COMM 1200- Final Exam

How does the sequential order of these elements compared organizationally to the sequence of elements used in a speech introduction?

- A good conclusion generally takes one minute or less - Your conclusion should start with a transition, summarize your main points, and finish with a clincher- a memorable idea

Identify some of the advantages of small group collaboration over individual efforts

- Advantages of small group collaboration: - Often, people can achieve a better outcome by collaborating on a task rather than working alone - By sharing their ideas, each member has the change to spot potential problems or improvements in a plan that a lone individual might miss - The group can divide up a project so that each member takes responsibility for the portion of the job he or she is best suited for

What does it take for an example argument to provide a logical basis for drawing a conclusion?

- An example argument to provide a logical basis for drawing a conclusion takes: a representative example, which is an instance typical of the class it represents

What are some strategies for avoiding groupthink in a small group collaboration?

- Avoiding groupthink in small group collaboration: - If one person advocates a course of action in your group and everybody else nods in agreement, try to broaden the discussion before moving the group toward making a final decision - Be sure that the group has considered the pros and cons of the proposed options before selecting one

Why is an attention-getter an important move to open a public speech?

- Begin your speech with an attention-getter: material intended to capture the audience's interest at the start of a speech

What is the difference between respectful and "biased" language?

- Biased language: word choice that suggests prejudice or preconceptions about other people- erodes your credibility and distracts your audience from listeners to your message - Respectful language: words, phrases, and expressions that are courteous and don't reflect bias against other cultures or individuals

What are two of the seven strategies for gaining the audience's attention at the start of your speech?

- Build suspense: consider increasing audience curiosity and anticipation before you reveal your topic - Offer a striking or provocative statement: a compelling fact or idea pertaining to your topic can immediately pull the audience into your speech

Identify and explain the two different routes of persuasion developed in the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Which one of these routes is most important to pursue, and why?

- Central route: denotes a high level of elaboration- a mental process that involves actively processing a speaker's argument - Peripheral route: audience does not actively process your message (low elaboration). Instead, they're more easily influenced by cues that are tangential, or peripheral, to the message's content - It's most important to pursue the central route because: when audience members seriously evaluate the content of a persuasive message, they form attitudes that are longer lasting and less likely to change in response to future counterarguments. They are also more likely to take action based on those attitudes.

Identify and briefly explain the three important elements of ethos

- Competence: practical wisdom - Trustworthiness: virtue - Goodwill: wanting what is best for their listeners rather than what would most benefit themselves

Define delivery & why is effective delivery so important for a successful public speech?

- Delivery: the combination of verbal and non-verbal communication skills used to present the speech - It helps make your speech compelling and memorable

Define, explain, and clarify the difference between denotative meaning and connotative meaning

- Denotative meaning: of a word is its exact, literal dictionary definition - Connotative meaning: an association that comes to mind when people hear or read the word - A word's connotative meanings may bear little or no resemblance to its denotative meanings

Audience adaptation (disposition/identification)

- Disposition: audience's likely attitude toward your message

Describe the potential disadvantages of delivering a speech from manuscript

- Potential disadvantages: can limit your eye contact with the audience - You tend to speak in a monotone rather than sounding as if you're conversing with your listeners

Describe some important guidelines for presenting a symposium talk as a group effectively

- During a symposium, each group member takes responsibility for delivering a different part of the presentation, depending on his or her expertise or interest, or the needs of the group - Make sure everyone in the group agrees on the topic each speaker will address and the time he or she will take. Check that all members know what will go into each presentation, so that no one unwittingly repeats points made by someone else (or forgets to mention important ideas) - When you participate in a symposium, avoid speaking longer than your allotted time - Also, treat other speakers' ideas with respect

Define "ethos" & why is it so important for persuasion?

