COMM 230

The COMM Technology Ecosystem

1.Hardware 2. software 3. content In the smallest circle then 4. organizational infrastructure then 5. social systems 6. individual users-cut across all areas

Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell was First to transmit speech electronically in 1876

Analog

Ananlog means "copy" An analog tries to copy the exact image of a sound wave It turns this audio wave into a radio wave that looks just like it Audio wave is going to be identical to the original audio wave-this is how analog works

Digital audio files

Another pull service that takes away from traditional radio in which thousands of songs are instantly available to listeners through mobile devices

A La Carte tv

Choosing what channels you want instead of purchasing programming in bundled tiers. could avoid channels your not familiar with Cable against a la carte.

Audio Codecs

Codecs are a means of compressing digital audio file sizes ◦ Lossless- recording repetitive pieces of information with symbols and equations that take up less space-literally what it sounds like ◦ lossy- eliminating unnecessary and redundant information and then applying lossless compression. - looses a bit of integrity of sound but its for our general benefit

Market shares

Comcast is the largest share in US

HDTV

High Definition Television.

60 HZ or 120hz

High hertz has a greater depth so it looks like its coming out a little

Low power FM service

Its a noncommercial FM station- limits stations to a power level of 100 watts or 10 watts • Concerned high power stations because it could cause interference • They do not have the option of HD radio

Limiting

Limitations that accompany what you can do with a certain technology. Ex:Ipad doesnt have camera but you want to face time

Social Learning/Cognitive Theory

Social learning Theory focuses on how people learn by modeling others. Social Learning/Cognitive Theory is a framework for examining effects of comm media and the adoption of comm. tech.

Disintermediation

The process of eliminating layers of distribution.

Early growth suffered from..

low literacy

Videotaping

o Allowed people to watch their own recordings o First videotape players were the size of refrigerators -not used by average consumers -Sony introduced Videocassette recorder-VCR -not a lot of content-really expensive

Cable/Reception by Conduit

o Protects electrical wiring with flexible or metal pipes o Allows new wiring to be added or removed without drilling

Production

· More expensive and specialized than other hardware types. · Includes TV cameras, microphones, and editing equipment. · Usually only sells a few hundred or a few thousand units as opposed to units that are made in the tens of thousands for the general public.

Diffusion Threshold

· The point at which all functions are served when diffusion of the technology can begin. · It is easiest for something to "take off" and begin defusing if a company provides different functions such as manufacturing and shipping.

Disappearing Newspapers

· Traditional newspaper readership and revenues are both declining. · Ads cannot compete with internet ads.

Set the right connection

Best connection is modern TVS is the HDMI Also have VGA cables

History

- 1994: Apple release the Quick Take 100. - First mass-market color DSC: - Light is allowed in through a shutter. - Light reacts to an image sensor -> Electrical Charge - The size of the sensor determines # of pixels (MP) - Pixels can only record in Gray, not color - Color is determined from red, green, and blue filters.

Display

- Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) -Line of phosphorous created picture elements (pixels). -They were HEAVY. - Now we have many more TV choices. - DLP (Projection) - LCD- liquid crystal display - LED- light emitting diode

DVD

- Introduced in 1997 - Portability and high capacity. - Could not record (for the most part) in the same way that VHS could.

Steps to selecting the right TV for you

- Steps: 1. Select the Right Size 2. Choose an Aspect Ratio (screen dimensions) 3. Select your image quality (number of lines) a. SD = 480 lines b. ED = 1080 lines c. HD = 720-1080 lines 4. Pick a display style 5. Set the right connection 6. 60 Hz or 120 Hz

Books

-Fear that Americans would stop reading books -Americans spent more money on books more then anything besides cable in 2007

Distribution

-Simplest: Manufacturer sells to the Consumer -Most common: Manufacturer-wholesaler-retail store-consumer

CHAPTER 19

...

CHAPTER 8

...

Chapter 10

...

Chapter 17

...

Chapter 18

...

Chapter 2

...

Chapter 3

...

Chapter 4

...

Chapter 6

...

Chapter 7

...

Chapter 9

...

Organizational Infrastructure

1- organizations involved in the production and distribution of the technology

Factors that Influnce comm tech

1-Enabling 2-Limiting 3-Motivating 4-Inhibiting 5- Enabling/Limiting

Enabling/Limiting

1-Factors of the technology itself. 2-What can/can't be done.

