CJ Combined Chapters 1-7

Which of the following might be considered the "real role" of today's police officer?

A community problem solver

In Boston, in the mid-nineteenth century, amateur bounty hunters who were hired by victims to apprehend thieves (thief takers) were replaced by the establishment of what?

A detective bureau

What is a grand jury?

A group of citizens who, in a private session, evaluate the accusations against the accused and determine if the evidence warrants further action

Which of the following are examples of prohibited ex post facto law?

A law that inflicts a greater punishment than was available when the crime was committed A law that makes a crime more serious after the fact than when it was first committed A law that makes an act a criminal act after it was committed

What is a true bill of indictment?

A legal document, issued by the grand jury, that specifies the exact charges on which the accused must stand trial

Hate crimes are violent acts directed toward a particular person or toward the members of a group. Which items listed below are examples of hate crimes?

A man with a gun enters a mall and shoots four women. Thankfully, none of the women sustained major injuries. An investigation revealed that the man posted a message on Facebook citing how upset he was over constant rejection from women. A neighbor is unhappy that a group home for mental health opened next to their house. They were overheard saying that they would "torch that bunch of looneys." A week later the group home caught fire. The neighbor ended up confessing to the arson.

If a person knows a particular action is wrong but is not sure why, this is known as what?

A mistake of law

What is the Chicago Crime Commission?

A professional association that acts as a citizens' advocate group and keeps track of the activities of local justice agencies

What does the unifying principle of cost-effectiveness mean in relation to evidence-based justice efforts?

A program's efficiency must be taken into consideration along with its effectiveness.

What is an example of a situational inducement to commit crime?

A shopper notices an item on the shelf that they would like to have, but not pay for. The shopper slides the item into their purse prior to leaving the store.

What does the term double marginality refer to?

A social issue for Black police officers

What is racial profiling?

A term used to describe racial influence over police discretion

In regard to the crime-fighting portrayal of the police officer, which of the following statistics are correct?

About 17 percent of Americans ages 16 and older will have contact with the police.

According to research conducted by the Police Executive Research Forum, if a crime is reported in progress, what is the percentage probability of catching the perpetrator?

About 33 percent

Which of the following is NOT considered an act of police brutality?

Accepting bribes for protection

New York police detectives Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa were convicted of selling police files of key witnesses to the mob, who then conducted 11 mob hits on individuals within the files. What is this an example of?

Active criminality

Which of the following are true statements regarding the Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs)?

Agencies across the country are transitioning from the UCR to NIBRS. It is published by the FBI. Its major unit of analysis involves Part I crimes.

Which of the following activities are considered to be proactive policing?

Aggressive traffic enforcement Making more drug arrests

Which of the following is an example of burglary?

An offender enters a home and removes a brand new flat-screen television while the homeowners are asleep upstairs.

Which of the following officers would be described as a "grass eater" by the Knapp Commission?

An officer that pulls over an intoxicated local official and accepts a bribe to allow the DUI to go unreported

While racial profiling is a controversial subject in the criminal justice field, at what rate did many empirical studies find that state and local police officers routinely stop and/or search Black motorists?

At a rate far greater than their representation in the driving pool

What is Cesare Lombroso's theory that proposed that criminals possess primitive, animal-like physical qualities such as an asymmetric face or excessive jaw, eye defect, large eyes, a receding forehead, prominent cheekbones, long arms, a twisted nose, and swollen lips?

Atavistic anomalies (atavism)

Why is officer discretion also referred to as low-visibility decision making?

Because officer discretion is rarely subject to administrative or judicial review

Which behaviors become crimes, according to the consensus view of crime?

Behaviors that are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens in the society

According to Michael White, a professor of criminology at Arizona State University, which of the following answers are the key advantages of body-worn cameras?

Body cameras increase transparency. Body cameras have evidentiary value. Body cameras can improve police training.

The modern police department was born out of the urban mob violence that wracked the nation's cities in the nineteenth century. Which city was the first to create a formal, United States police department?

Boston

Which of the following problems influence the effectiveness of community policing strategies?

