Com 249 Final Study Guide

When we see increasing amounts of advertising and the mixing of commercial & noncommerical materials in our media, we are experiencing

hypercommercialism

The American novel flowered in the 1800s because of all of the following except

increased leisure time

Because so many newspapers now have online versions of their publications, many observers feel that "circulation" is an insufficient measure of a paper's true readership. They propose a new metric that combines paper and unique online readers called

integrated audience reach

The first successful (lasting more than a few days) colonial newspaper was John Campbell's 1704 Boston News-Letter. One reason it succeeded where others had failed was that

it received subsidies from the government loyal to the Crown

One of Doom's defining contributions to game play as we know it today was that

it was the first interactive game that could be played by several people over a computer network.

Produced to look like a consumer magazine, a ________ is actually a mail-order catalog.

magalogue

Studios financing their own films with their own money are called

majors

In Schramm's model of mass communication, messages from the media organization to the mass audience are characterized as

many and identical

Many of today's popular tunes are "written to track," meaning a producer makes a beat and then a songwriter listens to it and attempts to generate words that fit that beat. Industry people call this

mathematical songwriting

A recent trend in the book business is ________, the idea that potential synergies between books and other media have spurred big media companies to invest in publishing companies.

"Hollywoodization"

Every Avengers movie hits the big screen with existing story lines, recognizable imaginary worlds, and characters familiar not only from earlier films but also from the comic books that spawned them. They also have a built-in fan base. As such, they are a perfect example of

IP (intellectual property) movies

The first instance of U.S. government regulation of radio was the ______, passed soon after the passengers of the sinking ship Republic were saved because that vessel was equipped with a radio.

Wireless Ship Act of 1910

When you read Vogue, Sports Illustrated, or Wired, you're reading ________ magazine.

a consumer

________ is a newspaper's ability to influence not only what we think, but what we think about.

agenda setting

Audience fragmentation happens when

audiences for specific media content become smaller and more defined

Groups with specific but not dominant cultures that exist as part of those larger cultures are ________ cultures

bounded

Much, if not most, of today's mobile gaming take the form of ______ games.

casual

It seems that most of the CDs in your town's last remaining music store are old albums from bands that your parents liked years ago. That may annoy you, but music from these __________ albums keeps the music industry profitable.

catalog

The Lumière brothers developed a device that would both shoot and project motion pictures. They called it the

cinematographe

When an affiliate airs a network's program, it is said to ______ the show.

clear time for

The Federal Trade Commission passed a rule requiring magazines that use sponsored content to

clearly identify and label sponsored content as advertisements

People's tendency to accept information that confirms their beliefs and reject information that does not confirm their beliefs describes

confirmation bias

Magazine circulation comes in the form of subscription, single-copy sales, and

controlled circulation

Publishing houses, now increasingly part of larger conglomerates, were once typically small operations, closely identified with their authors and staffs. In other words, publishing was largely a ________ industry.

cottage

The success of smaller, more local newspapers can be credited to

coverage of unique material not found easily elsewhere

In mass communication, feedback is typically

delayed and inferential

In the fraction of selection formula, the cost of a babysitter when you want to go to the movies is part of the

effort required

There is a wealth of scholarly research demonstrating the link between reading literary fiction and

empathy for others

After its development by Gutenberg, the printing press spread rather slowly throughout Europe.

false

As opposed to other mass media, conglomeration has yet to strike the book publishing industry.

false

Books are an advertiser-supported medium.

false

Cable television was initially developed as a way to bring movies without commercials into U.S. homes.

false

Controlled circulation means that magazine publishers intentionally limit the overall size of their readership.

false

Genres are such things as choice of lighting, editing, special effects, camera angle, and size and placement of a headline.

false

One criticism of the video-game ratings system is that the ratings are assigned by a panel of clergy who have little experience with games and gaming.

false

Since the newspaper has converged with the Internet, the industry has discovered effective ways to charge for content and measure readership.

false

The Saturday Evening Post was the first of the mass-circulation magazines to fold after the arrival of television.

false

The ethnic press—for example, African-American, Latino, and Native-American newspapers—is a very recent development from the past 50 years.

false

The general consensus is that digital content and online versions of magazines substitute for the printed content.

false

The penny press succeeded by appealing to better-off, fairly well-educated readers attractive to advertisers.

false

The primary technology used to collect today's television ratings is the audimeter.

false

The three primary activities of the film industry are production, distribution, and promotion.

false

Video game industry revenues have not yet quite matched those of the movie industry.

false

When a professor lectures to a large class of students, this is an example of mass communication.

false

When many media companies collect together to become just a few large corporations, this can be referred to as convergence.

false

Games played as though seen from the gamer's point of view are called

first-person perspective games

Games that offer in-game virtual currency for various activities or sometimes for watching a commercial before playing are called

freemium games

The mistreatment of female gamers, the sexism inherent in the portrayal of females in the games themselves, and the continued bullying of female players, especially in online live play collectively have become known as the _________ controversy.

gamergate

Using video game skills and conventions to solve real-world problems is known as

gamification

Unlike the process in traditional network television in which networks typically require the production of a pilot before they commit to airing a show, streaming services have begun to offer successful producers ___________, cash up front to bind them to their platform.

