COMM 335 Final

Spratt) What is media framing?

"To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, casual interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item."

Dis) What are key ways to be a better communicator with people with disabilities? (The Do's and Don'ts)

**Look at table in notes**

Pop) How can we distinguish between high culture, folk culture, and pop culture?

**Look at table in the notes**

6) Understand Hofstede's cultural dimensions and how to apply them. You need to have a working knowledge of the 6, not just the 4 mentioned in class.

**Look at tables in notes**

Pop) What is the difference between high culture and low culture?

**Look at the table in notes**

Dis) How is it a co-culture and why is this co-clture growing?

- 1 in 5 people have a disability of some sort, and the number is increasing • As life expectancy grows, people develop disabilities as they get older • When life expectancy was low, people dies shortly after being diagnosed with their disability. Now more and more people are living with it. • People can now survive once life-threatening diseases/illnesses - Dominant culture = able bodies people without a disability (temporarily able bodied TAB) - Co-Culture = disabilities. Have a distinct language, identity, and set of values that set them apart. • People not born with disabilities must assimilate/immigrate to the culture

Spratt) What was Emmett Till?

- 14 years old - From Chicago - Went to Mississippi to visit family - Whistled/spoke without deference to Mrs. Bryant - Abducted at gun point, then beaten and killed - Thrown into the Tallahatchie River - Bryant & Milam arrested, tried, acquitted - Sold story of their kidnapping and murder to a journalist - This helped spawn the Civil Rights movement • Story touched the nations (pictures, he was just a child)

Deaf) What is the difference between deaf and Deaf?

- 20 million Americans have some type of hearing loss • Hard of hearing • Little "d" deaf - 1 million use SL to communicate and consider themselves part of Deaf culture • Referred to as big "D" Deaf • Membership achieved through • Identification with the Deaf world • Shared experiences that come from being Deaf • Participation in community's activities

Deaf) What role does sign language play in Deaf Culture?

- 5 separate visual channels: • The hands/arm • The head • The eyes • The face • The total body posture - It is its own language - They have to write a paper in hearing English just like foreign exchange students can't submit a paper in their home language - Home signs (different for lots of people and change) - ASL GLOSS = how to write ASL • It's not supposed to be written in English - Deaf space • More open and easier to see • Floors in a building will be color coded • Walk and sign at the same time, narrow halls will run into things - Eye contact is huge—you break it, you just missed a whole sentence - Not universal (FSL, ASL, GSL, JSL, and they have dialects too) - Unequivocal communication • Very few euphemisms • Communication is direct - Have various signs for noises (i.e. applause)

Deaf) Describe Deaf pride.

- Deaf people love being deaf - Being deaf is great! - Most Deaf people want deaf children - Cochlear implants are very controversial

8) Know the differences between accent, dialect, argot, and slang

- Accent = variations in pronunciation - Dialect = regional distinctions in language, distinguished by differences in vocabulary, grammar, and even punctuation - Argot = private vocabulary unique to a co-culture, group, organization or profession. "Professional jargon" >> Medical people/athletes - Slang = non-standard terms, usually used in instances of informality, which serves as a means of making social or linguistic identity

9) What are the different categories of touch in the US?

- Accidental touch (we usually apologize) - Professional touch (doctor) - Social politeness (shaking hands) - Friendship touches (high five) - Love-intimacy touch (long hug) - Sexual touch

Race) Know the differences between Assimilationist, Pluralists, Reconciliationists, and Extremists. I will, more than likely, present you with several comments and ask you to determine which orientation the person's comments reflect.

- Assimilationists ≡ individualism, universalism, and procedural equality • Metaphors: the melting pot, color blind • Celebrate personal achievement and self-reliance • Place individual identity over group identity • Procedural equality/fair play (everyone offered the same thing—scholarhips) • Cause of inequalities: biopsychosocial (some people have what it takes, some no) • Affirmative action is unfair • Ben Carson's view on affirmative action (we need to move from race to circumstances) • If you fall into a categoro of unfortunate circumstances but have overcome them, THEN you should get a boost • Kim, "Universally applying societal rules to all its citizens irrespectively" - Pluralist ≡ group identity/status equality • Metaphors: salad/tapestry—you still see individual parts • Celebrates group identity • Status equality • Blacks 2x more likely to be unemployed, 6x as likely to be imprisoned, and 3x as likely to be impoverished • Networking is important and black networking is very poor • It takes money to make money • It's all about who you know • Cause of inequality: sociocultural, structural • Affirmative action is the only way to "fix" it • Kim, "humans are inherently equal, but we have been distorted by social organizations, culture, property, and law" • Critical race theory >> Institutionalized racism - Reconciliationists ≡ Can't we all just get along? • Honors group identity but when it comes second • Moderation, tolerance, finding a middle ground • May support short lived bilingual programs • Since the TV doesn't like their voice, their roles get lost • Colin Powell on Dr. MLKJ's speech and memorial: • We need to educate our children • BUT the children need to try harder - Extremists ≡ Strong in-group/out-group distinctions • Separatist mentality • On both extremes (white supremacist, black nationalist, neo-nazis) • Southern poverty law group (KKK) >> 57 in Texas **Look at the table in the notes**

Rao) What is meant by "an Indian touch"?