Hardware

1-Hardware is anything you can physically touch and manipulate

Diffusion Theory

1-Innovators- always buy something 2-Early Adopters- 3-Early Majority 4-Late Majority 5-Laggards-something that varies over diff. tech.

History of the Newspaper

1-Newsp lowered prices deriving revenue from ads 2-morning news doubled in first half of 20th century 3-2009 largest newspaper owners account for 44% of newsp

Software

1-the message 2-software/messages are created by software 3-consists of a set of instructions or codes Ex: Excel

The CD was introduced in

1983

Umbrella Theory of Comm

3 major systems 1-Social System 2-Organizational Infrastructure 3-Hardware/Software

• Megaupload

7 individuals and 2 corporations were indicted DOJ claimed 175 million in criminal proceeds and 500 million ◦ massive criminal operation in which the main website acted as a conduit to other sites where pirated content was easily available. generated more than $175 million in criminal proceeds. Offered financial incentives and a rewards program for users to upload popular copyrighted content and drive web traffic to the site via 3rd party linking sites and search engines.

Network Neutrality

A principle that advocates government regulation of internet service providers (ISPs), preventing ISPs from restricting consumer's access to networks that participate in the internet. Specifically, network neutrality would prevent restrictions on content, sites, platforms, types of equipment that may be attached, and modes of communication.

Media System Dependency Theory

An ecological Theory that attempts to explore and explain the role of media in society by examining dependency relations within and across levels of analysis." 2-Focuses on the dependency relationships that result from interplay between resources and goals.

Structural regulation

Balance market powers Ex:The Telecommunications Act of 1996 changed media ownership limits for the national and local market power of radio, television, and cable television industries; however, the FCC is given the authority to review and revise these rules. Includes limitations or permissions to enter communication markets.

Cable TV

Began as means to overcome poor reception for broadcast TV signals. 2-Robert J. Tarlton set up working cable systems in 1949 that used single a single antenna to receive programming over the air and distribute it to multiple users.

Internet

Began in the 1960s with ARPANET, or the Advanced Research Projects Agency under the auspices of the U.S. Defense Department.

Horizontal Integration

Buying out a competitor Allows for better energy of services 2-Horizontal integration occurs when a firm is being taken over by, or merged with, another firm which is in the same industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm, e.g. a car manufacturer merging with another car manufacturer. In this case both the companies are in the same stage of production and also in the same industry. This process is also known as a "buy out" or "take-over". The goal of horizontal integration is to consolidate like companies and monopolize an industry.

Vertical Integration

Buying up and down the distribution chain Takes out the middleman can be harder to manage Try to purchase and expand along that production line 2-Describes a style of management control. Vertically integrated companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It is contrasted with horizontal integration. Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership, but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s when the Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its own steel rather than buy it from suppliers).

Digital upgrade

Cable TV upgraded from analog to digital Cable replace with fiber optics DVR services, Video on Demand (VOD), Internet access, include telephone Multiple channels- ESPN, ESPNU

Video franchising

Cable companies face competition from telephone companies IPTV- Internet protocol tv

DBS vs cable

Cable is wired into your home underground while DBS comes from satellites orbiting the earth and are sent to a receiver outside of your home

Social Information Processing

Critique of Rational Choice Models

DVR'S

Digital Video Recorders.

New digital broadcasting

Digital broadcasting system-font. their analog broadcast HD RADIO digital signal eliminates noise, distortion, etc.

DBS

Direct Broadcast Satellite.

AM vs. FM: Who Prevails

Early on AM prevailed because sound fidelity wasn't very good anyway. Once we developed high fidelity FM prevails

MGM vs. Grokster

Established secondary infringement liability Intent to induce infringment ◦ supreme court ruled against P2P grokster. it was a victory for the media industry and a blow to P2P companies. ◦ SC said technology providers should be held liable for infringement if they actively promote their wares as infringement tools.

Audio Recording

Expanded by Thomas Edison from experiments done the 1850s done by Leon Scott de Martinville to produce a phonograph in 1877.

Motivating

Factors of technology that make people WANT to use it. Is doing something desirable

Inhibiting

Factors of technology that prevent people from adopting

Periodicals

First Colonial magazine in America was 50 years after newspaper -Costly to produce and circulate

First Newspaper

First Newspaper in North America was "Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic" (1690)

The Pirate Bay

Found guilty of copyright infringement and illegal file sharing in 2009 in sweden Fine was 6.5 million he switched its service from using torrent files to magnet links- trackerless file that pre calculates a torrent hash, can look for it in a decentralized way and not a central torrent server. this prevents anti-piracy laws in any one country from shuttering the site at a moments notice.

George Meilies

George Meilies started the first motion picture theatre in France in 1896.

Wireless Telephone

Guglielmo Marconi sent the first wireless data message in 1895. -Also recognized the advertising potential of radio.

Guglielmo marconi

Guglielmo marconi Radio inventor/innovator Recognized commercial value in radio and improved the operation of early wireless equipment

Direct Broadcast Satellite

HBO became the first service to use satellite technology for distributing entertainment content in 1976.

Select image quality

HD is the best

HD programing

HD programming becomes possible with greater video compression through MPEG-4 -STARTED with DBS-1st Direct TV then Dish -fought over HD channels- cable followed

HD-DVD VS. BLU RAY

HD-DVD vs. Blu Ray - HD-DVD: Toshiba - Blu Ray: Sony - Significantly more storage - Studios began singing exclusively with Blu Ray

History

History of radio rooted in the telegraph and the telephone ◦ The oldest radio station began broadcasting in AM in 1920 Edward Armstrong discovered regeneration AM varies signal strength and FM varies frequency of the signal

Types of streaming

IPTV classified into 3 groups • 1st= Live • 2nd = On Demand • 3rd = Time Shifted • Live means your watching something as its happening • On Demand means whenever the user wants it • Time Shifted means delayed to a certain point • Different types of Streaming platforms are o Apple/QuickTime/itunes o Microsoft Windows/Windows Media Player o RealNetworks o Adobe Media Player/Flash • Apple/QuickTime/iTunes o iTunes has grown 44x since 2004 (QuickTime remained mostly constant) o Plays on both PC & Mac. • - Microsoft Windows/Windows Media Player o Increased slightly since 2004 o The most used for many years o Comes pre-installed on PCs (major market advantage) • - RealNetworks o Decreased to almost 1/3 it's 2004 users. o First on the streaming scene. o Slowly disappearing. • - Adobe Media Player/Flash o Adobe purchased Macromedia in 2005 o Inherited Flash o Has largest media support o Problematic relationship with Apple

Theory of the Long Tail

Idea of shifting our marketplace 2-Fewer "hit" TV shows, Movies, Albums, etc. nowadays than in the past due to higher spread of audience niches. 3-Brick and mortar stores struggle with the long tail whereas Netflix, Amazon, and the Apple App Store thrive within the long tail. Ex:Netflix- has terrible movies that people watch

Rational Choice model

Idea that we adopt technology based on what we intend to use it for

TV

In 1927, Philo Farnsworth became the first person to electronically transmit a picture over the air.

Apple

In 2001 Apple introduced the iPod

Satellites

In March 2001, the first two American digital audio satellites were launched.

Computers

Intel introduced the first microprocessor in 1971. 2- Called the MITS Altair.

Content Regulation

Is what we can put on our media-what acceptable Refers to the degree to which a particular industry enjoys First Amendment protection. Example: in the U.S., the press is recognized as having the First Amendment protection and there is no regulatory agency to oversee printing. Cable TV has limited First Amendment protection, while broadcasting has the most limitations on its First Amendment rights. This regulation is apparent in the type of programming rules imposed by the FCC on broadcast programming that is not imposed on cable TV programming.

Pick display style

LCD, LED, or plasma LCD-liquid crystal display LED-light emitting diode Plasma-uses a lot of energy-hard to find an efficient one

Technical Regulation

Licensing to allow broadcasting over certain mediums and frequencies Reduces the redundancies in interference The gov. sorts out who is allowed to broadcast and what frequencies

Memory cards

Memory Cards; smaller (in physical size), larger (in capacity), cheaper ◦ sony XQD card promises to have write and read speeds up to 125 Mb/sec. new format: utilizes PCI express data pathway technology and is faster- 32 Gb. ◦ Lexar CompactFlash card has a "minimum guaranteed sustained read transfer speed", but most cameras cant reach that speed.

MMDS

Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Services.