green-flag options

Buffeted by scandal, Hollywood established a self-censoring board, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, and installed a former postmaster general as its head. The MPPDA was often simply called the

hays office

Stanley decided to take an easy Friday night at home this week. After picking up some takeout, they settle onto the couch to watch a new episode of "The Sandman" on Netflix on their connected living room TV. While watching the episode, Stanley gets curious about the actors, so they use their phone to simultaneously read recent news articles about the cast of the show. This led them to also watch a YouTube video interview with one of the show's stars on their tablet. By the time the episode was over, Stanley had already read 4 articles and also watched the interview (using closed captions so they could still hear the episode on TV). Which term best describes what Stanley was doing in this example?

media multitasking

MUD stands for

multi-user dimension

The differences between the individual elements of interpersonal and mass communication change the ________ the communication process.

nature of

Offering special perks and features to select magazine subscribers is called

paid membership

Music for the kinetoscope was provided by what other Edison invention?

phonograph

People are becoming ___________________ in that they increasingly have no preference for where they access their media content.

platform agnostic

Many publishers, even authors, are happy to distribute their books in any and all formats, both print and electronic. This is called

platform agnostic publishing

You know your independently produced movie will be a big hit, but you don't have the money to promote it like a major studio production. So you exhibit it in eight theaters in some of the country's biggest cities and wait for word-of-mouth to promote the movie for you, later booking it on 2,000 screens. You have engaged in a

platform rollout

Critics fear the use of ________ in books will sacrifice the quality of the work to please sponsors.

product placement

Culture is the world made meaningful; it is socially constructed and maintained through communication. It limits as well as liberates us; it differentiates as well as unites us. It defines our realities and thereby

shapes the ways we think, feel, and act

Using a set-top box, the Internet, or an app, depending on the service, you can get HBO all by itself; Hulu will deliver Disney, Turner, ESPN, and Fox channels; DirecTV NOW will give you just 100 channels. These are examples of

skinny bundles

Sensational stories that do not serve the democratic function of journalism are known as

soft news

The front page of your local paper runs a lengthy story about an athlete's experience in the World Series. This is an example of

soft news

The trustee model of broadcast regulation is based in part on the premise that because broadcast spectrum space is limited, and therefore not everyone who wants to broadcast can, those who are granted licenses to serve a local area must accept regulation. This is called the philosophy of

spectrum scarcity

Which of the following is the name for the special versions of a given issue of a magazine, in which editorial content and ads vary according to some specific demographic or regional grouping?

split runs

Newspaper articles paid for by advertisers or even created by those advertisers that look like traditional editorial content is

sponsored content

You listen to music on YouTube, and when you hear tunes you particularly like, you download them to your laptop, engaging in the practice of

stream ripping

Several towns in your state have come together to propose a tax that would fund local journalism that would otherwise be lacking. They want to create a community information district because they believe

that journalism is a public service

Lucille Ball's insistence that she, rather than CBS, own the rights to her television program set the stage not only for reruns but also for

the creation of the syndication industry

Communication is best defined as

the encoding of a message intended for a recipient

In communication, the means by which messages are carried is

the medium

The Little Free Library Movement is one example of

the public's growing affection for libraries

The common assumption that others are influenced by media messages but you are not is

the third-person effect

The spectacular success of Pokémon Go was made possible in part by

the widespread availability of mobile gaming devices, including phones and tablets.

Groups of channels made available to subscribers at varying prices are known in the cable business as

tiers

Periscope and Facebook Live are technologies that permit people to stream live video directly

to TV news operations

What types of magazines carry stories, features, and ads aimed at people in specific professions and are distributed either by professional organizations or by media companies like Whittle Communications and Time Warner?

trade, professional, and business magazines

A blockbuster game can cost as much to produce and market as a blockbuster movie.

true

Advertorials are ads that appear in magazines and take on the appearance of genuine editorial content.

true

Biases and predispositions are common forms of noise.

true

Corporate independent studios are specialty or niche divisions of major studios designed to produce more sophisticated—but less costly—movies.

true

Different bounded cultures can share a common dominant culture.

true

From the beginning, newspapers have been an advertiser-supported medium.

true

In radio, the dollars earned from the sale of air time are called billings.

true

Media literacy is a skill that can be acquired and developed.

true

More than half of all Americans play video games.

true

Much of smartphone and tablet listening occurs via social networking sites' streaming services.

true

Recently, the number of online movie sales has grown larger than the number of DVD sales.

true

The Internet has played a significant role in changing the process of mass communication specifically because the audience has, in many instances, now become the source.

true

The Radio Act of 1927 created the Federal Radio Commission.

true

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 led to deregulation in the radio industry, which allowed for the existence of duopolies.

true

The book is the least "mass" of our mass media in terms of audience reach.

true

The first successful commercial computer, used in the 1950s by the Census Bureau, was UNIVAC.

true

The most important story in a newspaper, as indicated by its placement, is located on the front page, toward the left, and above the fold.

true

Vertical integration was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court in what is known as the Paramount Decision.

true

Which British inventor sent moving images across the Atlantic using a mechanical disc in the 1920s?

John Logie Baird

The first public demonstration of television, in the form of regularly scheduled two-hour broadcasts, was presented by ______ at the 1939 World's Fair.

NBC

Stations that are owned and operated by a broadcast network are called

O&Os

Online audio file sharing that employs a person-to-person exchange of files while bypassing centralized servers is called

P2P