- Audience responses to the use of English, and to Western clothing, musical styles, and settings range from anxiety to pleasure and vary from subject to subject, but audience members expressed an almost universal expectation that Bollywood films contain traditional clothing and music, that they retain the emphasis on familial emotion, and that they reinforce ''Indian'' values. The active audience of Bollywood films in India does not passively succumb to complete Westernization, but rather successfully demands a compromise between Westernization and India:indeed, that Western adapts to India. I interpret such reciprocal adaptation between the symptoms of globalization and the retention of ''an Indian touch'' as an instance of productive intersection between two very different epistemologies and imaginaries, and thus as an instance of what Robertson (1997, p. 25) and others have termed glocalization.

8) How can we become better intercultural communicators with respect to our language?

- Be mindful - Speech rate - Vocabulary - Attend to non-verbal behavior cues - Checking

Deaf) What role does touch play?

- Being physical is very important because the visual channel is continuous, whereas the verbal channel is discrete (stops/starts) - Used to gain attention (precedes eye contact) - Physically connects culture (maintain the conversation) - Maintains safety

2) Be able to identify both characteristics of communication and the characteristics of culture. In addition, I will most likely give you a scenario and ask you to identify which characteristics is illustrated in the example

- Characteristics of communication • Dynamic process—like a movie, not a snapchat • Symbolic—uses symbols that represent things (expressions) • Contextual -location, occasion, time and # of people • Most communication behavior is learned • Has consequences (good or bad)—there will be a good response - Characteristics of culture • Shared • Learned (by family, social organizations, proverbs, mass media, art, history, education) • Transmitted from generation to generation • Based on symbols (because its based on communication and comm. Is symbolic) • Dynamic (you can't step in the same river twice) • Systemic (culture is a system and changing one part affects the other parts as well) • If language changes, it effects people's values • Or if values change, it effects people's language - I.E. if cussing becomes normal, then people's standard for politeness and manners will go down as well

5) What are the six religious traditions and the major tenets of each? There will be both multiple choice questions about these and also matching questions that ask, in essence, in which religion certain tenets, scriptures, etc. exist.

- Christianity • Single God who created the universe (who exists as the trinity) • Gave his only son to save the world of their sin • Sin is the gravest problem in human life because it separates humans from God, Jesus bridges the gap • Men and women were created in God's image • Bible is the Word of God • Culturally: community, individualism, "doing", future, courage • Death: • Afterlife: the soul is immortal, body is a shell for the soul • Options are heaven or hell • Disagreement in the church: • Some say a loving God could not sent someone to hell • Hell is "metaphorical" for being separated from God - Judaism • One God, universal and eternal, creator and sovereign God • No belief in "original sin" like Christianity, but one can commit sin by breaking commandments • People must be obedient to God's commandments in the Torah (holy scripture, first 5 books of the Bible) • Humans are inherently pure, good, and have been given free will • We can live how we want to: consequences are our own • Culturally: • History of oppression and persecution (Egypt, Spanish inquisition, holocaust) • Learning and education ("wisdom is better than jewels") • Justice ("worship of God without social justice is worthless") • Family and community • Death • Few references to afterlife in traditional writings (no clear reference in Torah) • More emphasis on being supportive to a family in presence of death • Shiva - Mourning period after someone close dies - 7 days at the home of the deceased - You don't leave your house and ppl are always over - Islam • "No god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet" • Belief in Angels—created to serve + worship Allah(Gabriel is the highest) • Koran is Holy Scripture • Revealed to Muhammad over 20-year period • Give to Muhammad, not written by him • Believe in other religious texts too: Bible, Torah, but Koran is final word • Submission: people are to submit completely to Allah's will • Predestination: Whatever God wills, happens • Judgment: Much like Christianity, people will be judges on their life and sent to heaven or hell • 5 Pillars of Islam • Shahadan/Statement of beliefs - No God but Allah, Muhammad is his prophet • Salat/Prayer - Performed 5 times a day towards Mecca (Holy City) • Zakat/Almsgiving - Everything is God's, therefore give what we have been given - Similar to Christian idea of tithing - Amount specified by Sharee'an • Sawm/fasting - During Holy Month of Ramadan (June 28-July 28) - Muslims do not eat, drink, engage in sexual activity, or smoke between sunrise and sunset • Hajj/Pilgrimage - Move to Mecca if financially and physically capable - Evidence of devotion to Allah - Hinduism • Sacred texts: • The Vedas - 4 books - Series of hymns, rituals, texts, speculations, philosophical maxims • The upahishads - Prose and verse • The Bhagarad-Ghita - Lengthy poem of dialogue between warriors, Prince Arjuna, and Lord Krishna - 18 chapter book -No females represented • There is divine in everything • Polytheistic • Namaste "I bow to the divine in you" • Ultimate reality • The material world we see is not the only reality (what we see now isn't 100% reality) • Brahman • The ultimate level of reality, a philosophical absolute, serenely blissful, beyond all ethical/metaphysical limitations • Multiple paths. "All roads lead to heaven" • Complete ways of life: • Dharma—rules of how a person should live in the universe (socially and individually) • Kharma—The result of how well one lives out Dharma • Reincarnation will reflect your Kharma based on Dharma - Buddhism • Buddah—the enlightened one • Rich boy who ventured out into the poor world and was changes • Not a god, a man "I'm awake" • All individuals have potential to seek truth on your own • Silence is values, meditation • Impermanency • All events and people are subject to change and are always in a state of flux • Appreciate the moment • Karma • Choices you make affect karma (you reap what you sow) • 4 noble truths • Life is "suffering" • Roots of suffering are found in selfishness • Suffering has cause therefore it can be eliminated • Remedy: 8 fold path • 8 fold path **Look at table in notes** - Confucianism • Centers on teachings of Confucius (China 551 BC) • People are good and have to learn by example what constitutes correct behavior • Education is huge • Stressed social harmony • He strongly believed in rigid hierarchy of human relationships - "Lower" members should honor "upper" • Text: The Analects written by his disciples • Jen (Humanism)—ideal relationship that should exist between people (avoid conflict) • Li (Rituals, rites, proprieties, conventions)—expression of good manners • Te (power)—empower people to make them better • Wen (the arts)—means of peace, quickenmind, teach sensibility