- Ethos: your credibility as a speaker - Ethos is so important for persuasion: since ancient times, people have recognized that a speaker with ethos (credibility) has far more persuasive power than one without. A credible speaker is seen as knowledgeable, honest, and genuinely interested in doing the right thing for his or her audience

Identify the two key elements involved in constructing logos in persuasion

- Evidence of your claim (supply proof) - Show that the conclusions you've drawn from the evidence make sense

Define and describe what is meant by "extemporaneous delivery?" Why is this form of speech delivery so advantageous?

- Extemporaneous delivery: you will write the outline ahead of time, learn the material in the outline, and then speak spontaneously in the presentation with only the outline available for reference - Advantageous: - When you speak from an outline, your delivery becomes conversational - You choose your words flexibly; thus, you can adapt your message as needed to the audience at hand - You can glance at the outline just long enough to spur your memory, so there's no barrier between you and your audience, and your eye contact does not suffer

Identify and briefly explain the three different types of claims made in persuasive speeches

- Fact claim: asserts that something is true or false - Value claim: attaches a judgement (such as good, bad, moral, or immoral) to a subject - Policy claim: advocates action by organizations, institutions, or members of your audience

Identify and briefly describe at least two moves that can damage your ethos

- Getting your facts wrong: your competence and preparation will be questioned if your present factual information that is just plain inaccurate - Pronouncing words incorrectly: your experience in a topic area will be questioned if you mispronounce the names of key persons or concepts related to the topic

Identify and describe at least three different types of logical fallacies

- Hasty generalization: this fallacy occurs when a speaker bases a conclusion on limited or unrepresentative examples - Ad Populum (Bandwagon) Fallacy: if you assume that a statement is true or false simply because a large number of people say it is - Ad Hominem (Personal Attack) Fallacy: some speakers try to compensate for weak arguments by making personal attacks against an opponent rather than addressing the issue in question

3 different ways a speaker might listen to an audience

- Hearing for any applauds - Hearing for any boos - Hearing for any side conversations

What is the primary difference between "hearing" and "listening"

- Hearing: merely receiving messages in a passive way - Listening: actively paying attention to what you're hearing; it involves both processing the message to decide on it meaning and retaining what you've heard and understood

Identify and briefly explain four important principles for ethical persuasive speaking

- Help your audience make an informed decision: to persuade ethically, present solid, truthful claims that support your thesis - Research your facts: as a public speaker, you have an ethical duty to research your topic so that you can be sure the facts you present to your audience are accurate - Note any biases: you should practice full disclosure to your audience. This means that you acknowledge any vested interest you may have in your topic - Attribute your research properly: include citations every time you present ideas that you found from other sources

Why is groupthink a problem?

- It's a problem because: groupthink erodes the lively and open exchange of ideas necessary for informed decision - Worse, it also suggests that being increasingly amiable with other members of a group can eliminate independent, critical thinking, and replace it with groupthink

Why is it important to listen to the audience when delivering a public speech?

- It's important to listen to the audience when delivering a public speech: - When you deliver your speech, paying attention to your audience's responses can help you decide whether you need to adjust your voice, volume, pacing, or some other aspect of your delivery

Why is leadership important in a group?

- Leadership is important in a group: - It's difficult for a group to function without an effective leader - Somebody needs to organize group meetings, keep the group focused, encourage participation by all members, mediate conflict, and facilitate decision making

Define "logos" & why is it so important for persuasion?

- Logos: the evidence and reasoning behind your message - Logos is so important for persuasion: when you present trustworthy facts to back your claims and clearly show how those facts have led you to those claims, you use logos effectively

What is the primary difference between main points and supporting points?

- Main points: those few ideas that are most important for your listeners to remember - Supporting points: materials designed to prove or substantiate your main points

What sorts of functions does a thesis statement need to perform in your introduction?

- Once you have revealed your thesis, you need to generate audience interest and motivate active listening

Define "pathos" & why is it essential to effective persuasion?