Changing supervisor attitudes about how community policing agents are supervised Defining the community Defining roles of the community police agents

The theory of crime in which rational criminals weigh the potential benefits and consequences of their acts, choosing to commit a crime if they believe that doing so will yield immediate benefits without the threat of long-term risks, is known as what?

Choice Theory

Which of the following are theories for the understanding of crime and victimization?

Choice theory Sociological theory Trait theory Psychological theory

Which of the following are among the duties of the FBI?

Collect and maintain a vast fingerprint database. Operate a national threat-warning system to distribute important terrorism alert bulletins. Publish an annual compilation of crime data.

A law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime and gain good community relations, typically involving personalized service and decentralized policing, citizen empowerment, and an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder, and decay, is known as what?

Community policing

As the 1980s began, the police role seemed to be changing significantly. A number of experts acknowledged that the police were not simply crime fighters and called for police to develop a greater awareness of community issues. Which policing concept emerged as a result of these developments?

Community policing

Which of the following statements are true regarding community-oriented policing?

Community-oriented policing programs can reduce the level of fear in a community. Community-oriented policing programs promote interaction between officers and citizens. Community-oriented policing programs give officers the time to meet with local residents to talk about crime in the neighborhood.

Which ethical issues arise for prosecutors?

Conflict between the dual role of being an advocate for the victim and an impartial overseer of the investigation

What can paying special attention to scheduling, limiting second jobs, and reviewing policies help agencies with?

Controlling police fatigue

What is the term for exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or using illegal means to achieve approved goals?

Corruption

The use of computer mapping software that is used to map geographic "hot spots" where a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated, translating addresses into map coordinates and allowing departments to identify problem areas for particular crimes, is called what?

Crime mapping

Which type of behavior is the most difficult to predict?

Criminal behavior

What is meant by the term criminal justice assembly line?

Criminal justice is seen as a screening process in which each successive stage involves a series of routinized operations.

Which study of crime and criminals views the economic and political forces operating in society as the fundamental cause of criminality?

Critical criminology

Which agency is responsible for protecting our nation's borders?

Customs and Border Protection (CBP)

In an effort to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects, many departments use computer software to conduct analysis of behavior patterns. This is referred to as what?

Data mining

What does the term dark figure refer to regarding police shootings?

Data regarding police shootings is not readily available, so statistics are inaccurate.

What is the intentional use of a firearm or other instrument, resulting in a high probability of death?

Deadly force

What is the attitude and appearance of an offender referred to when it may or may not be suspicious?

Demeanor

Compared to 20 years ago, how have violent crime rates changed?

Dropped significantly

Which of the following are excuse defenses?

Duress defense Justification defense

Which of the following was NOT listed as an effect of officer stress?

Early onset dementia

What is the purpose of organized crime?

Economic gain through illegal enterprise

Choose the type of policing that advocates for the use of well-established social scientific methods to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of police programs and initiatives.

Evidence-based policing

Robert Agnew was a criminologist known for which of the following developments?

Expanding anomie theory

What is the term used to define a court-ordered process in which a record, an arrest, or a conviction is "sealed," or erased from a person's record?

Expungement

Which of the following are failures to act or omissions to act that can be considered a crime in some jurisdictions?

Failure to perform a legally required duty that is based on relationship or status A contractual relationship Imposition by statute

Which federal agency is not a police agency, but an investigative agency with jurisdiction over all law enforcement matters in which the United States is or may be an interested party?

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

How does Black's Law Dictionary distinguish between felonies and misdemeanors?

Felonies are more serious than misdemeanors.

Which of the following are true statements regarding the history of crime in America?

From 1900 to 1935, the nation experienced a sustained increase in criminal activity. Crime and violence have been common since the nation was first formed.

Which of the following are among the responsibilities of the United States Marshals?

Fugitive apprehension Judicial security Witness security Prisoner operations

What do police organizations call centers that are set up for the purpose of sharing information and intelligence?

Fusion centers

Which of the following best defines tactical intelligence?

Gaining or developing information related to threats of terrorism or crime

Since gang-related killings have become so commonplace, there is a new term that is now recognized as a separate and unique category of criminal behavior. What is the new term?

Gang homicide

Which of the following are the duties of a victim advocate?

