Cognitive Test 3

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...

Arise from the same constructive processes that produce the true memories

Imagery neurons respond to...

An actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

Anterior temporal lobe

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of...

24 hours

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? Trial 1: An owl is a bird Trial 2: A penguin is a bird Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird

583: 653: 518 ms

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

A bumblebee

Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using...

A depictive representation

Mental-scanning experiments found

A direct relationship between scanning time and distance of the image

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?

A pink beachball on your towel

___________ is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...

A sequence of actions

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

A spatial layout

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

A task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize

Abstractions

Which of the following does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

Accurate

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

Adolescence and young adulthood

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...

After the event

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime scene are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a line up

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

At the far side of the front yard, away from the house

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was...

Auditory from a female speaker

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___ in which an error is transmitted starting from the property units

Back propagation

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

Basic

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Cake mug

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property ____________ is stored at the __________ node

Can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Category members that have been encountered in the past

Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________________

Chronometry

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the...

Cognitive hypothesis

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

Concepts

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Connection weights

One of the key properties of the ___ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network

Connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

Connectionist networks

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________________ process.

Constructive

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word "sleep", false memory occurs because of...

Constructive memory process

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken form the French Indian culture illustrated the

Constructive nature of memory

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?

Content

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

Cortisol

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved...

Creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ______________

Crowding

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

Crowding

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

Cryptoamnesia

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on...

Cultural expectations

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ____ approach to categorization

Definitional

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ____________

Distributed

Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)?

Emotion

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information...

Even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...

Narrative rehearsal hypothesis

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

Exemplar

Research suggests that the _____________ approach to categorization works best for small categories

Exemplar

Mental imagery involves...

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

Facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" is...

Family resemblance

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?

Image processing will be reduced by half

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that...

Imagery and perception can interact with one another

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

Imagery requires a special mechanism

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup...

Increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___________ in playing the game.

Inner audition

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory...

Involves making inferences

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog". Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German Shephard. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

Is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery...

Is based on spatial or language mechanisms

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that

It is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

According to the typicality effect,

Items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following?

Layout

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network

Learning

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated...

Less efficiently than normal

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants...

Make more errors in their recollections

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

Memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for the participants to decide whether two objects were the same or different. These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using...

Mental chronometry

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

Mental images

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

Mental scanning

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.

Mental walk

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

More exemplars than Bob's

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?

Multidimensional

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

Neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

People were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images even when they were unaware that the projected images were present

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

Perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than the imagery does

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruptions from the officer

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of the brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?

Prefrontal cortex

In the lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

Presented stimulus is a word

Spreading activation...

Primes associated concepts

As described in the text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT

Propositions

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization.

Prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

Repetition

Memories that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be __________________

Repressed

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen...

Schema

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

Schemas

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store ______________

Script

A person who has been diagnosed with ____________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts

Semantic

According to the ___ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain

Semantic category

The _____________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation

Semantic network

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _________ and one that distinguishes __________

Sensory attributes; function

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

Size of the field of view

The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?

Smell perfume

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgements for bth famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of ____________ on memory

Source misattribution

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.

Spreading activation

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________________ as imagery is to __________________

Stone; smoke

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

Strong

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?

Strong encoding

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ____________ categories results in the largest gain in information

Superordinate level to basic level

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

Synapse activity

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

The embodied approach

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

The method of loci

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos....

The person took him/herself

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

The presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

The same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than kiwi

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement is that these techniques work because...

They showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept?

Topographic map

Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery perception overlap?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer _______________ and Itzaj participants would answer _________________.

Tree; oak

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds.

Two

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.

Typicality

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________.

Using visual images; deactivated

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

boat ______________ - car ___________________