- Pathos: evoking your listeners' emotions - Pathos is essential to effective persuasion: when you stir your listeners' feelings, you can enhance your persuasive power

Describe the potential advantages of delivering a speech from a manuscript

- Potential advantages: ensures that listeners hear exactly what you want them to hear - Appropriate in circumstances in which speakers (or speech-writers) need to choose their words very carefully

Define and provide examples of processing and retention during listening

- Processing: you actively think about a message you're receiving from someone else- not only the words but also the nonverbal cues - Example: deciding if a tent will work for your camping trip, listening to the camping salesman and consider the implications of what he is saying, how using the tent will affect your camping experience, and whether the salesman represents a reputable company. Observing his attitude and body language. Mull over a series of questions - Retention: your ability to remember what you've heard - Example: the teacher explaining how to do a math problem and a student remembering what she said (how to approach the problem, what equations you need, and how to figure out the problem)

What sort of risks and disadvantages are involved regarding speaking from a "memorized" manuscript?

- Risks and disadvantages regarding speaking from a memorized manuscript: - Memorizing is also very challenging, especially with a long speech - And people who speak from memory are typically wedded to their text; the presentation can grind to a halt if the speaker forgets so much as a single word or sentence - Listeners may view the speech as a stale performance delivered the same way every time, regardless of the audience. As a result, they may take offense or lose interest

Identify and briefly describe at least three strategies for building your ethos

- Share your qualifications to speak on the topic: if you have some expertise in the subject, outline your credentials for your audience - Present strong evidence from reputable sources: when you provide evidence for your claims, you indicate that you have carefully researched your topic, which communicates your competence - Highlight common ground with the audience: reminding the audience of your shared experience can make your message- and you- more credible

How are sign reasoning and causal reasoning similar? Different?

- Similar: they both want to prove that a fact is true - Different: - Causal reasoning can be tricky, as it is easy to misinterpret the evidence or come to the wrong conclusion - Sign reasoning is most effective if you can cite multiple consistent signs of the fact you are claiming

Define and briefly explain the difference between subordination and coordination of main and supporting points

- Subordination means creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials in your speech - Coordination: each main point is coordinate with other main points- they are at the same level of significance- just as subpoints are coordinate with other subpoints, and so on

Identify and describe the important elements of an effective thesis statement

- Thesis statement: - Should clearly convey your topic and purpose in delivering the presentation - Further preparing your audience members to listen - It should also be specific and include a signpost that makes it clear that your attention-getter is finished and you are now revealing your topic

Explain what the authors mean by the "WIIFM" appeal in a speech introduction & why is the function so important for an effective introduction?

- Through WIIFM, you clarify why your message is relevant to and important for your listeners - To accomplish this goal, provide one sentence or a short paragraph that indicates why the audience should take an interest in your topic

What are signposts, and how are they used in the preview of main points in an introduction? Why is using sign post in this way important?

- To differentiate the main points in your preview, include signposts (for example, first, next, and finally) to help your audience grasp the structure of your speech - A preview is a brief statement of the main points you will be developing in the body of your speech. It lets your audience members know what main ideas to expect and help them visualize the structure of your speech- the sequence of ideas you'll present

What is involved in an introductory credibility appeal, and why is it important to include in an introduction?

- To establish credibility, explain how you have gained knowledge about your topic. In one or two sentences, emphasize your most relevant credentials, making sure to adopt a modest, nonsuperior tone - You build credibility by showing that you have relevant experience and education and that you've thoroughly researched the subject area of your speech. You gain even more credibility when your listeners see you as trustworthy and perceive that you have their best interests at heart

How is the use of examples a form of inductive reasoning?

- Use of examples is a form of inductive reasoning: when you use example reasoning, you present specific instances to support a general claim. Your goal is to persuade the audience that your examples supply sufficient proof of your claim

Why is evidence essential to logical persuasion?

- When you present trustworthy facts to back your claims and clearly show how those facts have led you to those claims, you use logos effectively - To convince (your audience) that you know what you're talking about, you'll need to supply proof, or evidence, of your claim

What is meant by "manuscript delivery?"

