Combo with Art Appreciation 1560 Chapter 3.1 and 2 others

Roman engineering

Concrete made the creation of the dome possible. Water drains away quickly thanks to gradual slope of floor.

Mihrab from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Iran

Prayer niche identifying direction of Mecca. Tiles decorated with geometric design and calligraphy. Arabesque style, Pointed arch, Script bordering edges of frame quotes from the Koran.

Theodora

Rich robe shows Three Magi on the hem. Carries a chalice of wine that, when combined with the bread held by Justinian in the nearby mosaic, signifies the Eucharist ceremony.

Christianity

Worships Jesus Christ as the son of God Second Commandment. Admonishes that Christians should not worship idols. Some sects believe that this warns against making images of religious figures.

Hieroglyphs

Written form of the Egyptian language, Can represent objects, ideas, or sounds, written on many artworks, often describing who or what is depicted, and the subject's significance.

Gothic architecture

Increased height, Rib vaults, Flying buttresses.

Mummification

Complex process to preserve the body for the afterlife, Organs separated into canopic jars, Body wrapped and buried in layers of sarcophagi.

The Acropolis, Athens, Greece

Athens dedicated to the goddess Athena after she won a battle with Poseidon. Original temple complex destroyed by Persians. The re-growth of Athena's olive tree inspired the Athenians to rebuild. The Persians were seen as barbarians and the Greek cities united to prepare for future battles.

Bernini's David

Baroque, Designed to be viewed in the round, Dynamic energy of pose, Even the muscles in his face are tensed.

Prehistory

Before written history, No written records survive

The High Renaissance in Italy

Beginning of the 16th century. Continued development of making art look "believable". Rules of perspective, Ideal and real, Religious and mythological subject matter.

Romanesque

Begins in the 11th century CE. Period of building large stone churches covered with sculpture.

Vase Painting

Black-figure painting, Red-figure painting.

Manuscripts and the Middle Ages

Books written and decorated by hand. Artists and scribes were often monks. Beauty and detail of manuscripts encouraged long contemplation.

Reformation and Counter-Reformation

Catholic and Protestant beliefs were reflected in the art of the Italian Renaissance and the northern Renaissance

Peter Paul Rubens, The Raising of the Cross

Center panel of an altarpiece for a church. Focus on Christ's body. Strong diagonal lines. Bright light. Muscular body, immaculate flesh.

Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages

Central to the practice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Pilgrims traveled to: Places where relics were kept, Sites of important religious events.

Christ as Good Shepherd

Centrally located in cross-like formation Youthful and beardless. Adapted from pagan images of Orpheus and Apollo.

stylistic characteristics of Byzantine art

Christian subject matter. Small icons promote personal mediation. Glass mosaics made for churches. Floating figures in which line is emphasized rather than volume. Flat spaces with minimal sense of depth. Light an important element for churches and mosaics. (Frequent use of gold, especially in the background. Empty background to signify no connection to a specific time or place.)

Michelangelo's David

Classical athletic body, Idealized, proportions. Poised in contemplation before battle.

Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper

Commissioned by Dominican friars. Story of the Last Supper =Christ's last meal with his disciples before crucifixion.

Judaism

Descendants of Abraham. Yahweh's (God's) face is not shown in art. Few examples of Jewish art survive.

Tenebrism

Dramatic light dark background, figures seem to be lit with a spotlight).

Donatello, David

Early Renaissance. Inspired by the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Revives the ancient technique of bronze casting. First monumental nude since antiquity. Idealized depiction of the human body.

Artwork characteristics

Emphasis on light, Diversity of approaches, Dramatic movement and theatrical compositions.

Medieval

End of Roman Empire in the west by 476 CE. The western part of the empire followed the Roman Catholic Church.

stylistic characteristics of art from the Middle Ages

Expresses spiritual concerns rather than humanist ones. Made to support religion and pilgrimages. Centered around location of relics and important sites. Religious subject matter. Richly decorated manuscripts. Fantastical animal-like forms Elongated and twisted figures. Grand-scale cathedrals.