2) Know the definition of culture and the definition of communication. Be able to apply them

- Communication ≡ a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their thoughts with other people through the use of symbols in particular settings - Culture ≡ the totality of that group's thought, experiences, and patterns of behavior and its concepts values and assumptions about life that guide behavior and how those evolve with contact with other cultures

5) What are the different components of worldview? Different types of worldview?

- Components of worldview: • What is the purpose of life? • Is the world ruled by law, chance or God? • What is the right way to live? • What are the origins of the universe and how did life begin? • What are the sources of knowledge? • What is good/bad? Right/wrong?

1) How do you balance / Why is it necessary to balance generalizing with individual uniqueness? What guidelines can help with this?

- Culture is a powerful force in the shaping of human behavior but people are more than their own cultures - Generalizations ≡ Asians are likely to make good grades - Managing it: • They must not be absolute representations • Deal with primary values/behaviors • Support it with sources • Be cautious, not definite

Deaf) What are common stereotypes of the Deaf?

- Deaf and Mute - Deaf and Dumb • Social immaturity • Eccentricity • Lack of intelligence • Sign of mental illness - All Deafs can read lips (305 of English language is readable) - All Deaf people are mute - All Deafs know/use ASL - All Deafs read braille - All Deafs participate in Deaf culture - Deafness is genetic - Hearing aids restore hearing

3) What are deep structure? Why are they important?

- Deep structures ≡ conscious and unconscious assumptions how the world works, what unifies a cultures, makes it unique and explains the how and why of a culture's collective action—an action that is often difficult for "outsiders" to understand - Social organizations affecting these: • Family/clans • State/community • Religion/worldview - Carries culture's most important messages (fate vs. free choice) - They endure (work to preserve wisdom, customs, and traditions) - They're rooted deeply (Think of the latest religious scandal/upset - Supply much of a person's identity (everything is taught, you are born a blank slate)

Pop) What is encoding? Decoding? What are the various "levels" involved in the process? (Meaning various social contexts, hearers, etc.)

- Encoding ≡ Creating a message for others to understand and occurs by popular culture institutions within a context - Decoding ≡ The interpretation of text's meaning by receivers. It is performed by various audiences in different societal contexts and members have different interests at stake • Beauty and the beast love advice • Snow White love advice

6)What is face/facework?

- Face ≡ the self-image you want to project to other people. Your public identity. - Facework ≡ the actions you engage in to acquire/maintain a face for yourself or give face to someone else

3) What definition of family do SPMR use? Why?

- Family ≡ Any sexually expressive or parent child or other kin-relationship in which people, usually related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption: • Form an economic unit and care for the young • Consider their identity deeply attached to the group • Commit to maintaining that group over time

1) What is globalization?

- Globalization ≡ movement of capital, labor, people, and data across national borders -When cultures cross paths and intersect. The world is now characterized by an interrelated, interdependent, global community.

7) What is prejudice? What causes it? How do we avoid it?

- Having a bad attitude towards a certain stereotype - Aspects of it: • Antilocution ≡ talking about a member of the target group in negative and stereotypical terms (University of Illinois snow day backlash) • Avoidance ≡ people avoid and/or withdraw from contact with disliked group • Discrimination ≡ attempting to exclude all members of a group in question from all access to certain types of employment, education, housing, political rights, recreational opportunities, churches, hospitals, or other social institutions • Physical attacks