- You give your speech by reading directly from a script- a typed or handwritten document containing the entire text of your speech - As you read, you typically do not deviate from your script or ad-lib

Explain the ideal relationship between language use and ethos

- Your words and phrases convey your ethos to your listeners because they say something about you as a person - Along with using appropriate and considerate language, you can explain technical terms and use helpful presentation aids (for clarity), thus effectively incorporating such terms into your speech (to enhance credibility)

Define the four following listening styles: action-oriented, content-oriented, people-oriented, and time-oriented. Provide a simple example for how each one might potentially cause a problem for a listener.

1. Action-oriented: usually focus on immediately getting to the meaning of a message and determining what response is required - Example: Conversely, these listeners are easily frustrated by those who ramble or take a while to get to the point 2. Content-oriented: favor depth and complexity of information and messages - Example: They don't like when speakers speak broadly and simply 3. People-oriented: are willing to invest time and attention in communications, yet they are differentiated by their interest in being supportive of friends and strengthening relationships - Example: They don't like when speakers have bland or negative moods or body language 4. Time-oriented: see time as a precious resource to be conserved and protected. Thus, they can exhibit impatience and rush interactions - Example: They don't like when speakers take a long time to speak

Identify and briefly explain the five core guidelines of special-occasion speeches

1. Appealing to your audience's emotions: your job in giving the speech will be to signal when it's time for that emotion to come to the surface 2. Matching your delivery to the mood of the occasion: by ensuring that what you say and how you say it are appropriate for the occasion, you will enhance your effectiveness and impact 3. Adapting to your audience's expectations: before giving any special-occasion speech, be sure you're familiar with your audience's expectations regarding what should be said during the speech and how it should be said 4. Evoking shared values: many effective special-occasion speeches appeal to values shared by members of the audience and the speaker 5. Respecting time constraints: make sure you know beforehand when you're scheduled to speak and what your time allotment is

2 causes of ineffective listening?

1. Argumentative listening: selective listening- listening to only as much as they need to in order to fuel their own arguments 2. Nervous listening: feel compelled to talk through silences because they're uncomfortable with conversational lapses or pauses

Identify and define the five stages of "Monroe's Motivated Sequence"

1. Attention: creating a willingness to listen to your message 2. Need: identifying a need relevant to your audience 3. Satisfaction: showing how your proposal will fulfill the need you identified 4. Visualization: helping listeners form a mental picture of the benefits of your proposal 5. Action: clarifying what you want listeners to do

Identify and briefly describe four good rules of thumb for respectful language use

1. Avoid stereotypes: generalization based on the false assumption that characteristics displayed by some members of a group are shared by all members of that group 2. Use gender-neutral references: avoid using gender-specific nouns or noun phrases. Instead use a gender-neutral term- a word that does not suggest a particular gender 3. Make appropriate references to ethnic groups: to show respect for your audience, use the noun or phrase preferred by a particular ethnic group when you are referring to that group 4. Steer clear of unnecessary references to ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality: when a person's ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality is not relevant to a point you are making, there's no need to mention it in your speech

Come up with at least two examples of typical situations where epideictic rhetoric is frequently used today

1. Celebrate joyous occasions 2. Mourn the passing of loved ones

Identify and briefly describe five important guidelines for developing presentation aids as you prepare your speech

1. Consider the forum: consider the location, or forum, as you're mulling over which presentation aids to use 2. Consider your audience: because presentation aids become part of the message you are sharing with listeners, your analysis of your audience should drive your aid selection 3. Make sure your aids support your points: your points can be enhanced by specific images or sounds 4. Keep your aids simple and clear: a presentation aid works best when audience members can simply glance at it or hear it once and quickly grasp what you're trying to communicate 5. Rehearse with your presentation aids: you should create your aids while developing your speech- and then practice using them as you rehearse your presentation

Identify and define four ways you can anticipate and prepare for ineffective listening before your speech

