CJ111-- Final Exam

A change of venue involves postponing the date of a trial to allow emotions to cool, as a way of ensuring a fair trial and an impartial jury.

False

A probation officer must get a search warrant before a search of a probationer's residence is permitted.

False

A sentence of "four years in prison" is an indeterminate sentence.

False

After you shoot a couple of times it is ok to lay flat on your back in a gun fight

False

An officer should allow someone to reenter their vehicle after they exited without instruction on a traffic stop.

False

Assigned counsel are full-time state employees who represent indigent defendants.

False

Correctional officers are at the top of the prison staff hierarchy.

False

If a defendant refuses to testify during a trial, the prosecution can inform the jury this is an indication that the defendant is guilty.

False

In most jurisdictions, non-citizens may serve on a jury if they have been legal residents of the U.S. for a specified minimum period of time.

False

It is normal for someone to keep grabbing a bag or reach in their car on a traffic stop. It is their property and we should not restrict that movement.

False

Offenders convicted of serious violent crimes are not eligible for probation.

False

Presentence investigations are conducted by the court.

False

Prison subcultures tend to remain stable over time, despite changes in the wider culture.

False

Rehabilitation depends on a fear of the consequences of violating the law.

False

The primary concern of correctional officers today is the effective rehabilitation of inmates.

False

Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality? Select one: a. Rehabilitation b. Incapacitation c. Retribution d. Deterrence

Incapacitation

________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime. Select one: a. Indeterminate sentencing b. Presumptive sentencing c. Mandatory sentencing d. Truth in sentencing

Mandatory sentencing

Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional? Select one: a. Never—mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional. b. When the victim was a police officer who was killed during the performance of his or her duty c. When there are aggravating circumstances that make the crime even more serious d. When the murder was committed by a prison inmate already serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole

Never—mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional.

Which of the following is a prisoner reentry strategy? Select one: a. Parole b. Community service c. Probation d. Restitution

Parole

What is prison argot? Select one: a. The prison code b. A type of alcohol prisoners secretly brew c. A code name for homosexuals in prison d. Prison slang

Prison slang

What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States? Select one: a. Incarceration b. Probation c. Fine d. Parole

Probation

Which type of indigent defense involves the use of full-time salaried state employees? Select one: a. Assigned counsel b. Private counsel programs c. Contract attorney programs d. Public defender programs

Public defender programs

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole? Select one: a. Reduced risk of criminal socialization b. Relative lack of punishment c. Increased use of community services d. Increased employment

Relative lack of punishment

A defendant who is NOT indigent and who can afford private attorney fees will have which type of defense attorney? Select one: a. A public defender b. Assigned counsel c. Court-appointed counsel d. Retained counsel

Retained counsel

________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole. Select one: a. Investigatory b. Revocation c. Imprisonment d. Judicial

Revocation

________ among female inmates is very high. Select one: a. Excellent health b. Sexual aggression c. Substance abuse d. High school education

Substance abuse

Which of the following best describes female offenders? Select one: a. In their 20s b. Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children c. Disproportionately white d. Most likely to have been convicted of a property crime

Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children

Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served? Select one: a. The leniency of the parole board b. The leniency of the judge c. The inmate's behavior while incarcerated d. Pressure from politicians

The inmate's behavior while incarcerated

Which of the following is one of the three most frequent violations for which probation or parole revocation occurs? Select one: a. The offender commits a new violent or property crime while under supervision. b. The offender is found in possession of a firearm while under supervision. c. The offender leaves the jurisdiction without permission while under supervision. d. The offender abuses alcohol or drugs while under supervision.

The offender abuses alcohol or drugs while under supervision.

Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance? Select one: a. The offender possessed a deadly weapon during the crime. b. The offender acted under strong provocation. c. The offender induced others to participate in the crime. d. The crime was committed for hire.

The offender acted under strong provocation.

Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition? Select one: a. The probationer must allow the probation officer to visit at home or work. b. The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license. c. The probationer must remain within the jurisdiction of the court. d. The probationer may not possess a firearm.

The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license.

A dying declaration is an exception to the hearsay rule.

True

A judge determines guilt in a bench trial.

True

A prosecutor exercises prosecutorial discretion when deciding which witnesses to call for trial.

True

A victim may be a lay witness.

True

Actions by a suspect that indicate they may be planning an assault are called pre-attack indicators

True

Always control the hands.

True

Because federal probation officers are law enforcement officers, they have the authority to arrest.

True

Boot camp programs do not appear to have a significant impact on offender recidivism.

True

Correctional authorities may not impose punishments on inmates without appropriate due process.

True

Defendants have the constitutional right to represent themselves.

True

If someone is willing to die for something they are willing to kill for something.

True

If you have decided someone is a danger to the community and discharged your firearm, you should continue to fire until the threat is neutralized.

True

In most cases, the defendant must be present at trial.

True

Inmates who are realists tend to continue their involvement in crime after being released from prison.

True

Intensive probation supervision can be effective at reducing recidivism.

True

It is a bad idea to let someone make a phone call on a traffic stop

True

Justice reinvestment emphasizes the use of alternative sanctions for nonviolent offenders.