Going to court with the victims of crime Providing emotional support to crime victims Offering information to crime victims

During the 1970s, increased federal government support for criminal justice greatly influenced police operations, and the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) devoted a significant portion of its funds to police agencies. What did that money go for?

Helped thousands of officers further their college education Purchases of little-used hardware, such as antiriot gear Supporting innovative research on police work and advanced training of police officers Import or transfer technology originally developed in other fields into law enforcement

Which of the following is ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) responsible for?

Homeland Security Investigations Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO)

Which of the following biochemical substances have been found to be linked to biological traits linked to crime?

Hypoglycemia Environmental contaminants Hormones Food products and diet

What was the first major technological breakthrough during the second half or the nineteenth century?

Implementation of the telegraph to policing

Which of the following statements are true regarding the formal criminal justice process?

In reality, few cases are actually processed through the entire formal justice process. The formal criminal justice process is comprised of a complex series of steps.

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) provides a detailed picture of crime incidents, victims, and trends. What information does the NCVS collect and provide about victims of crime?

Income Marital Status

Which of the following is true of the political era of policing (1840-1920)?

Individuals with the right connections could be hired despite a lack of qualifications. Politics determined the recruitment of new officers. Politics determined the promotion of supervisors. Early police agencies were corrupt, brutal, and inefficient. Politics dominated the departments.

Identify which style of policing advocates a shift in emphasis away from reactive police responses and individual case investigations to sharing, collaboration, and finding strategic solutions to crime problems.

Intelligence-led policing

Which division of larger policing agencies is tasked with processing citizen complaints of police corruption and investigating allegations of unnecessary use of force by police officers?

Internal affairs

Around the turn of the twentieth century, a number of nationally recognized leaders called for measures to help improve and professionalize the police. In 1893, what entity was formed that would become the leading voice for police reform?

International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)

Evidence-based justice efforts have unifying principles. What are they?

Intervening factors Randomized experiments Measurement of success Target audience Cost effectiveness

According to a study of investigative techniques conducted by Martin Innes, what are the principle techniques detectives rely upon to help create an understanding of how and why a crime took place?

Interviews and forensic evidence

Which characteristics define the courtroom work group?

It may limit the rights of defendants, but it may also be essential to keeping the overburdened justice system afloat. It is part of the informal criminal justice process, where legal professionals cooperate with each other to process a case efficiently. Its goal is to remove "unnecessary" delays and avoid formal trials at all cost.

The framework for how criminal cases are handled is defined by procedural law. Which of the following does procedural law govern?

Jury selection Questions of appeal Rules of evidence

There are three basic component agencies of the criminal justice system. What are they?

Law enforcement agencies The correctional system The court system

Each component agency within the criminal justice field has certain roles and responsibilities. Pick the definition below that describes the correct alignment of agency to responsibilities.

Law enforcement agencies are responsible for investigating crimes and apprehending suspects.

Consider the following case: A convicted robber is released from jail. When they are let out, they go on a spree, holding up liquor stores and mugging people at knifepoint at ATMs. Which layer of the wedding cake model of justice would this case fall under?

Level II

Which of the following theories fall into the category of developmental theories to criminology?

Life course theory Latent trait theory Trajectory theory

Where did British Home Secretary Sir Robert "Bobbie" Peel organize law enforcement by pushing through the Metropolitan Police Act?

London

Because chronic offenders rarely learn from their mistakes, incapacitation rather than rehabilitation is the goal. Which of the policies below is encouraged by the chronic offender concept?

Mandatory sentences for violent or drug-related crimes

Which of the following statements are true regarding problem-oriented policing?

Problem-oriented policing stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting. Problem-oriented policing strategies are supported by the fact that urban crime is concentrated in hot spots.

Which type of law must be followed when obtaining warrants, investigating offenses, effecting lawful arrests, conducting trials, introducing evidence, sentencing convicted offenders, and reviewing cases by appellate courts?

Procedural law

Which of the following steps are part of the six-step process in the intelligence gathering process?

Processing and collation Collection Planning and direction

Which events always cause personnel changes within a police organization?

Promotions Retirements Transfers Internal reorganization

What is known as "the world's oldest profession"?

Prostitution

Which of the following are psychological theories of criminality?

