cog

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which one of these early pioneers in cognitive psychology was the first to undertake quantitative measurements of mental processes?

Ebbinghaus

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Harry is creating a chart that compares the four perspectives on object perception. Which perspective should Harry place under the "Bottom-Up" heading on his chart?

Gestalt principles

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference

Which of the following will likely NOT advance beyond sensory memory?

a fireflies glow

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions

Which of the following would be an example of auditory coding in long-term memory?

a song you have heard many times before, repeating over and over in your mind

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Experts _________________ than novices.

ake a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house

According to Baddeley, the central executive controls ________.

attention

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware, unaware

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

bumblebee

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

cake mug

Suppose someone has told you a phone number, and you're repeating it over and over again to yourself with the hope that you'll remember it before you dial the number. This example is a type of a ___ called ___.

control process, rehearsal

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.

deductive

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?

deliberate

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Which component of Broadbent's model of attention is focused on the meaning of a stimulus?

detector

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

distraction

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

freedom

Which of the following would play a key role in research on the physiology of cognition?

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Driving in the dense fog, Sandeep could only see rows of large, white rectangles up ahead. As he got closer, he could make out that the rectangles were lighted windows in his hotel. Which term best describes what Sandeep experienced?

hierarchical processing

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

illusory truth effect

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

inductive reasoning

Which of the following has become one of the dominant approaches in contemporary psychology?

information processing

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state.

intermediate

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is

invalid

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

location

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure

mental scanning

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Action potentials occur in the

neuron

The use of positron emission tomography enables psychological research to get down to the level of _____.

neurons

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?

propositional

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon

rate of nerve firing

Neurons in the skin that detect a spider crawling up your leg are called ________.

receptors

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

repetition

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

retrieval cues

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

All of the following illustrate implicit memory EXCEPT ___.

semantic knowledge

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery.

spatial

Perception is to memory as _____ is to _____.

stimulation, interpretation

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

the argument is strong because there are a large number of observations

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

the framing effect

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

the hippocampus

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

the method of loci

Suppose you're shown five rows containing five letters each. You're then told to recall only one row of letters. In doing so, you're utilizing ___.

the partial report method

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Suppose a subject began recall of a list of words after counting backwards for 30 seconds. What would be the likely consequence of doing this?

the recency effect is eliminated

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representativeness heuristic

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down processing

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

valid

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

when someone accurately identified a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Which of the following should have the lowest threshold for being activated to attention according to Treisman?

your name