1. Consider your listeners' attention and energy levels: avoid delivering a long speech with no audience interaction during times like on a Monday morning. Instead give a concise presentation and allot time for active listener participation 2. Assess your audience's knowledge and abilities: if your audience doesn't know a lot about the subject of your speech, explain concepts and define key terms. Consider any barriers to understanding and adjust your word choice or volume level as needed 3. Front-and back-load your main message: plan your speech ahead of time in the following way: front-load your main message- that is, present it early in your speech- then use your conclusion to give listeners another opportunity to process and retain your message 4. Use presentation aids strategically: plan to space these aids throughout your speech to maintain interest

Identify and briefly explain three key principles for selecting the main points of your speech

1. Consider your purpose: make sure that every main point you select relates to the specific purpose of your speech 2. Take your audience into account: out of the many relevant main points you might use to develop your topic, choose ones that will prove most interesting to your audience. Also choose ones that will provide your listeners with the most useful information on to them 3. Select an appropriate number of main points: in most situations, effective speeches present two to five main points

Identify and explain the five steps in the "reflective-thinking process" for a group decision making

1. Define the problem: as a group, work to define the problem or goal as precisely as possible 2. Analyze the problem: once your group has defined the problem, analyze its nature. What are the primary aspects of the problem? Which of these are most important for the group to focus on? 3. Establish criteria for solving the problem: decide which factors will be most important when weighing possible solutions to the problem your group will be addressing 4. Generate possible solutions: create a list of potential solutions to the problem your group is addressing 5. Select the best solution: once your group has developed a number of potential solutions, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each based on the criteria you've defined

Select two of the five suggestions the authors provide for a memorable clincher

1. End with a striking sentence or phrase: there may be a single sentence or phrase that effectively sums up your speech 2. Highlight your thesis: rather than summing up your speech with a single key sentence, you may decide to use in a few lines to reinforce the heart of your message

Identify and briefly describe three distinct goals of persuasion

1. Ethos: your credibility as a speaker 2. Logos: the evidence and reasoning behind your message 3. Pathos: evoking your listeners' emotions

Identify at least four of the five distinct characteristics of nonverbal delivery

1. Eye contact: you look directly into the eyes of your audience members, and they took directly into yours 2. Gestures: hand, head, or face movement that emphasizes, pantomimes, demonstrates, or calls attention to some thing 3. Physical movement: describes how much or how little you move around while delivering a speech 4. Proxemics: the use of space and distance between yourself and your audience- is relate to physical movement

Identify and briefly explain at least three of the functions of effective group leaders described in the chapter

1. Selecting a leader: sometimes an external authority selects a designated leader to help the group move quickly forward with its mission 2. Leading meetings: effective group leaders conduct meetings in ways that enable members to work together productively, contribute their ideas, and make well-informed decisions 3. Managing conflict: whenever conflict arises in a group, leaders must either minimize it or channel it in a productive direction

What are the two primary elements to include in an effective speech conclusion?

1. Helps you sum up the message you developed in the body of your speech 2. Leave a memorable impression in your audience members' minds (Summarize your main points + finish with a memorable clincher)

Identify and describe at least three of the five strategies the chapter suggest for effective evidence used in a persuasive speech

1. Identify your sources and their qualifications: concrete documentation strengthens your credibility. To ensure your sources' credibility, use facts provided by unbiased experts 2. Give listeners new evidence: facts that they're not yet familiar with are more likely to increase their perception of your credibility 3. Provide precise evidence: precise evidence consists of specific dates, places, numbers, and other facts

Identify and explain the primary functions of three distinct types of graphs

1. Line graphs: a line graph uses lines plotted on a pair of axes to show relationships between two elements 2. Bar graphs: a bar graph consists of parallel bars of varying height or length that compare several pieces of information 3. Pie charts: a pie chart (also known as a circle graph) is used to show how percentages and proportions relate to one another and add up to a whole

Identify and define four ways you can encourage active listening during your speech