6) Understand Hall's cultural orientations and how to apply them

- High context versus low context • HIGH CONTEXT • American Indian, Latin America, Japanese, Arab, Chinese, African American, Korean • Meaning doesn't have to be stated in words - People are homogenous - Similar experience, networks, rules • Found in more traditional cultures • Consistent messages have received cinsistent responses in the social environment • Information is provided through inference, gestures, and silence • Javahar in her public speaking class—has never said "I love you" to his wife • Can express and interpret feelings without verbally stating them • More reliant on and tuned into nonverbal communication • Meaning can be conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family) • How something is said is more important than what is said • LOW CONTEXT • German, Swiss, Scandinavian, North American • Population is less homogenous - Lack of large pool of common experience (or as much) - The verbal communication takes precedence over the context and participants; reliance on words • The message is in what was said • We expect people to say it • Verbal communication is more direct and explicit • High context cultures value silence more and sometimes view people from low-context cultures as "talkative" and "less intelligent" (Empty cans clatter the loudest—Indonesia) • Low context cultures value explicit instructions and sometimes view people from high context cultures as "evasive, rude, or clueless" • Conflict styles are very different—lets deal about it quietly/discretely vs. let's talk - Monochromatic versus polychromatic • MONOCHROMATIC • Linear and segmented • "time is money" • Do one thing at a time • Take time commitments very seriously (one at a time appointments) • Generally low context • Adhere to plans • Concerned with privacy • Accustomed to short-term relationships • Live and die by their watches • Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and U.S. • POLYCHRONIC • Do many things at once • Time is an objective, but if it doesn't happen, eh! • Generally more high context • Are committed to people and relationships—take the time you need to live harmoniously • Change plans often and easily • Base promptness on relationships • Have tendency to build lifetime relationships • Arab, African, Indian, Latin America

Spratt) What research questions did Spratt et al. ask in their study? How did they find the answers? In other words, what were their research methods? What newspapers did they analyze? Why?

- How does media explain or frame news events at such times? - Within modern news-reporting practices, how do choices of _______ and focus define news? - Do news-gathering and presentation practices serve to promote the __________ and marginalize reform?

9) How is paralanguage nonverbal?

- How you say what you say - Tone can communicate emotion - In Chinese, it can completely change the meaning of the word

6) Understand Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck's cultural value system and how to apply them

- Human nature • Humans are evil (Christianity, Puritan) • There is good and evil (Taoist worldview, yin and yang) • It is only good (Buddhist and Confucianism) - Human's relationship to nature • Humans are subject to nature • Cannot overcome and must be accepted (Hinduism) • Humans should live in harmony with nature • East Asian cultures: Japan and Thailand • American Indians • Nature is part of life; not hostile to be subdued • Humans should harness nature • U.S. Approach • Solar energy, dams, conquer space - Sense of time • Past orientation • Many Asian nations: sense of ancestors • Recall tradition of honoring the elderly • Present orientation • SPMR say Mexican and AA • Future orientation • Focuses on change, taking chances, stress on youth, optimism • U.S. Culture - Emphasis on activity • Being • Accept people, events, spontaneity • "To which family do you belong" • Latino and Arabic cultures • Being-in-becoming • Hinduism, Buddhism • Doing • "So what's your major", "what do you do?" • Accomplishments have external measurements - Social relationships • Authoritarian orientation • Some are born to lead, others to follow • In parts of northern Africa and the Arab world •Collective orientation • Groups are the most important of all social entities • Individualism orientation

7) What is the role of identity?

- Identity ≡ A person's self-definition as a separate and distinct individual including a person's behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes. The concept of who we are.

3) What are the different types of families?

- Nuclear families ≡ immediate (father/son) 2 generations - Extended families ≡ multiple generations and it includes relatives (cousins, grandparents)

7) What is racism? What is the difference between individual and systemic racism? What are the examples of each?

- Individual/Personal Racism • On an individual level • More interpersonal or small group interactions • Racial epithets/ name calling • Bar-fights/online statuses - Systemic Racism • On a group level • Built into systems • Housing discrimination, criminal justice system, standardized testing

3) What are the differences between individualism and collectivism? How do those influence the family?

- Individualism • Independence • Individual/autonomy • Develop own opinion • Often only nuclear • In house: have own space • Kids do not sleep with parents • Your choices are your own and are not a reflection of your family • U.S. and Germany - Collectivism • Interdependence and connection • Profound allegiance and attachment to family • "It takes a village" • Work/income/expenses are all shared • Your choices are direct reflection on family (good or bad thing) • Not unusual for children to sleep with parents for much longer than normal • Japan, Saudi, Nigeria

Deaf) What were some of the major historical events that have impacted Deaf culture? How did they impact culture?

- International congress on education of the Deaf in Milan, Italy in 1880 • Created 8 resolutions to Deaf Education • Articulation was superior to signing in an effort to bridge the gap between hearing and deaf people. Oral method. • Oral method became primary method and SL declined, because of this, the educational achievement of the Deaf community is far below that of the hearing community >> amount of teachers sharply declined - 1st school for the Deaf in Connecticut in 1817 • Original name: The Connecticut asylum for the education and instruction of deaf and dumb persons - 1864: Gallaudet was founded • 1st college for deaf students • 1988—Dr. Zinser was elected president over 2 qualified Deaf candidates • Students and people from all over world erupted in protest at university • Protest lasted a week • Dr. Zinser resigned and 1st Deaf president was elected • 1988—1st Deaf president of University, Dr. I. King. Jordan - 1880: Dark Ages for ASL • SL banned and oralist teaching methods forced on the Deaf community • Would sign in secret • Near extinction of ASL because of this

9) Know the different levels of space (public, social, etc). Hall's Proxemic zones

- Intimate • Touching-18 inches • Private situations with people who are emotionally close - Personal • 18 inches - 4 feet • Handshake distance—most couples stand this close in public - Casual • 4 feet - 12 feet • Distance between salesperson and customers who work together - Public • Greater than 12 feet • Teaching/giving speech

Dis) Related, why do we say "person with a disability" rather than "disabled person"?