True

Most women's prisons do not have programs specifically designed for female offenders.

True

Non-heterosexual inmates are at greater risk of sexual victimization while incarcerated.

True

Officers should maintain a high level of physical fitness at all stages of their career.

True

Probation is more successful than parole at reducing the risk of criminal socialization.

True

Reentry courts oversee an offender's supervised release into the community.

True

Reintegration appears to be a key element in reducing recidivism rates among inmates released on parole.

True

Research suggests that electronic monitoring reduces the risk of parole revocation.

True

Residents in total institutions are generally cut off from the larger society.

True

Security threat groups are prison gangs.

True

Sexual misconduct between staff and inmates is more common in women's prisons than in men's prisons.

True

Specific deterrence focuses on reducing recidivism by convicted offenders.

True

The U.S. Supreme Court has made the federal sentencing guidelines merely advisory.

True

The death penalty may not be imposed on an adult offender if he was under the age of 18 at the time the crime was committed.

True

The indeterminate sentencing model can result in judicial discrimination based on the offender's race or social class.

True

The registered owner having an active warrant is probable cause for a traffic stop.

True

The use of fines can help reduce the problem of prison overcrowding.

True

Three-strikes laws are a form of mandatory sentencing.

True

Violation of parole conditions can result in parole revocation.

True

George has been accused of multiple crimes. Why would the prosecutor want to try George separately on each charge? Select one: a. Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial b. Trying charges separately would let the prosecutor present a considerable amount of evidence at trial c. Trying charges separately would allow the prosecutor to present a complete sequence of all criminal events d. Trying charges separately would save the state considerable time and money

Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial

________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom. Select one: a. Jurors b. Victims c. Lay witnesses d. Defendants

Victims

Community service and home detention are examples of ________ sentencing. Select one: a. proportionate b. concurrent c. determinate d. alternative

alternative

Mario is a criminal attorney with a private practice. He has been appointed by the court to serve as a defense attorney for an indigent defendant and receives a fee from the court at a rate set by the state government. Mario is a(n) ________ counsel. Select one: a. private b. opposing c. public d. assigned

assigned

The ________ keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom. Select one: a. court recorder b. court administrator c. clerk of court d. bailiff

bailiff

Most female inmates are housed in ________. Select one: a. coed prisons that allow men and women access to the same facilities at different times b. centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing female offenders c. coed prisons that allow men and women access to the same facilities at the same time d. special wings of facilities that are otherwise institutions for men

centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing female offenders

The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________. Select one: a. charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense b. handle matters relating to individuals who have been declared mentally incompetent c. serve as a judge of probate to oversee wills and the administration of estates d. test the credibility and memory of the witness

charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense

Probation is ordered by the ________. Select one: a. parole board b. investigating officer c. court d. victim

court

General deterrence attempts to ________. Select one: a. make the victim whole again b. discourage potential offenders from committing crimes c. prevent individual offenders from engaging in future criminal acts d. separate offenders from the community to reduce opportunities for future criminality

discourage potential offenders from committing crimes

Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions she must observe apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. These are known as ________ conditions. Select one: a. specific b. binding c. general d. special

general

The judge ________. Select one: a. determines what charge to bring against a suspect b. holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law c. is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defendant d. is responsible for testing the strength of the prosecution's case

holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law

The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world. Select one: a. liberty b. importation c. autonomy d. deprivation

importation

A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing. Select one: a. indeterminate b. concurrent c. structured d. consecutive

indeterminate

A subpoena ________. Select one: a. is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court b. is issued by a bailiff c. orders the sheriff to make an arrest d. results in a trial de novo

is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court

An eyewitness who saw a crime being committed is an example of a(n) ________ witness. Select one: a. expert b. lay c. known d. hostile

lay

The use of ________ is increasing. Select one: a. discretionary release b. reentry parole c. medical parole d. mandatory parole

medical parole

According to John Irwin, an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer is a(n) ________. Select one: a. hedonist b. retreatist c. opportunist d. legalist

opportunist

One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the ________. Select one: a. frustration and boredom associated with the job b. lack of political support for raises c. lack of opportunity for promotion and career development d. potential threat that inmates pose

potential threat that inmates pose

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________. Select one: a. administration b. adaptation c. neutralization d. prisonization

prisonization

Jack violated a condition of his parole. This resulted in parole ________ and he was returned to prison. Select one: a. reentry b. restitution c. revocation d. desistance

revocation

The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are ________. Select one: a. crime rates b. birth rates c. sentencing policies d. state and federal budgets

sentencing policies

"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________. Select one: a. it is best to keep to oneself and not fraternize with other officers b. rehabilitation is the number one priority of corrections officials c. the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality d. all prison inmates are "monsters"

the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality

Proportionality means that ________. Select one: a. similar crimes are punished with similar sentences b. there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime c. caseloads must be distributed equally among the available judges d. the offender's criminal history should be objectively considered at sentencing

there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime

Many sexual aggressors in prison continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________. Select one: a. have a damaged masculinity b. need sexual release c. are homosexuals d. want to avoid becoming victims themselves

want to avoid becoming victims themselves