1. Tailor your delivery: as you deliver your speech, pay attention to factors you can control that affect your audience's ability to listen: voice, volume, fluency, projection, rte, and timing 2. Watch out for argumentative listeners: to improve your chances of keeping their attention, acknowledge their viewpoints early in your speech and repeatedly press your main message throughout the presentation 3. Watch out for defeated listeners: you can prevent defeated listening by pausing occasionally during your speech to ask the audience questions. By doing so, you can test their comprehension while assessing whether they are really following along 4. Watch out for superficial listeners: to prevent it, request that people turn off cell phones and resist checking for messages on handheld devices or laptops during the presentation. Also, be sure to use direct eye contact with people who you sense are listening superficially, and go ahead and ask them questions- or invite them to ask you some

Identify and briefly describe four important guidelines for using your presentation aids during a speech

1. Make sure everyone can see and hear your aids: position aids so that all listeners can hear or see the aids 2. Control audience interaction with your aids: to avoid distracting your audience unnecessarily, do not show or play an aid until you are ready for listeners to see or hear it 3. Maintain eye contact: you can glance at visual aids but you must maintain eye contact with the audience 4. Remember the purpose of your aids: treat your presentation aids as tools that supplement your speech- not the main vehicle for delivering your speech

Identify and explain three primary differences between oral language & written language

1. Oral language is more adaptive: writers seldom know exactly who will read their words, or in what context; the best they can do is to take educated guesses and make language choices accordingly. When you speak before a live audience, however, you can get immediate feedback, which would be virtually impossible for a writer 2. Oral language tends to be less formal: because writers have the luxury of getting their words down on paper (or on screen) and then going back to make changes, they typically use precise word choice and follow the formal rules of syntax and grammar 3. Oral language incorporates repetition: but in speaking situations, repetition can be an especially effective tool because your listeners can't go back and revisit your points- your words are there and then are suddenly gone

Identify and briefly explain the six important tips for participating in a small group

1. Prepare for group meetings: if an agenda has been distributed for an upcoming meeting, think about the topics under consideration before you father with other group members 2. Treat other members courteously: you should arrive to a group meeting on time, turn off your cell phone, and treat other members with respect, even when you disagree with their views 3. Listen interactively: as other members of your group share their ideas and comments, try to understand their viewpoints and show that you are listening. Ask for clarification if you need it, and make sure you understand a point before challenging it 4. Participate, don't dominate: when you have a relevant point to make, share your idea 5. Participate authentically: a group functions at its best when members put diverse ideas and perspectives on the table. Therefore, be guided by honesty, not popularity, when considering problems and solutions 6. Fulfill your commitments: for a group to achieve its goals, it's vital that members accept responsibility for performing certain tasks- both the ones assigned to them individually and the ones required of all participating members

Identify and briefly explain three reasons why using presentation aids can enhance a speech's effectiveness

1. Presentation aids can make your speech more interesting: a colorful and attractive presentation aid can help you spice up any presentation, especially one on a slightly dry topic 2. Presentation aids can simplify a complex topic: if you are giving a speech on a technical or complicated topic, a presentation aid can help you simply your message so that your listeners can better understand you 3. Presentation aids can help your audience remember your speech: many individuals find visual information much easier to recall than spoken information. Thus, the right presentation aids can help ensure that you leave a lasting impression on your listeners

Identify and briefly describe four helpful ideas for managing conflict within a group

1. Refer to ideas by topic, not by person: focus on the content of specific suggestions rather than attributing those suggestions to individual members 2. Resolve conflicts quickly: if a conflict between two group members becomes distracting, try to resolve it rather than allowing it to continue or repressing it 3. Focus on tasks, not disagreements: to help members concentrate on the task at hand rather than interpersonal tension that may be simmering, articulate desired changes in behavior rather than criticizing individuals 4. Manage disruptive emotions: since conflicts can spark intense and disruptive emotions within a group, bring reluctant members back into the discussion by inviting their input on important issues

Identify and briefly describe five principles for effective expression of your ideas in language