Psychodynamic theory Cognitive theory Atavistic anomalies theory (atavism)

Harvard scholars Mathias Risse and Richard Zeckhauser argue that racial profiling can be justified. What is their argument?

Racial profiling can be used as a crime control tactic.

Which of the following is not a goal of substantive criminal law?

Redistribution of wealth

Situational crime prevention can be achieved by creating a strategy to reduce specific crimes and then developing specific tactics to achieve those goals. Which of the following are the main types of crime prevention tactics in use today?

Reducing provocation Increasing the risks of committing the crime Increasing the effort needed to commit the crime Reducing the rewards for committing the crime

On December 31, 2018, the president signed the First Step Act into law. Which of the following are key reform considerations of the First Step Act?

Reduction in recidivism Incentives for success

According to studies, what are fatal police shootings closely related to?

Reported national violent crime rates and criminal homicide rates

What did the Weisburd study determine regarding stop, question, and frisk?

SQFs exerted a significant but modest deterrent effect on crime.

In early England, shires, which resembled the counties today, were controlled by the shire reeve, who was appointed by the Crown or local landowner to supervise the territory and ensure that order would be kept. The shire reeve soon began to pursue and apprehend law violators as part of his duties. What was this a forerunner of in modern United States policing?

Sheriff

Who originally proposed the idea that criminals may be suffering from psychological abnormality or stress during their early development?

Sigmund Freud

What is the idea that rational choice theory advocates argue that states that the prevention of crime can be achieved by reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes?

Situational crime prevention

Which of the following are explanations for why criminal laws may be added, amended, or appealed?

Social and moral norms change over time. Advances in technology require new laws to govern those advances. The law is no longer applicable.

According to Sampson and Laub, which term is used for life events that help people build positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life-sustaining?

Social capital

Which social process theory maintains that everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but that most people are controlled by their bonds to society?

Social control theory

Which of the following are social process theories?

Social control theory Differential association theory Learning theory

Although the conflict, consensus, and interactionist views of crime differ, they generally agree on which of the following?

Social forces mold the definition of crimes. Criminal law defines crime. Criminal law has a social control function.

Which social process theory suggests that people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers?

Social learning theory

Which social process theory suggests that that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity?

Social reaction theory

Case law, or law that is established by the outcome of previous cases, is carried into the U.S. legal system through which concept from English common law?

Stare decisis

What is the term applied by critical theorists that refers to acts that are defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, both elected and appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives, either to maintain governmental power or to uphold the unfair advantages acquired by those who support the government?

State-organized crime

What is an activity called that occurs when an organized group of detectives deceive criminals into openly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity?

Sting operation

What does the acronym SQF stand for?

Stop, question, and frisk

Which of the following concepts recognized that members of the lower class experience anomie, or normlessness, when the means they have for achieving culturally defined goals—mainly wealth and financial success—are insufficient?

Strain

What type of laws defines crimes and their punishment in U.S. society?

Substantive criminal law

Which of the following are elements that would be rational for criminals to consider when planning their crimes?

Targeting high-value homes that do not have burglar alarms or other security devices Reading the newspaper stories about weddings or social events to determine when the occupants will be away, to figure out which homes are easy targets. Planning a robbery in areas that they routinely travel so that they have familiarity with the area for escape purposes

Although population trends are important, which other factors may shape the direction of the crime rate?

Technological change Social factors

Which of the following is a theory that explains why kids are more involved in crime than adults?

Teenagers are becoming independent from parents.

Which of the following are among the responsibilities of the United States Secret Service?

Telemarketing fraud investigations Investigating counterfeit currency Investigating identity crimes Protection of the president of the United States

Identify the organization that is the most critical voice against the use of drones by police organizations.

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Which ancient civilization was the first to codify the legal charters that now serve as the basis of U.S. criminal codes?

The Babylonians

Which Amendment to the Bill of Rights prohibits excessive bail and cruel or unusual punishment?

The Eighth Amendment

Which Amendment to the Constitution limits the admissibility of confessions that have been obtained unfairly?

The Fifth Amendment

Which Amendment ensures the protections enumerated in the Bill of Right are applied by the states?

