Cog Psych Chapter 9

39. In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal.

36. Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

13. Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

50. Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates?

Parallel distributed processing theory

28. Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

55. Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units.

back propagation

42. Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

spreading activation

12. Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

strong

29. According to the text, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

14. Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

583: 653: 518 msec

40. Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

30. Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

16. When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

44. In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a letter string is a word.

64. At what age do infants begin forming basic level categories? A. 2 months B. 3-4 months C. 6-7 months D. 1 year b

b

26. According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

32. Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itza participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itza participants would answer ____.

bird; sparrow

15. According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

34. In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a

node.

35. The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

38. The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

45. Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

58. Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

weights.

51. Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary) is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network.

False

63. Which methodology is used to study categorization processes in very young infants? A. Familiarization/novelty preference procedure B. Sentence verification technique C. Lexical decision task D. Semantic priming procedure

A

41. According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A pig is an animal.

6. ______ is an average representation of a category. A. A prototype B. An exemplar C. A unit D. A component

A prototype

61. If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that A. it loses information at a very slow rate. B. damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation. C. it is either functioning at 100 percent, or it is not functioning at all. D. it can be set to operate at "low efficiency" or "high efficiency" depending on the demand of the current task.

B

9. Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves A. more prototypes than Bob's. B. more exemplars than Bob's. C. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. D. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

B

54. Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

60. One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that A. these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. B. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. C. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. D. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.

C

2. Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

62. Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being A. specific. B. subordinate. C. graded. D. distributed.

D

23. Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

21. _______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

22. An advantage of the prototype approach over the exemplar approach is that the prototype approach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect.

Fals

47. Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. People consider this to be a strong theory because it is powerful enough to explain just about any result.

False

8. Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

11. Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? A. Raven B. Duck C. Hummingbird D. Sparrow

Sparrow

27. People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Superordinate

10. A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

57. The activity that represents a particular object is established in a connectionist network through a process of learning that involves

adjusting the weights of inhibitory and excitatory connections between units.

37. How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node. A. can fly; bird B. can fly; canary C. has feathers; ostrich D. bird; penguin

can fly; bird

7. The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

1. A(n) ____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.

concept

52. Connectionist networks are modeled after neural networks in the nervous system and incorporate all of the following features of the nervous system EXCEPT

concepts represented by activity in individual nodes.

53. One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

56. The process of back propagation is most closely associated with A. semantic networks. B. connectionist networks. C. reasoning about categories. D. spreading activation.

connectionist networks.

3. Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

definitional

4. The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

20. If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization. A. exemplar B. definitional C. family resemblance D. prototype

exemplar

25. Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

18. Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus.

5. The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance.

24. Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a dog that does not bark.

48. Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. However, their revised model was not immune to criticism. One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it

is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result.

43. Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

19. Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

33. If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

subordinate; basic

59. The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when A. the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00. B. the output pattern matches the initial input pattern. C. the back propagated error signal is zero. D. the output unit response is greater than zero.

the back propagated error signal is zero.

31. Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

17. For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

49. Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence.

46. Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. In their modification, Collins and Loftus account for the typicality effect by

using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts.