oce ch 2

Using the ruler tool measure the distance between the opposite sides of placemark A in centimeters to determine the annual rate of spreading at placemark A. Assume that the rift began opening 20 million years ago. (Answer to the nearest millimeter per year.) a) 9.8 millimeters b) 19, 600, 800 millimeters c) 19, 600, 8000 millimeters d) 98 millimeters

a) 9.8 millimeters

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere? a) All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere. b) The crust lies below a larger layer called the lithosphere. c) Some of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere. d) The crust lies on top of a larger layer called the lithosphere.

a) All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere.

How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different? a) A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the equator during reverse polarity. b) A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the South Pole during reverse polarity. c) A compass points toward the South Pole during normal polarity and to the North Pole during reverse polarity. d) A compass points toward the South Pole during normal polarity and to the equator during reverse polarity.

b) A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the South Pole during reverse polarity.

Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs? a) Andes and Hawaii b) Andes and Cascades c) East African Rift and Hawaii d) East African Rift and Cascades

b) Andes and Cascades

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? Select only one answer. a) The solid iron-nickel inner core spins rapidly in the opposite direction. b) There is a giant bar magnet inside Earth. c) The Sun has such a powerful magnetic field that it creates a magnetic field on Earth. d) The solid iron-nickel inner core spins rapidly in the same direction as Earth, but much faster. e) Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

e) Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

Which mountain belt lies to the north of India? a) the Rockies b) the Andes c) the Cascades d) the Alps e) the Himalayas

e) the Himalayas

What was Pangaea? a) a supercontinent that began to break apart about 450 million years ago b) a supercontinent that began to break apart about 600 million years ago c) a supercontinent that began to break apart about 100 million years ago d) a supercontinent that began to break apart about 200 million years ago

d) a supercontinent that began to break apart about 200 million years ago

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? a) hot spots b) fracture zones c) volcanic island arcs d) andesitic volcanoes e) mid-ocean ridges

d) andesitic volcanoes

What is a fault? a) fractures along which rocks bend b) folds along which rocks bend c) folds along which rocks move d) fractures along which rocks move

d) fractures along which rocks move

Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______. a) moving over b) moving side by side c) moving under d) moving toward

d) moving toward

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called: a) paleomagnetism. b) paleoclimatology. c) sedimentology. d) paleogeography.

d) paleogeography.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. study of magnetism over geologic time a) Panthalassa b) Pangaea c) rift valley d) paleomagnetism e) subduction zone

d) paleomagnetism

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary? a) Continental/continental convergent b) Divergent c) Transform d) Oceanic/oceanic convergent e) Oceanic/continental

b) Divergent

where do coral reefs exist with sea mounts? a) In both polar and tropical latitudes b) In tropical latitudes c) In polar latitudes

b) In tropical latitudes

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as: a) perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. b) not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges. c) parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. d) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. e) perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

d) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs? a) Andes and Hawaii b) East African Rift and Cascades c) East African Rift and Hawaii d) Andes and Cascades

d) Andes and Cascades

How are felsic magmas formed? a) Felsic magmas form when volcanoes mix mafic rock with dissolved gases. b) Felsic magmas generally do not exist. c) Pressure from overlying crust forces mantle magmas through cracks to Earth's surface. d) Heat from the mantle melts part of the lower crust.

d) Heat from the mantle melts part of the lower crust.

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries? a) The Earth would decrease in mass. b) The Earth would decrease in volume. c) The Earth would increase in mass. d) The Earth would increase in volume.

d) The Earth would increase in volume.

What is a volcanic arc? a) a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a mid-ocean ridge b) a row of volcanoes that forms on the downgoing plate near a subduction zone c) a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a hot spot d) a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

d) a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

What are rocks below and above a fault called? a) the footwall below and the upper wall above b) the lower wall below and the upper wall above c) the hanging wall below and the footwall above d) the footwall below and the hanging wall above e) the lower wall below and the hanging wall above

d) the footwall below and the hanging wall above

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true? *Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches. *Ocean crust is destroyed at the mid-ocean ridge. *Ocean crust is destroyed at transform faults. *Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge. *Ocean crust is created at deep sea trenches. *Ocean crust is created at transform faults.

*Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches. *Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Aleutian Islands B. Canary Islands C. Galapagos Islands D. Hawaiian Islands E. Iceland

A. Aleutian Islands

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. hydrothermal vents B. island arcs C. tall, folded mountain belts D. oceanic trenches E. large volcanoes caused by subduction

A. hydrothermal vents

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Gondwanaland B. Panamerica C. Pangaea D. Panthalassa E. Tethys Sea

B. Panamerica

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. transform fault B. San Andreas Fault C. oceanic transform fault D. Mendocino Fracture Zone E. Mariana Trench

E. Mariana Trench

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. divergent plate boundary B. oceanic-continental convergence C. oceanic-oceanic convergence D. transform plate boundary E. hot spot

E. hot spot

What is the relationship between the mantle and the lithosphere? a) Some of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere. b) The mantle lies below a smaller layer called the lithosphere. c) The mantle lies on top of a smaller layer called the lithosphere. d) All of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere.

a) Some of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere.

Studies have shown that the rocks rimming the shores of the Red Sea in this area are approximately 20 million years old. Which of the following statements best describes the rate(s) at which the Red Sea is spreading? a) The Red Sea basin is opening more rapidly near placemark B than it is at placemark A. b) The Red Sea basin is opening at a constant rate throughout its length. c) relative opening rates cannot be determined without making specific distance and age measurements. d) The Red Sea basin is opening more rapidly near placemark A than it is at placemark B.

a) The Red Sea basin is opening more rapidly near placemark B than it is at placemark A.

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere? a) The crust is part of the lithosphere. b) The lithosphere is part of the crust. c) The lithosphere is a special type of crust. d)The crust is a special type of lithosphere.

a) The crust is part of the lithosphere.

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with the formation of new ocean floor? a) divergent b) transform c) convergent d) hot spot

a) divergent

Which of the following statements is most accurate? a) Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much less dense landmass than it is today. b) Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much thinner landmass than it is today. c) Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much thicker landmass than it is today. d) Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much denser landmass than it is today.

b) Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much thinner landmass than it is today.

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the: a) plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. b) plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. c) plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. d) entire earth had warm, humid conditions at the time the plants were living. e) poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past.

c) plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation? a) compressional force b) tensional force c) shear force

c) shear force

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? a) volcanic island arcs b) mid-ocean ridges c) uplifted mountain ranges d) hot spots

c) uplifted mountain ranges

What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots? a) volcanoes at the edges of tectonic plates b) volcanoes near tectonic plates c) volcanoes within tectonic plates d) volcanoes above tectonic plates

c) volcanoes within tectonic plates

When will magma rise to Earth's surface? a) when the magma has more volume than adjacent rock b) When the magma has more mass than adjacent rock. c) when the magma is less dense than adjacent rock d)when the magma is denser than adjacent rock

c) when the magma is less dense than adjacent rock

Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? *The magnetic field is oriented horizontal (parallel) to Earth's surface at the magnetic equator. *The magnetic field is oriented vertical relative to Earth's surface at the south magnetic pole. *The magnetic field is oriented vertical relative to Earth's surface at the north magnetic pole. *The locations of Earth's magnetic poles have moved through time and have even reversed in polarity. *Earth's magnetic field has varying dips around the world that range from vertical to horizontal, depending on latitude.

check all

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? *Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. *In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time. *A volcanic arc is associated with a convergent plate boundary. *A nematath is created by a hotspot. *In a nematath, the age of the volcanoes progressively decreases as you move closer to the volcanic source.

check all

Which supercontinent contained Africa and South America? a) Pangaea Major b) Pangaea Minor c) Laurasia d) Gondwanaland

d) Gondwanaland

Which hypothesis best explains the continuous bend in the Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount chain? a) The location of the mantle plume that formed this feature drifted over time. b) The trench associated with the formation of this feature has a continuous bend in it. c) This feature results from two independent mantle plumes that merged to create the appearance of a bend. d) The direction of plate motion shifted over time over a stationary mantle plume (hot spot). e) The mid-ocean ridge that forms this feature has a continuous bend in it.

d) The direction of plate motion shifted over time over a stationary mantle plume (hot spot).

What is the relationship between continent edges and plate boundaries? a) Most plate boundaries follow the edges of continents. b) No plate boundaries follow the edges of continents. c) Almost all plate boundaries follow the edges of continents. d) Very few plate boundaries follow the edges of continents.

d) Very few plate boundaries follow the edges of continents.

What is a volcanic arc? a) a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a hot spot b) a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a mid-ocean ridge c) a row of volcanoes that forms on the subducting plate near a subduction zone d) a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

d) a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation? a) tensional force b) shear force c) compressional force

c) compressional force

What is a tablemount? a) A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive. b) A seamount that grew to just below sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive. c) A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now active. d) A seamount that grew to just below sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now active.

a) A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive.

What is a seamount? a) An active volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge. b) An active volcano that occurs along the trench of a subduction zone. c) An inactive volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge. d) An inactive volcano that occurs along the trench of a subduction zone.

a) An active volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge.

Which of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field is most accurate? a) Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at irregular time intervals. b) Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at regular time intervals. c) Earth does not have a regular magnetic field. d) Earth's magnetic field does not switch polarity.

a) Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at irregular time intervals.

Why do coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time? a) Seamounts subside as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight. b) Seamounts uplift as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay in the ocean water. c) Seamounts subside as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay in the ocean water. d) Seamounts uplift as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight.

a) Seamounts subside as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight.

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer. a) They are all associated with zones of earthquakes. b) They are all associated with an abundance of volcanic activity. c) They are all located along the edges of continents. d) They occur entirely within the middle of continents. e) They occur only on the ocean floor.

a) They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

Did any subduction occur during the collision of India and Asia? a) Yes; ocean basin between these two continents subducted under Asia. b) Yes; a continent between these two continents subducted under India. c) Yes; ocean basin between these two continents subducted under India. d) Yes; another continent between these two continents subducted under Asia.

a) Yes; ocean basin between these two continents subducted under Asia.

What was the Tethys Sea? a) a piece of the Panthalassa Ocean that existed after the Pangaean supercontinent formed b) the single ocean that existed after the Pangaean supercontinent formed c) the ocean that formed as Pangaea began to break apart

a) a piece of the Panthalassa Ocean that existed after the Pangaean supercontinent formed

Where is the youngest ocean floor found? a) along the crest of mid-ocean ridges b) along chains of hot spot volcanoes c) along the axis of ocean trenches d) along the edges of continents

a) along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side by side at __________ boundaries. a) divergent/convergent/transform b) convergent/transform/divergent c) convergent/divergent/transform d) transform/convergent/divergent e) transform/divergent/convergent

a) divergent/convergent/transform

How often does the Earth's magnetic field switch polarity? a) every 100,000 to several million years b) every 10,000 to 50,000 years c) every 500,000 years d) every 10,000 to 100,000 years

a) every 100,000 to several million years

In general, what are the Himalayan mountains composed of? a) folded and faulted rock b) extrusive volcanic rock c) faulted and broken rock d) folded and bent rock

a) folded and faulted rock

Which type of fault has no vertical motion of rocks associated with it? a) strike-slip fault b) shear fault c) reverse fault d) normal fault

a) strike-slip fault

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. trench a) subduction zone b) spreading center

a) subduction zone

Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation? a) tensional force b) shear force c) compressional force

a) tensional force

The following set of observations describes an actual body of water. Evaluate these statements and determine the evolutionary stage of an ocean basin based upon the following characteristics: 1) Lacks a mid-ocean ridge 2) Deep ocean basin is present 3) Early signs of mountain formation 4) Volcanic island arc and trench absent a) terminal b) declining c) juvenile d) suturing e) mature

a) terminal

How do mafic volcanic rocks get to Earth's surface? a) Heat from the lower crust melts part of the mantle to form magma that rises to Earth's surface. These magmas erupt out of volcanoes, cool, and solidify into rock. b) Pressure from overlying crust forces mantle magmas through cracks to Earth's surface. These magmas erupt out of volcanoes, cool, and solidify into rock. c) Heat from the mantle melts part of the lower crust to form magma, which rises to Earth's surface. These magmas erupt out of volcanoes, cool, and solidify into rock. d) Pressure from overlying mantle forces crust magmas through cracks to Earth's surface. These magmas erupt out of volcanoes, cool, and solidify into rock.

b) Pressure from overlying crust forces mantle magmas through cracks to Earth's surface. These magmas erupt out of volcanoes, cool, and solidify into rock.

Why didn't India subduct under Asia? a) The two continents have different mass. b) The two continents have similar densities. c) The two continents have different densities. d) The two continents have similar mass.

b) The two continents have similar densities.

Which type of plate boundary exists between India and Asia today? a) a transform boundary b) a convergent boundary c) a subduction zone d) a divergent zone

b) a convergent boundary

What surface feature would you expect to form if both a hot spot and a tectonic plate are stationary? a) a small hill above the hot spot b) a single volcano c) a chain of volcanoes d) a ring of volcanoes

b) a single volcano

Where is the youngest ocean floor found? a) along the edges of continents b) along the crest of mid-ocean ridges c) along chains of hot-spot volcanoes d) along the axis of ocean trenches

b) along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: a) convergent plate boundary (continent-continent). b) divergent plate boundary. c) convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic). d) transform fault boundary. e) convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic).

b) divergent plate boundary.

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries? a) mid-ocean hot spots and ocean trenches b) mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys c) mid-ocean hot spots and continental rift valleys d) mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches

b) mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries? a) mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches b) mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys c) mid-ocean hot spots and continental rift valleys d) mid-ocean hot spots and ocean trenches

b) mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______. a) moving side-by-side b) moving toward c) moving under d) moving over

b) moving toward

Where would you expect to see alternating bands of rock with different magnetic polarities? a) on the slowest-moving side of the mid-ocean ridge b) on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge c) on the fastest-moving side of the mid-ocean ridge d) on the youngest side of the mid-ocean ridge e) on the oldest side of the mid-ocean ridge

b) on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. seafloor magnetic stripes a) subduction zone b) spreading center

b) spreading center

What caused the formation of the Himalayas? a) the collision of Italy with Asia b) the collision of India with Asia c) the collision of Asia with Europe d) the collision of Italy with Europe e) the collision of India with Europe

b) the collision of India with Asia

Examine the shape of the shoreline of Red Sea. Which of the following set of observations offers the best evidence that the northeast (right-hand) and southwest (left-hand) shores of the Red Sea were once joined to each other? a) the jigsaw-puzzle-like fit of the shorelines with each other, old rocks on the northeast shore, and young rocks on the southwest shore. b) the jigsaw-puzzle-like fit of the shorelines with each other, and rocks of similar age on opposite shores of the Red Sea. c) the varying width of the sea, old rocks on the northeast shore, and young rocks on the southwest shore. d) the varying width of the sea, and rocks of similar age on opposite shores of the Red Sea.

b) the jigsaw-puzzle-like fit of the shorelines with each other, and rocks of similar age on opposite shores of the Red Sea.

Sea floor spreading along the axis of an oceanic ridge results in symmetrical patterns of all of the following EXCEPT ______________. a) the paleomagnetic record b) the location of subduction zones c) the flow of heat through the crust d) the age of the sea floor e) the depth of the sea floor

b) the location of subduction zones

What was Panthalassa? a) the supercontinent that existed after the Pangaean ocean formed b) the single ocean that existed after the Pangaean supercontinent formed c) the ocean that formed as Pangaea began to break apart d) the northern half of Pangaea that formed after Pangaea began to break apart

b) the single ocean that existed after the Pangaean

Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side-by-side at __________ boundaries. a) transform/convergent/divergent b)divergent/convergent/transform c)convergent/transform/divergent d)convergent/divergent/transform e)transform/divergent/convergent

b)divergent/convergent/transform

Studies indicate that at the time the offset of Wallace Creek began 13,000 years ago, it flowed through the valley indicated by placemark D, and only more recently did it cut its present channel into the land on the western side of the fault. Determine the average annual displacement, in inches, along this section of the San Andreas Fault. You can check your results with those published in the Field Trip Guide linked in placemark A. a) 17,000 Inches b) 1,416 Inches c) 1.2 Inches d) 0.1 Inches

c) 1.2 Inches

Which of the following statements is most accurate? a) A moving India collided with a stationary Asia about 71 million years ago. b) A moving Asia collided with a stationary India about 30 million years ago. c) A moving India collided with a stationary Asia about 30 million years ago. d) A moving Asia collided with a stationary India about 71 million years ago.

c) A moving India collided with a stationary Asia about 30 million years ago.

In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time? a) A record of Earth's gravitational field is recorded in continental rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's gravitational polarity. b) A record of Earth's gravitational field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's gravitational polarity. c) A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity. d) A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in continental rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity.

c) A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity.

The cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA, are about 380 miles apart. Plate motion along the San Andreas Fault is about five centimeters per year. If the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants continue to play at their current locations, how long will it be before their games will constitute a cross-town rivalry? a) About 10,110,000 years b) About 15,650,000 years c) About 12,230,000 years d) About 18,490,000 years e) About 17,930,000 years

c) About 12,230,000 years

What is the relationship between the mantle and the asthenosphere? a) The mantle lies on top of a smaller layer called the asthenosphere. b) All of the mantle is contained within a larger layer called the asthenosphere. c) All of the asthenosphere is contained within a larger layer called the mantle. d) The mantle lies below a smaller layer called the asthenosphere.

c) All of the asthenosphere is contained within a larger layer called the mantle.

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was: a) Alfred Wegener. b) John Tuzo Wilson. c) Charles Darwin. d) Harry Hess. e) Drummond Matthews.

c) Charles Darwin.

Which of the following statements about coral reefs and seamounts is most accurate? a) Seamounts at the ocean surface grow away from coral reefs over time. b) Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow towards seamounts over time. c) Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time. d) Seamounts at the ocean surface grow towards coral reefs over time.

c) Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time.

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries? a) Earth would decrease in volume. b) Earth would decrease in mass. c) Earth would increase in volume. d) Earth would increase in mass.

c) Earth would increase in volume.

In general, why does Earth's crust sit on top of the mantle? a) Earth's crust is colder than the mantle. b) Earth's crust is hotter than the mantle. c) Earth's crust is less dense than the mantle. d) Earth's crust is denser than the mantle.

c) Earth's crust is less dense than the mantle.

What were the names of the two smaller super continents that formed when Pangaea broke apart? a) Laurasia and Pangaea Minor b) Pangaea Major and Gondwanaland c) Laurasia and Gondwanaland d) Pangaea Major and Pangaea Minor e) Pangaea Major and Laurasia

c) Laurasia and Gondwanaland

Which of the following statements about tectonic plates is true? a) All tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere. b) No tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere. c) Most tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere. d) Few tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere.

c) Most tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere.

What is the relationship between the crust and lithosphere? a) The lithosphere is a special type of crust. b) The lithosphere is part of the crust. c) The crust is part of the lithosphere. d) The crust is a special type of lithosphere.

c) The crust is part of the lithosphere.

Imagine two people standing at placemark A and placemark E, looking at each other across the fault. Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative motion of the land opposite each observer? a) To both observers, the land opposite them is moving to the left. b) To the observer at placemark A, the land at placemark E is moving to the left, and to the observer at placemark E, the land at placemark A is moving to the right. c) To both observers, the land opposite them is moving to the right. d) To the observer at placemark A, the land at placemark E is moving to the right, and to the observer at placemark E, the land at placemark A is moving to the left.

c) To both observers, the land opposite them is moving to the right.

In general, when will melted rock in the mantle rise? a) sometimes, depending on the magma's temperature b) sometimes, depending on the magma's pressure c) almost always d) almost never

c) almost always

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by: a) Earth's geologic history. b) plants and animals that live in an area. c) latitude. d) presence or absence of glacial debris. e) longitude.

c) latitude.

Earthquakes can occur only in the __________. a) outer core b) asthenosphere c) lithosphere d) mesosphere e) crust

c) lithosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. a) mantle; crust b) asthenosphere; lithosphere c) lithosphere; asthenosphere d) lithosphere; mesosphere e) crust; lithosphere

c) lithosphere; asthenosphere

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries? a) mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys b) mid-ocean ridges and volcanoes c) ocean trenches and volcanoes d) ocean trenches and continental rift valleys

c) ocean trenches and volcanoes

A researcher interested in the vertical zonation of oceanic lithosphere would want to study __________. a) mantle plumes b) atolls c) ophiolites d) magnetic reversals e) nemataphs

c) ophiolites

When will a hot spot volcano become extinct? a) when the volcano stops sending rising mantle to the hot spot b) when the hot spot stops sending rising mantle to the volcano c) when the hot spot is carried away from the volcano by the tectonic plate d) when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate

d) when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist: a) John Tuzo Wilson. b) Drummond Matthews. c) Frederick Vine. d) Alfred Wegener. e) Harry Hess.

e) Harry Hess.

Evidence for continental drift includes: a) the fit of the continents. b) the distribution of organisms. c) past glacial activity. d) matching sequences of rocks and mountain chains. e) all the above.

e) all the above.

volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called: a) seamounts. b) abyssal hills. c) mantle plumes. d) hotspots. e) tablemounts.

e) tablemounts.

Loihi is __________. a) a flat-topped seamount b) a prehistoric palm tree c) a volcanic rock of intermediate composition d) the geophysical boundary between the crust and the mantle e) the newest Hawaiian volcano

e) the newest Hawaiian volcano

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is: a)being subducted beneath Japan. b)being subducted beneath the North American plate. c)diving under Japan. d)being thrust over the North American plate. e)moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

e)moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.