comp 2 final

what is the STAR criteria when referring to research source credibility? A. sustainability, timeliness, accuracy, relevancy B. sustainability, timeliness, accuracy, relatability C. sufficiency, timeliness, accuracy, relevancy D. none of the above

C. sufficiency, timeliness, accuracy, relevancy

"we shouldn't believe jim because he is uneducated" is an example of which type of logical fallacy? A. ad hominem B. appeal to false authority C. begging the question D. hasty generalization

A. ad hominem

pathos refers to which of the following ideas? A. appeals to the audience B. the writer/speaker authority C. logic of argument D. the occasion/situation is relevant

A. appeals to audience

which type of argument contains an overview, background, confimation, rebuttals and concessions, and a summation? A. classical B. toulmin C. rogerian

A. classical

"mary has read many books on nursing and is therefore the best choice to work on an ambulance" is an example of which type of logical fallacy? A. ad hominem B. appeal to false authority C. begging the question D. hasty generalization

B. appeal to false authority

Kairos

Builds a sense of urgency

logos refers to which of the following ideas? A. appeals to the audience B. the writer/speaker authority C. logic of argument D. the occasion/situation is relevant

C. logic of argument

what is the purpose of writing a summary? A. to explain a writer's choice of style B. to explain a writer's audience C. to show understanding of a work's main ideas D. none of the above

C. to show understanding of a work's main ideas

Audience

reader or readers of an essay

What are the sentence types?

simple, compound, complex, compound-complex

appeal to false authority

someone who's not qualified to make assertions makes them anyway

slippery slope

something should not be permitted or else terrible consequences will occur; assumes without evidence that the terrible conclusion will automatically follow

Academic sources

sources which can include books, academic journal articles, and published expert reports. usually been peer-reviewed (reviewed by experts on the topic before publication)

it is important for authors to use _____ unlike "things" and "a lot" in order to fully describe a subject.

specific words

Topic

subject

which of the following documents would show a writer's sources used in a paper? A. annotated bibliography B. works cited page C. works consulted page D. appendix

B. works cited page

Credibility

quality of being trusted and believed in

Tips for writing a book review

- create an intro that discusses the general issue of the book and clearly announce the book's title and the author and the publisher and the year of publication - present a summary of the book's argument - discuss the merits of the book in subjective terms - draw a conclusion and either recommend for or against reading the book

Toulmin

A form of argument in which data is presented and proven to either be a warrant or a claim

Complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

ethos refers to which of the following ideas? A. appeals to the audience B. the writer/speaker authority C. logic of argument D. the occasion/situation is relevant

B. the writer/speaker authority

paraphrasing provides an accurate representation of someone else's information and ideas in your own words. which of the following would be the best candidate for paraphrasing instead of summarizing? A. a poem B. a magazine article C. a 5-page paper D. a book

A. a poem

which of the following is appropriate for a quotation inside another quote in the U.S.? A. according to smith, "the planets 'align occasionally,' but not often enough to make a difference." B. according to smith, 'the planets "align occasionally," but not often enough to make a difference.' C. according to smith, "the planets "align occasionally," but not often enough to make a difference." D. none of the above

A. according to smith, "the planets 'align occasionally,' but not often enough to make a difference."

APA

American Psychological Association title page (double-spaced with approximately six lines between running header and title information), abstract, main body, cited references

which type of argument uses a claim, grounds, warrants, backing, rebuttals, and qualifiers? A. classical B. toulmin C. rogerian

B. toulmin

which of the following is a reason to write a summary? A. to show that you have read and understood a text B. to have a record of what you have read for future study or in preparation for a class discussion C. to explain the main ideas of a text that you will also examine in some other way D. all of the above

D. all of the above

which of the following is not true of argument? A. argument uses reasons and evidence B. argument takes a stand on an arguable issue C. argument is conversation with a goal D. argument incorporates values but not facts

D. argument incorporates values but not facts

"susie, a teacher, has many friends, participates in several outside activities, and spends a lot of time with her family. obviously all teachers have a healthy social life" is an example of what type of fallacy? A. ad hominem B. appeal to false authority C. begging the question D. hasty generalization