Broadband Investment

National Broadband Plan, designed policies to ensure robust competition, ensure efficient allocation and use of government owned and government influenced assets. Reformed current universal service mechanisms to support deployment of broadband and maximized benefits of broadband for government priorities (schools and hospitals).

Uses and Gratifications

People USE a technology to GRATIFY a certain need or needs. 2-Researchers ask people how they use their technologies in order to identify what the meaningful needs being met by those technologies are.

Social Systems

Political, Economic, Media, and Interpersonal Interaction

Rational Choice Models

Rationals consumers utilize when buying or adopting new technologies (Why do I want to buy this technology? or Why this technology instead of that technology?).

RIAA lawsuits

Recording Industry Association of America Piracy of digital media has been an important issue of RIAA, FBI, and state attorneys ◦ RIAA provides assistance to the DOJ and FBI in their investigations. assists authorities in identifying music pirates and shutting down their operations. ◦ RIAA takes steps to prevent repeat infringements: warnings, remove from internet service, pay fee.

• DRM-Digital Rights Management

Recording studios insisted that their songs be encoded with DRM iTs the idea that we encode our music with a certain code in it- only allows you to play on certain devices ◦ CDs have no encryption, and can play on any player. can be ripped to a digital file, copied, or shared. ◦ digital downloads are accessible online, making their purchase convenient. ◦ main purpose: way to protect rights of the artists whose music was being illeally distributed. "necessary evil".

Radio

Reginald A. Fessenden and Lee De Forest independently transmitted voice by means of wireless radio in 1906.

P2P

Sharing of digital files over the Interent computer systems that are connected to each other via the internet. can share info without a central server. ◦ each computer becomes a file server as well as a client ◦ needs p2p software: Vuze or Limewire ◦ once connected, you can "swarm" for torrent files located on other people computers. ◦ its quick and convenient, has led to software piracy and illegal downloads

Sponsored content

Sponsored content, longer-form programming sponsored by an advertiser, similar to the early sponsorship models of 1950s era television

Enabling

Technology that allows you to accomplish something Ex: Have wifi on campus so it enables you to stay connected

Ex

Telephone; E-mail; Faxes; Texts; Bluray; Internet

First Book printed in Colonial America

The Bay Psalm Book by Stephen Daye (1640)

Hardware Path

The equipment used to make the messages in the communication industry.

Cloud Music Services

Users can buy music and access that music across devices -Utilizes streaming from "the cloud" 3 major cloud service providers offer similar products with a similar mission: allow users to buy new music and access existing libraries from multiple devices, via streaming from the cloud. 1st=google play 2= iCloud 3=amazon cloud

Home Video

VCR's became available to the public in the 1970s.

Vertical ads

Vertical ads that link the viewer to topical info. and related products

VHF AND UHF

Very high frequency and Ultra high frequency - Used a higher frequency, requiring more electricity. - Many TV sets needed to be updated. - Both encoded video with AM and audio with FM - Cable TV was introduced to overcome broadcast limitation.

VOD

Video on Demand.

Motion Pictures

William Dickson developed the kinetograph, an early motion picture camera The kinetoscope- the viewing device.

Satellite radio

a form of out of band digital radio launched in USA by XM satellite radio • XM est. 2001 and Sirius 2002 (are now merged) • Subscription service to commercial free satellite radio with 100+ channels based on genres and talk

Diffusion of Innovation

also called diffusion theory 2-Explains how innovation is communicated over time through different channels to different members of a social system.

Aspect Ratio

aspect ratio are the dimensions of the screen its height by width

Betamax

early competitor to the VCR, had higher quality but VCR's had longer taping capacity. Ultimately lost. 2-had higher quality recording than VCR's but VCR's had longer taping capacity and were ultimately chosen by the public.

Podcasting

is the distribution of audio or video files, such as radio programs or music videos, over the Internet using RSS (really simple syndication) for listening on mobile devices adn personal computers. ◦ a web feed of audio or video files placed on the internet for anyone to download or subscribe to, real time streaming

Principle of Relative Constancy

people spend a constant amount of time/money/energy/focus on their various consumptions. 2-New media has to be good enough to warrant giving up old media. 3-In other words in order for adoption to occur, the new technology has to be compelling enough for the adopter to give up something else.

Digital Media Player

plays MP3's and other digital audio files a computer based player is needed. song selectors tend to store all of their music on players with larger drives and select individual songs or playlists as desired, whereas song shufflers are ore likely to load a group of songs on a smaller drive and let the player shuffle through them.