Chartres Cathedral

Exterior: Rib vaults make great height possible. Flying buttresses. Large stained-glass windows. Interior: Famous for blue stained glass windows. Labyrinth at entrance, symbolic of spiritual and physical journey.

Theodora and Attendants, San Vitale

Mosaic. Figures flat and appear to be floating. Set in a garden because in reality women were not actually allowed near the apse in the church.

Fowling scene, from the tomb of Nebamun

Found in tomb of the scribe Nebamun, Shows desires in the afterlife.

Jonah swallowed by whale

Four scenes shown in semicircles. Story foreshadows Christ's resurrection.

Emperor Justinian great patron of the arts

Funded Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. Protected icons at monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt.

Polytheism

Gods and goddesses often the subject of art. High above each city was an acropolis, a religious center with a temple dedicated to the city's protective deity.

Albrecht Dürer, The Last Supper

He was influenced by Classical subject matter. And Italian Renaissance rules of perspective and composition. This woodcut was made 25 years after Leonardo's painting The Last Supper.

Symbolism in Medieval Churches

Imagery used to teach the faithful stories from the Bible. Many parishioners and pilgrims were illiterate.

Caravaggio

Innovative painter, tumultuous personal life. Developed stylistic technique called tenebrism.

Tintoretto, The Last Supper

Intensely dramatic quality of this painting is characteristic of Counter-Reformation art. Diagonal lines, Asymmetrical balance, Extremes of light and dark, Supernatural light, Active and dynamic.

Caravaggio's Judith Decapitating Holofernes

Italian Baroque. Dramatic light calls attention to the violence of the scene. 17th-century (present-day) clothing.

Minoan Artwork

Knossos Palace complex, Large and maze like with more than 1,300 rooms, Home of ruler, King Minos, Site of governmental, ceremonial, and festive functions brightly decorated. Numerous bull artifacts suggest the bull was central to religious worship.

Three great Italian artists dominated this period:

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

Masaccio, Tribute Money

Linear perspective = all elements use the same scale, vanishing point and focal point. (Atmospheric perspective.) Creates the believable illusion of three-dimensional space. Chiaroscuro = Used to create realistic shading and modeling. Continuous narrative= Three separate moments in time are depicted in one unified space.

Mosaic

Made from glass tesserae. Often placed in Byzantine churches to reflect light. Icons. Encaustic paintings on wood. Venerated, believed to possess powers of healing.

Middle Ages

Marks the end of the Classical world. Ends at the beginning of the Renaissance

Art of Late Antiquity

Marks the transition from the pagan polytheistic religions to three large monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, & Islam.

Renaissance 1400-1600

Means "rebirth". Refers to the time period and the style of art. A renewed interest in Classical thinking, mythology, and art. Humanism =Philosophical approach that stressed the intellectual and physical potential of human beings.

Ionic

More feminine and delicate, Scrolls on the capitals, Used on inner frieze of Parthenon.

Corinthian

Most ornate order, Acanthus leaves on capitals, Used most often by the Romans.

Islam

Muhammad as main prophet of Allah (God). Does not show Allah in art, and rarely shows human figures.

Sphinx at Giza

Mythical creature representing royal power and the Sun god.

Pantheon, Rome, Italy

Pantheon is a "Temple of all the Gods". Completed under Emperor Hadrian in 125 CE. Uses the Corinthian order. Coffered dome with oculus (round opening in the dome).

The Renaissance in Northern Europe

Northern European countries we now know as the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Belgium. During the fifteenth century, artists in northern Europe continued using methods established in the Middle Ages. Developed oil painting techniques. Depicted everyday objects with religious symbolism. (Were considered the finest artists in Europe at the time.)

Rosetta Stone

Object that made the translation of hieroglyphs possible. Deciphered in 1822 by Jean-Francois Champollion. Carving of edicts by Ptolemy V. Written in three languages, Hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Greek.