- Just like we aren't "That fat girl" our identity always comes first - They are people before they are disabled

9)Know the various classifications of nonverbal (body, face, eye, touch, space, silence, etc.) and able to apply them to cultural settings.

- Kinesics • Body movement = includes gestures, hand/arm movements, leg movements, facial expressions and posture • 5 kinesics channels (Ekman and Friesen) 1.Emblems: primarily a hand gesture that has a direct literal verbal translation (varies from culture to culture) 2.Illustrators: Messages that tell you how to better interpret verbal message (pounding the podium) 3.Affect display: facial expressions 4.Regulators: behaviors/actions that govern/direct/manage conversation (silence, eye contact, etc.) 5.Adaptors: satisfy physiological urges (scratching arm, blinking) • Different types of greeting rituals • Korea - Bow lower and longer to people "higher" than them • Japan - Women and men have different hand positions when bowing - Social subordinates should bow longer and lower - Eyes ALWAYS lower - Business cards are so important, placed in a special folder • Saudi Arabia - Men/women don't touch publically (Cross-gender greetings don't take place) - Men kiss each other on both cheeks • Sri-Lanka - Hands placed together, palms touching at chin level, and the person bows slightly and says "Namaste" • Gestures perfectly acceptable somewhere may be horrible somewhere else • In parts of Asia, Africa, and Middle East using left hand to accept anything is offensive - Facial expressions • Some cultures are very expressive, others not so much • We experience all the same emotions, just deal with them in different ways • Saying goodbye—crying vs. not • Showing remorse—overt display or lack of display can be misconstrued or disingenuous - Oculesics: Eye contact (Neulip) • How long is too long for eye contact? Do we look elders in the eye? • Many east Asian cultures (Vietnam, China, Japan) direct eye contact with someone higher than you is disrespectful • In other cultures (Australia, USA, Germany, Italy, France, Spain) direct eye contact is seem as appropriate as demonstrating one's veracity and showing interest in the other = differs even from co-culture to co-culture - Haptics **Look at table in the notes** - Proxemics—Space - Silence • Used to communicate • Many other cultures use it in a way the USA does not - Olfactics: Smell • The USA does not generally like the smell of bodies. We mask it. • Who decides who stinks? Some cultures think we smell fake - Appearance • Judgment of beauty • In Nigeria "plump" is more beautiful. Here "thin" is beautiful. • Shifts at various points between thinness/curvy • Skin color • Skin color hierarchy • Discriminate against darker skinned citizens: house slaves vs. field slaves • Affects how many people of color are treated • Attire • Hijab/crosses • Sorority t-shirts and sweatshirts

Spratt) How do the values of the African American Press differ from the values of the Mainstream Media?

- Mainstream media professes to value: objectivity, accuracy, clarity • Simple case of murder • Emmett insulted Mrs. Bryant • Mississippi can handle the murder case, the real problem is outsiders - African American press is not bound by objectivity, and is biased in favor of Civil Rights • Emmett Till was an innocent youth • This is not an isolated case but one of many • Outsiders are needed to see that justice is served in Till's and other's cases

7) How are identities acquired?

- Majority identity development - Minority identity development

Spratt) How do mainstream media perpetuate the status quo?

- Media maintains status quo - Reformers and activists painted in a poor light or marginalized

9) What are the rules for becoming a competent intercultural communication with respect to nonverbal communication?

- Monitor your own non-verbals - Your culture is learned too - Monitor feedback—know enough • Research • Recognize when something may be going on - Be sensitive to context - Be aware of nonverbal ambiguity

6) What is the difference monumentalism and flex humility?

- Monumentalism ≡ likened to monuments (statues created to reflect pride in a person, event, or thing and once erected are relatively unchangeable - Flexhumility ≡ Combination of words self flexible and humility. Exercise humility, situational flexibility, and readily adapt to changing conditions

9) What are the functions of nonverbal communication?

- Non-verbal communication = involves all those non-verbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his/her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source and/or receiver (transactional—the communicators) - Connections: • Complements • "This dinner is delicious!" Said with a smile • Accents • Political pounding fist when giving a passionate speech • Substitutes • A nod instead of saying "yes/no" • Repeats • When answering yes, you also nod head • Contradicts • We say "nothing is wrong" but then go mope on the couch • Regulates communication flow • Eye contact, space, silence is used to invite or dismiss conversation

9) What is it? What distinguishes nonverbal communication from verbal communication?