D. hasty generalization

Kairos refers to which of the following ideas? A. appeals to the audience B. the writer/speaker authority C. logic of argument D. the occasion/situation is relevant

D. the occasion/situation is relevant

the difference between a regular direct quotation and a block quote is A. the block quote is a quote that is three typed lines or more B. the block quote is set off from the rest of the text C. the block quote does not use quotation marks like a regular quote D. all of the above E. both B and C

E. both B and C

Ethos

Ethical appeal

Parenthetical citation

MLA in-text citation typically consisting of the source author's name and a page number or in the case of no author, a key word from the title

Critical thinking

Requires a depth of thought and goes beyond just repeating what the author states. Looks at how things work, at authorial choices, and whether an author achieves their purpose

Evaluating sources (STAR criteria)

S-sufficiency T-timeliness A-accuracy R-relevancy

Backing

Support or evidence for a claim in an argument

Context

The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.

Angle of vision

The lens, filter, perspective, or point of view of the writer.

Exigence

a case or situation that demands prompt action or remedy; emergency

Rubric

a document stating a professor's paper guidelines and grading criteria

Annotated bibliography

a list of citations to books, articles, and documents followed by a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph

OWL

a place in canvas where students can submit essay assignments for review

Block quotes

a quotation that is more than four lines

Indirect source

a source that is cited and/or quoted in another source

Database

a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.

signal phrase

a way to introduce material from an outside text into a writer's work; could contain the original author and title of the work where the material can be found

Qualifiers

a word or phrase, especially an adjective, used to attribute a quality to another word, especially a noun.

Rogerian argument

acknowledges the validity of the opposition's positions rather than attacking them

Annotating

act of taking critical notes and making comments when reading through a source.

Integrating sources

allowing reader to see that you have researched the topic and taken words of experts in the field into consideration

_____ arguments exist to convince a reader what should be done about a situation

problem-solution

Source explication

analyzing a source and reveal what it means

Source

any thing or place from which something comes

a(n) _____ is used to show possession in some nouns

apostrophe

Punctuation for words and phrases

apostrophes - before an "s" at the end of a noun when the noun is possessive - after the "s" if the noun is plural and possessive - with a contraction to indicate the words have been omitted -- do NOT use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun (his, its, hers) hyphens - join two or more words when they modify a noun

Paragraphing

art of creating, developing, and organizing related sentences into logical groupings

Evidence

available body of facts of information indicating whether a belief or proposition is valid

Division and classification

can help divide a large or complex subject into more comprehensible parts

Literary analysis argument

carefully examine and sometimes evaluate a work of literature or an aspect of a work of literature

_____ is a mode of writing often found in argument as a way to make the reader understand the arguer's understanding of a topic

causal analysis

How do you cite and indirect quote?

cite the original author in the signal phrase and credit the author you found the source in the parenthetical, cite both authors in the signal phrase and make it clear that one quoted the other, cite both authors in the parenthetical make it clear that one quoted the other

a _____ contains both a subject and a verb while a _____ does not contain both.

clause phrase

Concision

clear

"i love cheese, gouda is my favorite" is an example of a _____

comma splice

Punctuation for joining clauses

commas - with a conjunction - after introductory clause or phrase - set off a clause that is not essential to understanding the sentence - between 2+ items in a list - between coordinate but not cumulative adjectives semicolons - join 2 independent clauses - between items in a list when the items have internal punctuation colons - after an independent clause and before a list - after an independent clause to join an independent clause to a single word, a list, another independent clause, or a clause that cannot stand on its own as a sentence long dashes - on each side of an interrupting or parenthetical detail to detach it from the sentence - detach a clause at the end of a sentence

"i know which one i want" is an example of a _____ sentence

complex

"i know which one i want, but you clearly don't" is an example of a _____ sentnece

compound-complex

Summary

conveys the main ideas of a source without the incorporation of opinion or interpretation. short, direct, and deal only with main ideas

Plagiarism

copying or otherwise using another's work and presenting it as one's own

Rebuttals

counter arguments

rubric

document which shows an assignment's evaluation criteria

Why should a student use pipeline?

drop a course, access financial aid information, view final grades, and access many services helpful to students

compare and contrast

easy way of making a connection between the topic and something with which the reader may be more familiar.