The Fourteenth Amendment

What public body conducted an investigation into police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s that uncovered a widespread network of payoffs and bribes?

The Knapp Commission

Which government group granted hundreds of millions of dollars in federal aid to local and state justice agencies?

The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

A person is considered insane if at the time they committed the crime, they were operating under defective reasoning and could not tell or know what they were doing was wrong.

The M'Naghten rule

Which of the following is a formal intelligence-sharing initiative that identifies the security and intelligence-sharing needs recognized after the 9/11 terrorist attacks?

The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan

Which of the following statements accurately describe policing in the 1960s?

The U.S. Supreme Court handed down a number of decisions designed to control police operations and procedures. Civil unrest produced a growing tension between police and the public.

Which of the following are among Sir Robert Peel's principles of policing?

The basic mission for which police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force.

What occurs during the arraignment process?

The defendant is informed of their constitutional rights. Bail issues are considered. Formal charges are read. An initial plea is entered. A trial date is set.

Which branch of the government is responsible for the day-to-day operation of criminal justice agencies?

The executive branch

Which of the following are genetic factors that have been explored by biosocial theorists still concerned with the role of heredity in producing crime-prone people?

The genetic makeup of parents is passed on to children. Genetic abnormality is directly linked to a variety of antisocial behaviors. Antisocial behavior is inherited.

Which of the following are among the reasons that private policing has become so popular?

The growth of mass private property A preference for nongovernmental provision of important services

Which of the following defenses is referred to as a "fit of passion"?

The irresistible impulse defense

The call for decriminalization is characteristic of which criminal justice perspective?

The nonintervention perspective

Which perspective or perspectives believe that deinstitutionalization should be adopted within the criminal justice system?

The nonintervention perspective

What did the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study discover from the self-reporting data?

The number of people who break the law is far greater than the number projected by official statistics.

A police officer who shoots a suspect they believe is drawing a weapon cannot be charged with murder unless an exception exists. Identify all the exceptions that would allow an officer to be charged in this case.

The officer's actions were grossly negligent. The officer had no malicious intent. The officer's action was not contained within the scope of their duties.

Why is ethical behavior of particular importance when it comes to law enforcement?

The police have the authority to deprive people of their liberty.

Procedural due process seeks to ensure that no person will be deprived of life, liberty, or property. Which of the following are part of procedural due process?

The privilege to be free from self-incrimination The right to a formal hearing The right to counsel or some other representation

Which of the following statements describe the beliefs of the crime control perspective?

The proper role of the justice system is to prevent crime through the judicious use of criminal sanctions. If the justice system operated in an effective manner, most potential criminals would be deterred from crime.

What individual rights are protected under the Sixth Amendment of the American Bill of Rights?

The right to a speedy and public trial

What protections are afforded an individual under the Second Amendment of the American Bill of Rights?

The right to keep and bear arms

According to the conflict view of crime, who creates and enforces criminal law?

The ruling class

What effect did Tennessee v. Garner have on the policing world?

The ruling stated that deadly force may not be used unless it is necessary to prevent escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officer or others.

According to the Supreme Court, what must be included in the Miranda warning given to suspects who are being questioned about a crime?

The suspect has the right to have a lawyer present during questioning. The suspect has the right to remain silent.

What is the core belief of the restorative justice perspective?

The true purpose of the criminal justice system is to promote a peaceful and just society.

Which of the following is true of how life course theories view criminality?

They adopt a state dependence perspective. In early life, family relations may be most influential. As a result of people traveling through life, being constantly bombarded by changing perceptions and experiences, their behavior may change, sometimes for better and sometimes for worse. Some antisocial youths who are in trouble throughout adolescence may be able to find stable work and maintain intact marriages as adults.

What are some of the contributing factors listed for reasons why some females are more likely to commit crimes than other, nonoffending females?

They are alienated at home.

How are modern police agencies combating officer stress?

They are incorporating relaxation, meditation, and exercise into police training.

According to the latest NCVS survey, U.S. residents age 12 or older experienced property crime victimization at what rate as compared to violent crime victimization?

They experienced property crime victimization at a rate of over 2:1 compared to violent crime victimization.