- Non-verbal is multi-channeled (appearance, eye contact, kinesics) - "At least as ambiguous as language if not more so - Verbal is discrete, nonverbal is continuous (you're always communication something)

Deaf) What are the major characteristics of Deaf culture?

- Not identified as a co-culture - Face-to-face communication • "only when a Deaf person is in the presence of another Deaf person does the freedom of expression exist" - Directness • Blunt/offensive to us, but not to the Deaf! - Openness • Intimate topics are discussed - Pride - Attitude—very blunt but open and friendly • Loves to share stories • Its visual "she put on weight" - "she's fat" • Interested in others life stories • They will tell it like it is - Deaf humor—hard to understand if you don't see it through their eyes • Kid peeling dad's finger like a banana • Visual jokes • Watching scary movies is hilarious • Hearing jokes don't translate • Great story tellers - Deaf time • Relaxed, not rushed • Not unusual to show up 30 minutes late • Leaving a gathering of friends takes a long time • Face-to-face communication is SO valued. They will always wait for people.

Pop) What is the definition of popular culture?

- Popular culture ≡ the systems/artifacts that most people share and that most people know about • Television, music, YouTube videos, soap operas, magazines • Seen as populist >> form of contemporary culture formed by the people, for the people

6) What were McSweeney's major problems with Hofstede's work? What was Hofstede's response?

- Problem 1 • Hof assumes organizational, occupational, and national identities are discrete, separate units of cultural identity • Cannot be thought of as distinct or separate. They influence each other. • Hof assumes that because people were from the same company, doing the same job, differences in answers come from differences in nationalities • Assumes one IBM culture around the world, and that only one culture exists at a company • Assumes one lab clerk occupational identity around the world • Not the case at all... so the findings are flowed • HOF'S RESPONSE TO CRITICISM: • Surveys are not suitable: not the only way, but they're one way. And they're the way I did it. - Problem 2 • Hof says the nationality is identifiable in the micro-local (generalizing) • Hof. Assumes people at IBM are a direct reflection of countries • Not enough people surveyed, Not representative sample • Everyone in country is not the same, so surveying them will not tell you what the country is like • Took the average of the respondents to be average of nation • HOF'S RESPONSE TO CRITICISM • Nations are not best units: true, but they're available and better than nothing - Problem 3 • Hof says national cultures create questionnaire response • Because a person is from a particular culture, he/she will answer in a particular way • How assumes a causal link instead of proving one • Their "internal programming" caused them to answer in a particular way • HOF'S RESPONSE TO CRITICISM • One company cannot provide info about all nations: yes it can. It measures differences because it assumes that because of statistical analysis that samples are functionally equivalent - Problem 4 • Hof says national culture can be identifies by analyzing different way people from different cultures answered questions • Questions were designed poorly • Did not measure what they said they measured • They were not exhaustive, more than 4 dimensions? Or are there more dominant dimensions? • HOF'S RESPONSE TO CRITICISM • The data is obsolete/outdated: cultural values are centuries old. A few decades won't matter - Problem 5 • How says it's the same in any circumstances within a nation, and situationally non-specific • Communication is context dependent (the enactment of culture), so we will act different at work than we would at home • Do we not act individualistically sometimes and collectively other times? • HOF'S RESPONSE TO CRITICISM • Okay well, that's what I found. I welcome you to add your own research.

Spratt) So, what were the results of this study - both qualitative and quantitative?

- Quantitative (nature of reporting in all four newspapers) • Syntax and themes • Sources • Crime news • Connection between case and Civil Rights Movement • 7 Coders - Qualitative • What are the major themes that occur after looking into many different stories? • Intensity of coverage • Defender - Very intense - Catalyst for change and reflection of change - In one article, Sept. 17, 1955 (21 articles, 28 photos) • Tribune - No more than 1 front page article per day - Shorter - Small pictures if any - No pictures of the body, a few of the funeral • Sentinel and Commonwealth - No pictures of the body of the funeral - One article per issue—at most 5

2) What are the elements of culture and how do they represent that culture is systemic?

- Religion - History - Values - Social organizations - Language - Gender - Function of family - Socioeconomic status - Race - Media/technology - Aesthetics - Government

3) What are the basic functions of the family?

- Reproduce - Economic -the provision your parents gave you - Socialization -what did they teach you? • Gender roles • Roles of religion • Rituals - Identity • Before we become married, I am a Tarbox

6) What is the GLOBE study? How was it conducted? What does it measure?

- Researches the relationship between social culture, organizational culture and leadership - Asked what is true for them personally and true of the nation - What it measured: 1.Uncertainty avoidance—the extent people work to reduce uncertainty 2.Power distance—extent members acquiesce to unequal power distribution 3.Societal Collectivism—degree that est. social/org. practices condone collective actiona and resource distribution 4.In-group Collectivism—how much pride people have in the in-group 5.Gender egalitarian—if a society minimizes diffs. In gender roles/equality 6.Assertiveness—how confrontational/aggressive people are 7.Future orientation—planning/investing 8.Performance orientation—does a society reward members for excellence 9.Human orientation—does a society reward members for fairness, altruism, generosity, caring, and kindness

Pop) How do people resist popular culture?

