cases share in common: UnitedStatesv. Leon, Massachusettsv. Sheppard, and Nixv. Williams?
They provide exceptions to the exclusionary rule.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about big-house prisons?
They relied exclusively on industrial labor throughout the United States.
Which of the following best describes the department of public safety model of state law enforcement?
This model tends to involve multiple agencies or divisions responsible for various law enforcement activities
Which of the following is a difference between intensive-supervision probation and parole (ISP) and traditional probation and parole?
Traditional probation and parole provide fewer treatment services than ISP.
Which of the following describes the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Griffinv.Wisconsin?
While on probation, offenders lack some due process protections
Which of the following theorists is associated with body-type theory?
William Sheldon
Which of the following is true of inquisitorial trial systems?
Witnesses and defendants are examined by judges
Which of the following is one of the newest forms of prison contraband?
cell phones
Which of the following government actions is similar to bills of attainder?
civil forfeiture of property in drug violations
Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or the Age of Reason, a period of history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s?
classical theory
Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by people with free will who are motivated by a hedonistic rationality?
classical theory
Which of the following is a critical issue regarding the use of halfway houses?
community resistance
The term ________ is defined as the reduction of the original sentence given by executive authority, usually a state's governor.
commutation
Which of the following is defined as the number of offenses for which at least one person has been arrested, charged with the commission of the offense, and turned over to the court for prosecution?
crime index offenses cleared
Which of the following types of single-bias hate crimes was reported most often to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2017?
crimes motivated by racial/ethnicity bias
Which of the following was a purpose of institutional confinement prior to the 1600s?
detain people awaiting trial
In communities that use a merit system of police employment, which of the following is set by the system?
discipline procedures
Which of the following circumstances accounted for the largest number of law enforcement officers assaulted in the United States in 2017?
disturbance calls
When defendants plead nolocontendere, they
do not admit guilt but are willing to accept punishment.
Which of the following offenses accounted for the largest number of arrests made by the police in 2017?
drug abuse violations
Which of the following was the first type of "problem-solving" court?
drug court
Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility when a person, who was not already predisposed to it, is induced into committing a crime by a law enforcement officer or by his or her agent?
entrapment
Which of the following is a trend in indigent defense systems?
establishment of state oversight bodies
Which of the following is a measure of coercion beyond what is necessary to control participants in a conflict?
excessive force
Under the Supreme Court's __________, a warrantless search not incident to an arrest may be justified in an emergency situation.
exigent circumstances doctrine
What is the most important factor contributing to wrongful convictions?
eyewitness misidentification
Which of the following penal sanctions is intended to control future conduct toward the best interests of the community?
regulation
Which of the following refers to the attempt to use treatment to return convicted offenders to society as law-abiding citizens?
rehabilitation
Which of the following is simply a release secured by a suspect's written promise to appear in court?
release on own recognizance (ROR)
Which of the following focuses on the attempt to return victims, as much as possible, to their previous state and to make them "whole" again?
restoration
You are a probation officer and learn that your client violated the conditions of probation. You recommend parole ________ and the offender is sent to prison.
revocation
To date, most self-report crime surveys conducted in the United States have been administered to ________.
school children
Which of the following refers to explorations or inspections by law enforcement officers of homes, premises, vehicles, or persons for the purpose of discovering evidence of crimes or persons who are accused of crimes?
searches
Which of the following is the commission of crime that follows the acceptance of a criminal label?
secondary deviance
The practice of relying on the judgment of the police leadership and rank-and-file officers to decide which laws to enforce is referred to as
selective enforcement.
There is currently a trend towards the use of electronic monitoring with ______ offenders.
serious
Which of the following forms of policing has been called the "first distinctively American police system"?
slave patrols
Under the USA PATRIOT Act, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) may now search private records (financial, medical, library, student—any recorded activity) without a warrant and probable cause and without having to reveal to anyone what it has done. This is referred to as what type of search?
sneak-and-peak search
Which of the following refers to the scope of criminal law?
specificity
In 2015, which level of government spent the most on corrections?
state
Which of the following drug enforcement strategies accounts for the greatest number of drug arrests and seizures in the United States?
street-level enforcement
In the case of a misdemeanor or an ordinance violation, a(n) ________ may be held.
summary trial
Which of the following systems of confinement avoided the harmful psychological effects of total solitary confinement and allowed more inmates to be housed in less space because cells could be smaller?
the Auburn system
Which of the following events likely made the Federal Bureau of Investigation a major factor in policing?
the Lindbergh baby kidnapping
Which of the following federal law enforcement agencies employs the largest number of personnel?
the U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Who were the first federal law enforcement agents in the United States?
the U.S. Marshals
Which of the following terms is defined as a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title CrimeintheUnitedStates?
the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
Which of the following factors has made the police the major responder to domestic violence calls?
the availability of 24-hour service
When politically conservative values are dominant in society, the principles and policies of ________ seem to dominate the operation of criminal justice.
the crime control model
Which of the following tests of insanity did the attorneys for Lorena Bobbitt, who sliced off her husband's penis with a kitchen knife while he was sleeping, successfully employ in a 1994 Virginia trial?
the irresistible-impulse test
Which of the following factors influences the exercise of discretion on the part of police patrol officers?
the legitimacy of the victim
Which of the following principles states that prisoners should receive no service or program superior to the services and programs available to free citizens without charge?
the less-eligibility principle
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the inmate society in many women's prisons?
the presence of pseudofamilies
Which of the following is conducted by a probation agency at the request of a judge, usually during the period between the finding or plea of guilt and sentencing?
the presentence investigation
Which of the following provisions in the Bill of Rights is NOT yet applicable to the criminal justice process of the states?
the right to a grand jury indictment in felony cases
Which of the following is a condition of legal guilt?
the right to counsel
Which of the following mandates that a prosecutor provide defense counsel with any exculpatory evidence in the prosecutor's possession?
the rules of discovery
Which of the following is one of the three types of delinquent subcultures identified by Cloward and Ohlin?
the violent