Pathos

emotional appeal

Definition

especially useful when dealing with complex issues and problems

Patchwriting

failed attempt at paraphrasing

Ideal construction of rogerian argument essay

1. objective overview of topic for debate 2. fair representation of your opposition's point of view 3. examination of your own ideas about the topic 4. discuss possible "common ground" that might exist between you and the opponent 5. propose a compromise

What is the suggested timeline and process for researching?

- finding and narrowing a topic (1 day) - freewriting and brainstorming (1 day) - determine search terms and subjects (1 day at most) - develop a research question (1 day) -working thesis (1 day) - find and evaluate sources (2 days) - annotating & citing sources (2 days) - choosing information to support argument (1 day) - drafting (2 days)

Tips for writing a letter to the editor

- follow proper letter formatting - the content of your letter should respond directly to a specific item in the newspaper - use ethos - be specific about what you want done - don't go overboard with sources - be an advocate for your cause

What are the top 10 mistakes in papers submitted to the OWL?

- lack of in-text citations or source introductions - issues with works cited formatting in the document in general or individual citations - the works cited citations and in-text citations don't match up - lacking a complex, unifying and/or arguable thesis - mixing MLA style with other styles (usually APA) - imbalance of summary and analysis of sources and critical thinking on sources - problems with maintaining objectivity/academic formality - surface-level discussion of sources (usually related to "cherry-picking" - issues following source-use requirements (popular v. scholarly, etc.) - the use of generalizations and logical fallacies

What are the research problems to avoid?

- overusing sources - underutilizing sources - lack of in-paragraph or parenthtical citation - lack of a works cited page - generalizations, overreaching, vagueness - logical fallacies

How do you read sources critically and rhetorically?

- read and question - understand the argument - read rhetorically - reading for your argument

Tips for writing a textual analysis from the OWL

- use the author's name often and summarize the article as you go - have a clear thesis - good transitions - be sure your conclusion moves past summarizing the body paragraphs to assess the larger point - only summarize enough to fill your reader in, your job is to assess the article

Classical argument ideal structure

1. overview (orients the audience to the general topic and presents a broad overview of the context of the debate and the various positions in the discussion) 2. background (presents history of the issue or debate) 3. confirmation (presents proof to support the thesis) 4. rebuttals and concessions (counter the objections directly through rebuttals before they can be levied against us. acknowledge the other side has good points from time to time, but prove your idea is better) 5. summation (conclusion, state why your idea is the best one to follow)

80/20 rule

80% of the essay should be your own, up to 20% can be someone else's words

Logical Fallacy

An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid

First person language

I, we, my, we, ours

MLA

Modern Language Association document header, first page header, double-spaced, one-inch margins, use 12-point times new roman font

Rhetorical / textual analysis

essay that breaks a work of non-fiction into parts and then explains how the parts work together to create a certain effect

aristotle came up with the idea of claim, warrant, grounds, and rebuttal as a way to build and organize an argument. true or false?

false

it is okay to refer to an author by his or her first name when referencing him or her in your writing. true or false?

false

mla stands for modern linguistics of america. true or false?

false

one difference between a paraphrase and a summary is that paraphrasing is used for longer works. true or false?

false

the "80/20" rule refers to having 80% of a paper be from an outside source and 20% be from analysis of source information. true or false?

false

the purpose of a summary is to restate, in your own words, the main points of a work in a way that does not misrepresent, distort the meaning of, or shorten the original. true or false?

false

Conclusions

final impression of the essay

Introductions

first impression your essay gives to the reader. should directly and clearly state the thesis of a paper.

begging the question

form of logical fallacy occurring when people assume something they need to prove

Research question

fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature

Working thesis

general idea of the direction of essay will take but will be ultimately refined and clarified as the essay develops

Third person language

he, she, his, hers, they, their, theirs

hasty generalization

illogical explanation due to lacking sufficient evidence; often results from not considering other possible explanations