- Resisting popular images (Ex. Indian Mascots) - Resisting popular roles (not watching Pocahontas) - Resisting the industry (not supporting teams that have Native American mascots)

7)What are examples of social identity? Why are these referred to as social identities?

- Social identities: • Racial (white) • Ethnic • Gender (female) • National (American) • Regional (Texan) • Organizational (Chi-O or Christian) • Personal (the granola one) • Cyber fantasy (Club Penguin)

8) What are the functions of language?

- Social interaction • Talking on the phone, posting on Facebook, sending a twee, killing time with an iPad, thinking to yourself about life o Social Cohesion • History is shared, rules we have about language bind us culturally o Expression of identity • Black English vernacular (Ebonics), Spanish speakers in the U.S., Sports teams who "talk the talk" • Academics have a larger and more complicated vocabulary

2) What are the various components of communication? (Source, Message, Etc.) Be able to identify them in scenarios/examples

- Source: where did the message originate - Encoding: thoughts are put into symbols (verbal or nonverbal) - Messages: verbal or non verbal - Channel: means by which you send a message (I.E. phone, text, FB, email, face-to-face) - Receiver: person taking in the message - Decoding: making sense of the message - Feedback: response we give after decoding - Noise: environmental (buses and background noise), psychological (if your head is so crowded you can't focus), semantic (if you don't understand what they're saying, you will be focused on the fact you don't understand them)

5) What similarities do the six religions have in common (sacred scripture, rituals, etc.)?

- Speculation - Sacred writings - Religious rituals - Ethics

7) Understand the differences between stereotypes, prejudice, racism

- Stereotypes is categorizing a group based on one or no experiences - Prejudice is deeply held negative feelings. Irrational generalization towards a group of people based on little interaction with them. "I am cold toward that type of people" - Racism is an extension of the two prior. It's the belief in the inherent superiority of one group of another. Denies the quality of human kind (certain types). I.E. you look at a person's appearance and judge if they are wealthy and successful in life. "I'm better than you, we're not equal, you are less than I am"

7) What are stereotypes? How do we manage them?

- Stereotypes ≡ a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes your experiences with and guides your behavior towards a particular group of people • Can be positive or negative • Ask yourself these questions: • Who is the target of the stereotype? • What is the content of the stereotype? • What is the source of the stereotype? • Why do I believe this stereotype is accurate? • How much actual contact do I have with the target of the stereotype?

Race) What's the difference between individual and systemic racism?

- Systemic racism ≡ racism rooted in the underlying infrastructure of various cultures - Individual racism ≡ racism on a smaller scale, case by case basis

1) What is culture shock? What are models of culture shock? How can you guard against it?

- The adjustment you make, physically, mentally, emotionally, and sometimes spiritually when you visit other cultures for long periods of time. - Stages: honeymoon phase, crisis (shock), adjustment ("V" curve) • Reverse culture shock is more serious than culture shock sometimes • Stages of reverse culture shock: honeymoon, crisis, recovery, adjustment, honeymoon at home, crisis, recovery, adjust. ("W" curve) -To avoid culture shock: • Learn about the language • Guard against ethnocentrism • Learn about the host culture • Work to maintain your own culture - Tips: • Respect others • Respect cultural differences • Search for commonalities (not how that culture is different) • Learn how to negotiate between generalizing and understanding/seeing individual uniqueness

Deaf) What is the significance of name signs?

- They are a gift given from one Deaf person to another (hearing or not) • It's an honor • Don't rush it (took visitor 2 years) - Action, story, looks, these can be personal, can change over time, can change based on location (only one person in your area has your sign, so if you get there and someone has it, you have to change) - Proper names of a person living in the Deaf community

3) How do orientations toward aging influence interactions toward the elderly?

- U.S. values youth, not the elderly • Botox, face lifts • Labels: codger, geezer, fossil, blue-hair, old coot • Retirement, assisted living, nursing homes - Others place importance on elderly • Asian, African cultures revere elderly • Life experience = wisdom • Ancestors are remembered and celebrated - Elderspeak article • Infantilizing the elderly • Good intentions, incredibly demeaning • Addressing the daughter instead of the woman • It has a poor affect on health, those who have a positive view on are live 7.5 years longer • When we refer to old people as "dear" and "honey" and "sweetie"

7) What does it mean that we "enact" identities?

- We are constantly consciously and subconsciously projecting ourselves to others

6) What is a site of pedagogy? How do mascots create sites of pedagogy?

- sports stadiums, classrooms, t-shirts, paraphernalia, hallways, uniforms, literally everywhere - The repeated message of pride in mascot plastered over everything has an impact on people

SVU) What is the "monstrous maternal"?

-"bad or evil": possessive, destructive, all-devouring mother -"fusional": over indulgent, satisfies her own need through her children

Survivor) What is post-racial?

-A society where race doesn't matter -Hoped to show that race is insignificant in shaping political competition, survival, and reality television

Survivor) What were the stereotypes of the Blacks that were portrayed? The Latinos? The Asians?