Phonograph

plays back recordings from etching in tin foil. Invented by Thomas Edison in 1877 based on expanding experiments done in the 1850's by Leon Scott de Martinville.

Select the right size

rule of thumb is to measure the distance from the picture to the seat then divide the distance by 3

Free playlist and webcaster services

some create stations based on artists, albums, or tracks- those are free and paid by ads. usually have the option of upgrading to choose a song on demand and have no ads.

Critical Mass theory

the small number of people willing to take a risk to try a new technology. 2=A small group of the population that chooses to make big contributions for the public good." 3-technology becomes more useful as more people use it.

Advertiser-Supported Media

·Advertiser-Supported Media organizations concern is the impact of the internet and other media on revenues When advertisers pay to display their ads on a media source such as newspapers, TV, or internet. · The internet is taking over because it can provide statistics on how many people are viewing ads and how effective they are. · Local ads are not using internet as much because it has a global reach and is unnecessary.

AM

• Amplitude Modulation ◦ Limited Sound ◦ Superior Range AM has inferior sound but it reaches wider range.

CD's

• CD's ◦ improved sound quailty from LPs and cassettes, easy to handle, longer lifetime.

Early Years

• Cable started with tv because people needed something to watch Community Antenna Television (CATV) in Oregon, Pennsylvania and Arkansas claim to have established it first ▪ FCC deregulated cable in 1970s and allowed satellite communications to be open to private companies • First premium channel was HBO in 1972 • First superstation created by ted turner (WTBS)

Growth years

• Cable was further deregulated with The Cable Communications act of 1984 ◦ Cable companies were allowed to raise rates and use it to raise capital and expand services ◦ MPEG-1 was standard by 93, MPEG-2 by 95 (8 channels in space of 1 analog channel)

Camera Phones

• Camera Phones ◦ 83% own camera phones/ 42% owning 2 devices ◦ posting phone photos was too difficult, created apps like instagram. top camera phone- iPhone.

Podcasts

• Can be stored and listened to later- threat to traditional radio along with other pull services we now see in radio

Mobile Digital TV

• Creation of a national mobile standard for Digital TV Broadcasting was proposed by OMVC and ATSC had a similar role • OMVC= Open mobile video Coalition • ATSC=Advanced Television Systems Committee • ATSC mobile DTV Standard= mDTV approved on October 15,2009 • mDTV uses the same modulation scheme as DTV terrestrial broadcast but also has decoding technology added to improve mobile reception • Adoption of mDTV standard is accelerating-manufactures of mobile phones, laptops, and netbooks are using mDTV receiver chips

IPTV Definition

• Defined: "Multimedia services such as television/video/text/graphics/data delivers over IP-based networks managed to support the quality of service, interactivity, and reliability" • IPTV= "Internet Protocol TV • It includes video, audio, text, and data • Protocol is designed to ensure there is quality of service, interactivity, and reliability

The Democratization of TV

• Every minute we are alive 60 Hours of video are uploaded to YouTube • Primetime news use a video shot from a pedestrian that caught footage of an accident • High-end digital cameras crammed into our Smart Phones • Moore's Law= the idea that every 2 months the size of a microprocessors shrinks by half and the speed doubles • Moore's Law means that the stuff we use to fit in really big cameras now fits on really small cameras

FM

• Frequency Modulation ◦ Superior Sound ◦ Inferior Range It was invented after AM

Grooveshark

• Grooveshark ◦ "jukebox" service, but it does not have licenses to stream universal content. they forfeited the safe harbors.

On Demand Competition

• Historical summary • 1st =Blockbuster o Rented tapes and DVDs • 2nd =Netflix o Mailed DVDs and Blurays o Also had On Demand subscription • 3rd= Netflix to Qwikster o Was a PR failure • Raised prices • No warning to customers • Abandoned • 4th= Hulu Plus and Amazon Prime rising • 5th= Verizon/ Coinstar plus Redbox competing in 2012

Consumer-Generated Content

• You Tube o Competing with big network companies • Looking for next big thing • Standard 22 minutes for half hour show o Not standard length videos • Strength is uniqueness • Weakness is trouble marketing consistently • Undefined for future users