1. Repetition: saying a specific word, phrase, or statement more than once- helps you grab your audience's attention and leave listeners with enduring memories of your speech 2. Hypothetical examples: imagined example or scenario you invite your audience to consider to help them follow a complicated point presented immediately afterward 3. Personal anecdotes: illustrating a concept with personal anecdotes (brief stories) can help you further build credibility and reassure your listeners that you're not judging them 4. Vivid language: grabs the attention of your audience with words and phrases that appeal to all the senses- sight, smell, touch, hearing, and taste 5. Figurative language: refers to the techniques speakers employ to word specific types of claims or ideas

Identify and define five typical organization patterns for speeches

1. Spatial pattern: the main points represent important aspects of your topic that can be thought of as adjacent to one another in location or geography 2. Chronological (Temporal) pattern: you present the information in time-based sequence, from beginning to end 3. Causal pattern: will help your audience understand the link between particular events and their outcomes 4. Comparison pattern: organizes the speech around major similarities and differences between two events, objects, or situations 4. Categorical pattern: each main point emphasizes an important aspect of your topic that you want the audience to understand

Identify the six most common types of special-occasion speeches & what is the primary function of each one? For each one, identify one important guideline for public speakers

1. Speech of introduction: provides context and gives credentials for the main speaker or performer - Respecting time constraints 2. Speech of presentation: explains the background and significance of the award and the reasons why the recipient is deserving of it - Adapting to your audience's expectations 3. Speech of acceptance: recipients of honors, awards, or designations typically express gratitude for the award, extol the award's significance to them and others, and acknowledge others' support and contributions - Evoking shared values 4. Speech to memorialize or eulogize: a eulogy comments on the passing of an individual, celebrates his or her life, and often shares personal reflections and stories about the deceased. A speech to memorialize uses the same approach but is expanded to honor the sacrifice and heroism of a group of individuals - Matching your delivery to the mood of the occasion 5. Speech to celebrate: these may take the form of a toast or special observance that focuses the audience's attention on the milestone achieved, and recognizes the joy and pride the participants feel" - Appealing to your audience's emotions 6. After-dinner speech: light in tone, they can help a speaker entertain his or her listeners or set the stage for an event that follows the meal - Matching your delivery to the mood of the occasion

Identify and briefly explain five important principles for providing an effective speech critique

1. Take notes: while listening to a presentation, jot down your thoughts about the speaker's delivery and message 2. Identify main points: as you take notes, begin to distinguish the speaker's main points- the two or three most important ideas the speaker wants you to remember 3. Consider the speech's objectives: identify the speech's general rhetorical purpose- to inform, persuade, or mark a special occasion- as well as its specific purpose. Next, evaluate how well the speaker achieves his or her goal 4. Support your feedback with examples: instead of offering overly general comments, be sure to provide specific details 5. Be ethical: be courteous in your critique, and treat the speaker the same way you hope and expect to be treated when it's your turn to receive feedback

Identify and describe at least three of the five distinct types of visual images used as presentation aids in your speech

1. The speaker: you can be an effective visual aid, particularly if your topic calls for an explanation of an action 2. Assistants: if serving as a presentation aid yourself would complicate things too much or prevent you from interacting with your audience, consider asking someone to help you reinforce points from your speech or to demonstrate something 3. Diagrams: if you are trying to explain how something works or describe its parts, a diagram can be helpful. A diagram is a drawing that details an object or action, as well as arrangements and relations among its parts

Identify and briefly explain 4 key principles for using language clearly

1. Understandable language: understandable language consists of words your listeners find recognizable 2. Concrete words: whenever possible, strive to use concrete words instead of abstract ones 3. Proper use of words: the audience's understanding of your message will improve if you use words that correctly express the point you want to make 4. Concise language: make sure that each of your sentences expresses just one thought