Earliest artworks made by humans

Paintings on cave walls, small sculptures, usually made of clay. Subject matter procreation, food and hunting.

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, Israel

Popular pilgrimage site in the Middle Ages. Stone in Dome of the Rock is sacred to three monotheistic religions. Built as a site for pilgrims. Dome originally built of solid gold. Octagonal walls below.

Raphael, The School of Athens

Reference to the Classical past. Gathering of great philosophers and scientists. Lived at different times in history. A fictional scene.

Baroque 1600-1750

Refers to the time period and the style of art. Increase in trade, advancements in science. Permanent split between Roman Catholics and Protestants. Baroque art tends to be full of motion and emotion.

ANCIENT EGYPT

Region of Africa that grew out of the river Nile, Pharaohs commissioned large-scale tombs and temples, Hieroglyphs help us to understand the meaning of their art, Strong belief that one's life force, or ka, lives for eternity after earthly death.

The Early Renaissance in Italy

Renewed interest in the Classical past. Study of mathematics and science encouraged the systematic understanding of the world. (Art was a balance of the real and ideal. Realistic depictions of three-dimensional space and perspective. Idealistic portrayal of mythological or religious subjects, and the nude figure.) The artist Giotto represents the transition between the art of the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance (see chapter 3.2).

Byzantium

Roman Empire becomes Byzantine empire in the east. Roman capital becomes Constantinople. The eastern part of the empire followed the Greek Orthodox Church.

Laocoön and his Sons

Same idealized nudes as Classical sculpture. Dramatic tension and movement.

Statue of a kouros

Shows slight movement and often an "archaic" smile.

Doric

Simple and masculine , Triglyphs and metopes in frieze, Used on exterior of Parthenon.

Romanesque churches

Some architectural features reminiscent of ancient Rome. Pointed arch a new aspect at this time. Use of tympanum.

MESOPOTAMIA Artwork

Standard of Ur, Ishtar Gate from Babylon.

stylistic characteristics of Egyptian art

Subject matter relates to the afterlife and pharaohs, Painting: delineated flat figures. Use of twisted perspective, Sculpture: static bodies, Hieroglyphs and symbolism Hieratic or hierarchic scale.

stylistic characteristics of Greek art

Subject matter: mythological gods, goddesses, and heroes. Idealized nudes reflect Greek belief in humanity. Use of contrapposto (weight shift). Evolution of Doric and Ionic architecture in temples. Built temples to the Gods. Significant use of marble and bronze.

Iktinos, Parthenon

Temple to the goddess Athena. Housed combined war treasury to provide funds in the event of another battle with the Persians. White marble, originally painted in bright colors. Included several sculptures to Athena including a colossal statue made of gold and ivory.

MESOPOTAMIA

The land between the rivers Tigres and Euphrates, Fertile Crescent. Cradle of Civilization, Early urban centers, Frequent battles for control over region, Polytheistic. Among the Mesopotamian civilizations: Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians.

The Great Pyramid of Khufu Belief in the Afterlife

The pyramids housed the tombs of the pharaohs, The pharaohs were buried with everything they used in their daily lives.

The Baroque

Time of exploration and discovery. Theory that the sun was the center of the universe now accepted. Religion = Post-Reformation.

Art of Ancient Greece

Valued the achievements and potential of humanity, portrayed idealized human bodies (mostly nude), Athletic, democratic, intellectual culture.

Minoan Civilization

Wealthy seafaring society, origination of Greek myths of King Minos and Minotaur (half human/half bull). Culture centered around great palaces who served as administrative, religious, and governmental centers. Decline due to, Volcanic eruption and subsequent tidal wave Mycenaean invaders.

Gothic

c. 1150 to the fifteenth century. Known for grand cathedrals.

Mannerism

c. 1530-1600 a time of historical upheaval, 1527 Sack of Rome, 1530 Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor. From the Italian "di maniera," which means charm, grace.