Podcasting

• Historically used for audio On Demand • Could be produced by anyone with a microphone and the right software • Mostly downloaded through RSS (Really Simple Syndication) • Can be streamed live as well as downloaded • Video Podcasts are also more common. • A podcast is essentially a radio show that you can download at any time and listen to • Benefits of Podcasting o 1= Easy to record o 2= Live or On Demand o 3= Audio or Video o 4= Can be free to listen to o 5= Familiar/growing number of American users • Disadvantages of Podcasting o Less hits- not many people listen

History

• History of ITV has been one of experimentation and often failure. ◦ Examples: Qube TV service, 1977 • Success of online ventures such as Youtube coupled with apparent willingness of audiences to interact and contribute to these venues prompted investor interest in interactive TV. • Dish Network and DirecTV provide consumers with VOD and providers such as Verizon start layering applications such as Facebook and Twitter on top of their programming (as early as 2005). Lonely girl 15-success on youtube

DTV Spectrum Battle

• In 2011 The National Association of Broadcasters was asked to auction off 120 MHz of the 294 MHz television spectrums to be used by Telecommunication Providers. • What market trends inspired this? - Not many people use broadcast TV anymore they use cell phones, over-the-top services like Hulu, Netflix • Was not met kindly by the NAB • NAB- National Association of Broadcasters • The digital spectrum that was JUST allocated to the broadcasters in 2009.

Definition of Interactive Television

• Interactive Television or ITV A term used to describe the "convergence of TV with digital media technologies such as computers, personal video recorders, game consoles, and mobile devices, enabling user interactivity. • A continuum ranging from Video On Demand (VOD) to applications that allow the viewer to fully shape the content being delivered, as an interactive storytelling.

Two Screen Viewing

• Is when people watch TV while accessing the internet on a cell phone, ipad, or laptop • They are one multiple things at once • Multimedia companies are truing to incorporate this experience into 1 complete experience • The new X box next year will likely incorporate all video devices in the room

SMART TV'S

• Kinect -type gesture control- Kinect is the Xbox game system • Voice control- instead of using a remote- say what restrictions on what your kids watch • Face recognition-use instead of using a remote • Access to broadcast, cable, satellite, and OTT streaming. • Making Dumb TVs Smart o Examples= Roku, Apple TV, Xbox, Playstation, Blu-ray Players

Display Types

• LCD= "Liquid Crystal Display" • LED= "Light Emitting Diode" • OLED= "Organic Light Emitting Diode" • IGZO= "Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide" • DLP= "Digital Light Processing" • 1st type is LCD • 2nd type is LCD-LED • 3RD type is OLED • 4TH type is Plasma • 5th type is DLP-projector • 6th type is IGZO • Screens with higher resolution are 1080p, which is better then 720p • LCD= "Liquid Crystal Display" • LED= "Light Emitting Diode" • OLED= "Organic Light Emitting Diode" • IGZO= "Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide" • DLP= "Digital Light Processing" • 1st type is LCD • 2nd type is LCD-LED • 3RD type is OLED • 4TH type is Plasma • 5th type is DLP-projector • 6th type is IGZO • Screens with higher resolution are 1080p, which is better then 720p

Moores Law

• Moores Law ◦ newer memory cards will continue to offer more storage in years to come, as they increased in capacity.

IPTV via P2P

• P2P =Peer to Peer • Instead of having one server you have a series of users- all the users might have the content you want • Ex: You want to download a song that 3 other people have. Instead of downloading the whole song from one person, at the same time you can download 1/3 of the song from each user and your computer would put it together as one song. • Result= One song downloaded 3 times faster • Made famous and ubiquitous with Napster. • Doesn't require traditional servers (the users are the servers) • Disadvantage are o Often associated with illegal file-sharing (pirating) o Unauthorized copies replace authorized copies over time o No money for the production industry • Advantages are o Increase your speed o Freedom from control= No speed/ Copy restrictions

3-D TV

• Passive Anaglyphic: o Polarized glasses like the ones used in theaters o Polarized for each eye o Need 2 different projection sources pointed at the screen • Active Electro-Optical (Active Shutter): o Glasses used at home o Battery-operated o Little LCD screens that flicks open and close 60 times/second o TV shoots out 120 frames per second (FPS) it coordinates the frame for your right eye is open and then alternates o The display shows 120 FPS (60 for each eye)