Why should you include research in essays?

improve credibility by using sources to support arguments and ideas whenever possible

Signal phrase

introduces the source by naming the author

Logos

logical appeal

Contacting your instructor

look in the syllabus, be specific and provide name and class, avoid text language and use punctuation,

Thesis

main idea or main point

Indirect quotes

meaning but not the exact words of something someone spoke is referred to

post hoc

means "after this, therefore because of it"; a common error in arguments about cause; often a time relationship is confused with cause

ad hominem

means "to the person"; avoiding an issue by attacking someone's personality

the use of _____ brings a personal touch to writing and makes a connection with the reader

narration

Types of Essays

narrative, description, illustration, definition, division/classification, comparison/contrast, cause/effect, and process

comma splice

occurs when two or more independent clauses are joined by commas without coordinating conjunctions

Simple sentence

one independent clause

What does OWL stand for? What are the two services the OWL offers to students?

online learning lab help revising papers and instruction in paper writing and revision

Direct source

person with direct knowledge of a situation, or a document written by such a person

Bias

prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair

What are the steps to paraphrasing?

read the passage until you understand it. take notes in your own words, identify anything special about the passage, step away from the text for a few moments, write a rough paraphrase without looking at the original text, revise to avoid patchwriting

Critical reading

reading carefully and purposefully

Constraints

restrictions placed on potential solutions to a problem

summary

rewording an author's text while highlighting only the main point(s)

paraphrase

rewording an author's text, focusing on restating the ideas instead of condensing them

_____ sentences have too many _____ with missing or inappropriate punctuation.

run-on independent clauses

if a sentence only contains a dependent clause, it is considered a _____

sentence fragment

Boolean operators

simple words (and, or, not, or and not) used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, resulting in a more focused and productive result

Claims

state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof.

Assignment sheet

tend to be more detailed and give more specifics than rubrics. focus more one guidelines, directions, and helpful tips for completing an assignment

Rhetorical situation

the context of a rhetorical act, made up (at a minimum) of a rhetor (a speaker or writer), an issue (or exigence), a medium (such as a speech or a written text), and an audience.

assignment sheet

the paper or file which tells the basics of an assignment

Grounds

this is the evidence that functions as the foundation and support for the claim

Syllogism

three-part deduction

syllogism

three-part structure to an argument from aristotle

Warrant

to justify

Quote

to repeat from a book or speech as by way of authority, illustration, etc.

apa format uses the last names of authors and publication years to cite in a text. true or false?

true

apa stands for american psychological association. true or false?

true

one problem to avoid in a research paper is overusing sources. true or false?

true

patchwork refers to a paraphrase in which only some of the author's original words have been replaced. true or false?

true

rhetoric is about the art of writing or speaking. true or false?

true

rogerian arguments are geared toward compromise instead of "winning." true or false?

true

summaries should avoid judgment words such as "silly," "stupid," and "amazing." true or false?

true

the process of active reading could require the reader to annotate as he or she reads. true or false?

true

when using a direct quotation in writing, you should place the period or comma inside the closing quotation mark. true or false?

true

Compound sentence

two or more independent clauses

Run-on

two or more sentences that are improperly joined together as one sentence

Comma splice

two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma

How do you format a signal phrase?

use a comma when the signal phrase ends on a verb, use a colon when a signal phrase is an independent clause, forego punctuation when the quote merges or flows into the language of the signal phrase

Narrative

useful for creating attention grabbers or ending papers in interesting ways. can also be a powerful and emotional way of giving examples and connecting with an audience on a personal level

Paraphrase

when a source is rewritten in the essay author's words in a way that does not change the meaning or intention of the source

When should you use quotes?

when the source uses technical language that is difficult to convey, when the source is particularly vivid or descriptive, when the source is so concise and well worded that it cannot be revised without making the passage wordy, when you are using a source with which you disagree and you want to represent the opposing viewpoint in your paper

Synthesis

when two or more sources are integrated with an essay author's feelings, opinions, and arguments.

People-first language

writing "people" or "individual" before the descriptor

Second person language

you, your, yours