-Black: "Keepin' it real" -Latinos: "Hardworking and animals" -Asians: "Model Minorities and Perpetual Foreigners"

Rao) How was the glocalization seen in Bollywood films?

-Clothing -Song & Dance -Familial Emotions **Look in notes**

SVU) In what concrete ways does SVU seek to de-mystify rape myths? (Ex. Not showing rapes, attacking laws, etc.)

-Does not objectify sexual assault victims •By omitting objectifying details other series regularly included -Focus on the post rape events instead of the act of rape itself •Shows the women as survivor and that there is life after rape -Critiquing the effectiveness of the law system as well

1) What is a dominant culture? Co-Culture? What is the relationship between these two things? Know examples of each

-Dominant cultures ≡ collection of people in society who possess those instruments of power that allow it to set the broad societal agenda the majority of others will commonly follow (not necessarily numerical dominance, but the ability to control the majority institutions within the culture). I.E. white, Christian, males -Co-Culture ≡ groups or social communities that exhibit perceptions, values, beliefs, communicative behaviors and social practices that are sufficiently different as to distinguish them from other groups and communities from dominant culture. I.E. African American, Mexican American, Atheists = they perceive the world with different messages -Neither culture is superior, they co-exist • Jandt says it's actually impossible for them to co-exist. Can 1 nation have 2 legal systems? Does one always usurp the other? Yes. • But there is a possibility of intercultural friction

7) Ethnocentrism is discussed again here (and in other places as we go through the boot it is a central concept in intercultural communication). How does it contribute to our sense of identity?

-Ethnocentrism is the notion that one's own culture is superior to any other •Being part of a particular group, nation, or civilization provides an individual a sense of self-esteem and pride in the "achievements of their own people"

1) What is ethnocentrism?

-Ethnocentrism ≡ thinking your culture is better than all the other cultures

Rao) How was the study conducted? Related, what is ethnography?

-Ethnography •7 months of fieldwork •watched movies with them: had prepared questions -Documented 49 formal and informal interviews with men and women between the ages of 22-39 •most were students at Punjabi University and their family members

Rao) How can you distinguish between globalization and glocalization? Why is this important to Rao?

-Globalization is largely defined as "Americanization" or "Westernization" -Glocalization "captures the dynamics of the local in the global and the global in the local" •rejects that global and local are opposites •reject the notion that the universal and particular are opposites •some criticize globalization for being apathetical

Survivor) Describe both how Survivor failed at being post-racial as it intended, but succeeded at showing some complexity within races.

-It showed that race really did matter when it came down to it -By showing so many diverse relations and observing their behavior so intently it succeeded in showing the complexity

SVU) The authors suggest that female criminality is depicted differently than male criminality. What do they say is the difference?

-Male criminality is portrayed as an ambiguous, lurking threat from unknown strangers who attack from outside the family -Female criminality is primarily depicted as an insidious interpersonal dysfunction that destroys the family and society from within

SVU) How does SVU (and, included in that, Olivia Benson) showcase a feminist approach to sexual assault cases?

-Olivia Benson is a hardcore female feminist detective -Showing female criminals brings about a fine line between feminist and anti-feminist

SVU) What do the authors mean by this statement: [We] find that SVU's representations of violent women present female power in the domestic sphere as not only dangerous, but as a cause of crime in general" (p. 180)? What evidence do they give to support this claim?

-Payback type episodes in which women have been assaulted and seek revenge only to be prosecuted -Model industry and portrayal of women -Father figures and crimes of passion

NA) What are the 2 sides of the debate?

-Teaches the history and culture associated with the Native Americans -Creates a hostile environment and diminishes the history of the Native Americans

Rao) What is Bollywood?

-The Indian version of Hollywood located in Mumbai •produces more movies than Hollywood

Survivor) What does it mean for whiteness to be invisible?

-The white people did not realize at first that they had been categorized by race -Whiteness has the ability to mask itself and become normalized -It took encountering people of color for white people to notice their race

Survivor) How did they use Survivor for this study?

-They divided the tribes by race wanting to see that if they stripped life down to the essentials would race be a factor in surviving

8) What are cultural roles for interaction and how do they influence intercultural behaviors?

...

Pop) What are the four significant characteristics of popular culture?

1.It is produced by cultural industries 2.It differs from folk culture: not mainstream 3.It's everywhere >> we watch more than 40 hours of television every week 4.It fills a social function • It binds us together, "did you see..." • Serves as a forum for dealing with social issues

Dis) What process does someone go through when they enter this culture?

1.Stigma isolation • Process following initial disablement • Often perceive events as unrelated to disability • Gives them time to incrementally adjust • People not visiting, break ups 2.Stigma Recognition • Individual beginning to view themselves as disabled • Seeks others out (professional help, or other disabled persons) 3.Stigma Incorporation • Understand there are also positives to disability • Develops ways to cope with negative aspects • Develop ways of behaving/communicating so that they're able to function successfully in nondisabled culture • Regaining wellness

NA) What is pseudo-Indian imagery?

The physical imagery of Native American mascots