Identify, define, and provide a simple example of six culprits of poor listening

1. Unprocessed note taking: copying the speaker's words verbatim without considering what you're writing down - Example: taking notes during a lecture on a laptop while texting and talking to a friend 2. Nonlistening: simply do not pay attention to what they're listening - Example: a friend is talking about their family issues and you're not paying attention because you're thinking about what you're going to have for dinner 3. Interruptive listening: one person consistently interrupts another - Example: asking a speaker questions before the speaker is finished speaking his idea 4. Agenda-driven listening: focus solely on the mechanics of their presentation - Example: speaker ignores raised hands from the audience 5. Argumentative listening: selective listening- listening to only as much as they need to in order to fuel their own arguments - Example: interviewer who disagrees with the interviewee's opinions or ideas and they only focus on their own views and miss out on everything the other person has to say 6. Nervous listening: feel compelled to talk through silences because they're uncomfortable with controversial lapses or pauses - Example: if an interviewee is taking a long time to answer a question, the interviewer might blurt out of nervousness more questions before the interviewee answers fully

Identify and briefly explain three important rules of thumb for using presentation software effectively in a speech

1. Use it to unify a mixed-media presentation: if you have many different types of aids (pictures, data graphs, lists, video, and audio), presenting them in a unified way helps keep the audience focused on your message 2. Remember, content is king: don't let your speech be eclipsed by technological bells and whistles. As with any presentation aid, it's important to use presentation software to share material that supports your points 3. Don't let the software steal the show: presentation software should be use to assist you in delivering your speech- it shouldn't deliver your speech for you

Identify at least five of the seven distinct characteristics of verbal delivery

1. Volume: refers to how loud or soft your voice is as you deliver a speech 2. Tone: derives from pitch: the highs and lows in your voice 3. Rate of delivery: refers to how quickly or slowly you speak during a presentation 4. Projection: booming their voices across a forum to reach all audience members 5. Articulation: refers to the crispness or clarity of your spoken words

What is a "graph?"

A graph is a visual representation of the relationship among different numbers, measurements, or quantities. Graphs are especially useful when presenting a great deal of statistical evidence.

What is meant by audience surveillance?

Audience surveillance is paying attention to the audience's responses

2 org. types & when to use?

Book

3 examples of presentation aids and how (rhetorical purpose)

Book

Along with each of the four principles, identify a language use choice that you want to avoid as a public speaker

Book

Application of logos/ethos/pathos in a speech (define/example) for persuasion

Book

How are introduction and conclusion similar? Different?

Book

Types of special occasion speeches? (main components/speech application?)

Book

What important relationship between sub points and main points should you always check for as you develop the organization of your speech outline

Book

What is "diction?"

Diction is word choice

Define "epideictic rhetoric"

Epideictic rhetoric: speaking that praises or blames

What is "ethos?"

Ethos: personal credibility

What is meant by "inductive reasoning?"

Generalizing from facts, instances, or examples, and then making a claim based on that generalization

Describe group dynamics

Group dynamics: the ways in which members relate to one another and view their functions

What is "groupthink?"

Groupthink: members' tendency to accept ideas and information uncritically because of strong feelings of loyalty or single-mindedness within the group

Describe what is meant by a symposium format for a group presentation

Symposium: in which several or all group members speak to the audience in turn

Define "persuasion"

To affect your audience members' beliefs, attitudes, or actions, while also advocating fact, value, or policy claims

What should you do to make sure that your use of pathos is ethical?

To make sure that your use of pathos is ethical: ethical speakers must also ensure that the language they select accurately describes the ideas they are discussing

What kind of speaking situations is epideictic used for?

Used for special occasion speaking

Why is word choice particularly important for pathos?

Word choice is particularly important for pathos: effective word choice can also strengthen the power of an emotional appeal; when a speaker's language connects with the values and passions of audience members, the persuasive impact of a message is enhanced

Describe the ideal relationship between diction and the audience

Word choice, or diction, requires consideration of audience, occasion, and nature of one's message when choosing language for a speech

Define causal reasoning

You argue that one event has caused another

Define sign reasoning

You claim that a fact is true because indirect indicators (signs) are consistent with that fact