Download vs. Streaming

• Streaming is distinct from "downloading" the desired media • Streaming is continuous flow of content from host to device, having to be buffered in-between • Buffering is temporarily holding • Watching content is possible only after streaming content and not faster then buffering • Advantages of streaming are... o 1= Speed o 2= (Host) control o 3= Flexibility • Downloading is an element of IPTV b/c you download content from the internet • Characteristics of downloading o Stored on the device o Transferred from host o Accessible anytime

Internet radio

• Streaming services like pandora, spotify, and lastfm that are accessible on smartphones, tablets, and other internet connected devices ◦ Clear channel responded with Iheartradio

Conversation from Analog to Digital TV

• TV's used to be broadcast in analogue • Digital broadcast = better signal, better picture, and the ability to display high definition images on multiple channels • The FCC in 2006 made a decision that the US would transition to DTV- which is Digital broadcasting and NOT analogue • Didn't end up coming into effect until June 12, 2009.

Media Buying/Planning

• Traditional TV networks circulate content proposals to media buyers a year or more in advance, while newer video forms provide little lead time for buyers to make decisions. • Although more than 40 major global advertisers are already including ITV in their ad-mix, agencies and advertisers still need to come to an agreement concerning how to treat the market for ITV products, both during the transitional period and when ITV is fully implemented. • Also, there is concern that Consumer Generated Content (CGC) will continue to compete for the same advertiser dollars as affiliated networks, but outside of the traditional media planning framework.

ITV and Advertising

•Viewers can co-view and comment on their media Given the personalization and customizability of ITV audiences can now customize media delivery and choose to strip out advertising messages. • Advertisers have in turn attempted to involve consumers more in their advertisements through apps such as "Shazam" which identifies content from ads and integrates it with social viewing and interactive opportunities. (Super Bowl advertisers made their commercials "shazamable" during the 2012 Super Bowl using the company's mobile app that recognises audio

Subscription based services

◦ 4 major services: emusic, rhapsody, pandora, and spotify ▪ emusic: emusic started as the first online music store, first to offer DRM-free tracks, large amount of contracts w independent labels, very diverse, expensive ▪ rhapsody: purchased napster. 2 types of services- both cost.

Digital vs Analog

◦ Analog: Suffers from signal degradation (generational loss)-degradation of signal over time- ◦ Digital: Quality varies depending on bit level- send more info.-more efficient use of radio waves

Copyright Legislation

◦ Audio HOme recording act of 1992- ▪ exempts consumers from lawsuits for copyright violations when they record music for private, noncommerical use and eases access to advanced digital audio recording technologies. ▪ provides for the payment of modest royalties to music creators and copyright owners ◦ Digital performance right in sound recording act of 1995 ▪ allows copyright owners of sound recordings to authorize certain digital transmissions for their works. ◦ No electronic theft law of 1997 ▪ sound recording infringements can be criminally prosecuted even where no monetary profit or commercial gain is derived from the infringing activity ◦ Digital millennium copyright act of 1998 ▪ main goal: make changes in US copyright law to allow the US to join 2 new World Intellectual Property Organization treaties that update international copyright standards for the Internet.

Embedded advertising,

◦ Embedded advertising, the digital equivalent of product placement

Hypertargeted ads

◦ Hypertargeted ads delivered with localization or profiled matching criteria

Opt-in ads

◦ Opt-in ads accepted in exchange for free or discounted programming

• Perceptions of technology are in part subjective as opposed to objective.

◦ We choose certain technologies over others based on preferences regardless of how informed we may be on those technologies. ▪ Examples: Mac users vs. PC users or Xbox vs. PS3 ▪ The "Fanboy" concept: A person will stick with one technology provider (i.e. Apple) based on loyalty to that company regardless of the innovations of other companies on their technologies.

Photobook Publishing and Image Sharing

◦ increase in custom products such as photobooks because Gen Y takes more photos than ever before and use kiosk or print from online. ◦ people take pictures to preserve memories. Gen Y shares them on social networking site

• Digital Image Resolution

◦ most DSCs now fall in the 12-15 Megapixels range ◦ only camera phones lag behind this resolution threshold ◦ for many, instagram/ nostalgia trumps high end digital resolution ◦ phone images increase, camera images decreased ◦ Lytro- light field technology, which allows the user to take a picture without worrying about focus. The photo is focuses afterwards using proprietary software. Megapixel=10 mp or more is equal to or greater than that of 34 mm film