Comm 2200 Final

Speaking Outline

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

Crescendo Ending

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

Dissolve Ending

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

Academic Database

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals

Preparation Outline

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of speech

Pie Graph

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

Line Graph

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics after time or space

Bar Graph

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action

Problem-Solution Order

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Topical Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

Chronological Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time patter

Central Idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

Passive Agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Active Agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Questions of Fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Questions of Value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

Questions of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Rhetorical Question

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

Specific Purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

Brief Example

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

Informative Speech

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Internal Preview

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

Internal Summary

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

Extended Example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

Signpost

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them

Transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

Demographic Audience Analysis

Age, Gender, Religion, Group Membership, Racial, Ethnic, Culture

Fallacy

An error in reasoning

Hypothetical Example

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

Sponsoring Organization

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message

Order of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action

Three Factors in Evaluating Internet Research

Authorship, Sponsorship, Recency

Organizational Patterbs

Chronological Order, Spatial Order, Causal Order, Problem-Solution Order, Topical Order

Positive Nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

Stereotyping

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

Incremental Plagiarism

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Four Functions of a Speech Introduction

Get the attention and interest of your audience, Reveal the topic of your speech, Establish your credibility and goodwill, Preview the body of the speech

Active Listening

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking

Goals are sound, Fully prepared for each speech, Honest in what you say, Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language, Ethical principles into practice

Three Types of Credibility

Initial, Derived, Terminal

Audience-centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

Guidelines for Ethical Listening

Listen courteously and attentively, Avoid prejudging the speaker, Maintain the free and open expression of ideas

Appreciative Listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment

Critical Listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

Empathic Listening

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaked

Comprehensive Listening

Listening to understand the message of a speaker

Visualization

Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation

Organizing you thoughts logically, Tailoring your message to the audience, Telling a story for maximum impact, Adapting to listener feedback

Listening

Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

Guidlines for Preparing Visual Aids

Prepare visual aids well in advance, Keep visual aids simple, Make sure visual aids are large enough, Use a limited amount of text, Use fonts effectively, Use color effectively, Use images strategically

Plagiarism

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation

Public speaking is more highly structured, Public speaking requires more formal language, Public speaking requires a different method of delivery

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Situational Audience Analysis

Size, Physical Setting, Disposition Toward Topic, Disposition Toward Speaker, Disposition Toward Occasion

Speech Communication Process

Speaker, Message, Channel, Listener, Feedback, Interference, Situation

Global Plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

Patchwork Plagiarism

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

Evidence

Supporting material used to prove or disprove something

How to Avoid Plagiarism

Take careful research notes, Identify sources during presentation, Write own speech

Peer Testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Expert Testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized as experts in their fields

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Goodwill

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

Mean

The average value of a group of numbers

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

General Purpose

The broad goal of a speech

Terminal Credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

Initial Credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced before she or he starts to speak

Derived Credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

Spare "Brain Time"

The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-150 w/m) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-800 w/m)

Need

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

Supporting Materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas - Examples, Statistics, Testimony

Channel

The means by which a message is communicated

Feedback

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

Median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

Mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

Burden of Proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

Speaker

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

Listener

The person who receives the speaker's message

Target Audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Frame of Reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes

Egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

Situation

The time and place in which speech communication occurs

Hearing

The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

Example of General Purpose

To inform

Example of Specific Purpose

To inform my audience about Turkey

Example of Central Idea

To inform my audience about the history of Turkey and its current issues

Two Functions of a Speech Conclusion

To let the audience know you are ending the speech, To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea

Personalize

To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

Paraphrase

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

Status Quo

Usual way of doing things

Message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else