Cognitive Exam 2

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.

emotional

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 First Dates

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?

Engagement

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

Facts

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?

Form

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following

Location

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

Testing

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference.

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.

skill

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion

highlighting

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory

implicit and procedural

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________

knowing; remembering

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories

organizational context

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it.

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________

two

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

semantic

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

systems

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories

the hippocampus

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being

the same as or resembling the priming stimulus

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

Semantic memory

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.

autobiographical

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in long-term memory