Which of the following theories suggests that crime is caused not so much by human choice but by inherited and uncontrollable biological and psychological attributes: intelligence, body build, personality, biomedical makeup?

Trait Theory

What is the developmental approach to the life course theory of criminality that combines elements of latent trait and life course theory?

Trajectory theory

If a police organization's goal is to increase the chances of citizens helping police fight crime, which of the following is the best tactic to utilize?

Treat citizens with dignity and respect.

What do some critics say explains the race-based differences in the crime rates?

Unequal treatment by the justice system

Regardless of the style of policing, what job in a police department is still considered the backbone of the department, and constitutes two-thirds of that organization's personnel?

Uniformed patrol officer

Which of the following factors influence a police officer's use of discretion?

Victim factors Peer factors Departmental factors

What does the racial animus model state?

White America has developed a mental image of the typical offender as a young, inner-city Black male who offends with little remorse.

What standards do proponents of the interactionist view of crime consider when controlling behavior and determining if an action should be against the law?

Wrong Immoral

Crime prevention, detection, and the apprehension of criminals carried out by private organizations or individuals for commercial purposes is referred to as what?

Private policing

The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) updated the UCR by adding 11 additional crimes to the Part I and Part II FBI reporting requirements. Which of the following are additional crimes that need to be reported to the FBI under the NIBRS requirements?

Bribery Blackmail

Which federal entity has jurisdiction over illegal sale, importation, and criminal misuse of firearms and explosives?

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)

Which of the following is true of the police force created by the Metropolitan Police Act?

Members were unsuccessful at stopping crime. It was initially composed of more than 1,000 men. Members wore distinctive uniforms. Members were influenced by the wealthy. Many of the members were corrupt. It was structured along military lines. In the early years, nearly one-third of the officers were dismissed each year.

Under common law, for an act to constitute a crime, the actor must have which of the following?

Mens rea

How often are law enforcement agencies required to report the number of Part I crimes known to them?

Monthly

Which of the following key points define the results of Kansas City's broken windows model?

Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals. Neighborhood disorder creates fear. Police need to aggressively target low-level quality of life crimes.

Historically speaking, an early form of American law enforcement in which volunteers were organized into groups that patrolled their community from dusk to dawn to keep the peace was referred to as what?

Night watch system

You are a judge overseeing the trial of a police officer who killed a suspect during a drug bust. While trying to handcuff the suspect, the officer's gun dropped onto the floor and discharged. The bullet traveled through a wall and struck another suspect who was already handcuffed on the couch in a living room. Would you describe the actions of this officer as "using deadly force"?

No

What is the legal term used to describe a prosecutor deciding not to take any further action in a case?

Nolle prosequi

If an officer finds marijuana in someone's car (in a state where recreational use of marijuana is not legal), and decides to confiscate the drug, rather than confiscating the drug and arresting the car owner, what is this an example of?

Officer discretion

If an officer is paid what they consider to be low pay, what type of stressor is this?

Organizational stressor

Which of the following terms reflects the idea that parents who are supportive and who effectively control their children in a noncoercive fashion are more likely to raise children who refrain from delinquency?

Parental efficacy

Which of the following would fall under the category of "investigation" under the formal criminal justice process?

Patrol officers drive up to a restaurant that is being robbed. The officers see the crime occurring and arrest the offenders.

Who do Americans face the greatest physical danger from?

People who they are in close intimate contact with

Felony disenfranchisement refers to which one of the following?

People with felony convictions lose their right to vote.

Which of the following is true of the best-known latent trait theory's general theory of crime?

People with limited self-control lack diligence, tenacity, and persistence in a course of action. People with limited self-control tend to be impulsive, insensitive, physical (rather than mental), risk-taking, shortsighted, and nonverbal. People with limited self-control have a here and now orientation and refuse to work for distant goals. Individual differences in the tendency to commit criminal acts can be found in a person's level of self-control.

What methods does the UCR use to express crime data?

Per 100,000 people Raw data Changes in the rate of crime over time

What are the elements of the crime of larceny?

Personal property Taking Carrying away

Which term describes the amount of order, maintenance, crime control, and other law enforcement activities provided by individual police officers?

Police productivity

Which of the following is NOT identified as a "stressor" for police officers?

Police union membership