comparing religions

In his definition of religion, the French sociologist Emile Durkheim highlights:

"beliefs and practices," related to sacred things, that unite people into a community

Buddhists refer to Impermanence, No-Self, and Suffering as the

Three Marks of Existence

A statement that is foundational to the field of religious studies is:

To know one just one religion is to know none

"Church" can refer to both an individual congregation and the entire body of Christians worldwide. T/F?

True

According to the Letters of Paul, the early Christians believed that Jesus was raised from the dead because he appeared after his death to the disciples and others. T/F?

True

An important part of Buddhist teaching is that there is no enduring soul or self. T/f

True

Biblical scholars think that the book found in the temple during the reign of Josiah was an early version of Book of Deuteronomy. T/F?

True

Brahmins, with their ritual knowledge, gave legitimacy to kings who might come to power. T/F?

True

Christians, who affirm the Nicene Creed, believe that Jesus Christ was both fully human and fully divine. T/F?

True

Cosmologies typically describe the nature and origin of reality as a people, culture, or tradition understands it. T/F?

True

Jews commonly refer to their Scriptures as "TaNaKh" T/F?

True

Krishna is the featured deity in the Bhagavad Gita. T/f?

True

Many cultures through history have not had a conceptual category or a term meaning "religion." T/F?

True

Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians recognize seven rituals as sacraments. Protestants recognize two. T/F?

True

Shabbetai Tzevi thought he was the Messiah. T/F?

True

Some scholars think that the study of religion should be expanded to encompass the study of worldviews more generally. T/F?

True

The Islamic tradition recognizes prophets that would be familiar to Jews and Christians.T/F?

True

The Sangha was responsible for transmitting the teachings of the Buddha. T/f?

True

The Talmud -- narrowly defined -- consists of Mishnah and Gemara. T/F?

True

The attempt to define religion is a relatively recent phenomenon, beginning for the most part with the European Enlightenment of the 18th century. T/F?

True

The term "eschatological" refers to a belief in an End-Time. T/F?

True

The term Torah literally means "teaching" T/F?

True

Theological reflection, in so far as it focuses on the nature of the divine, is an important example of doing and being religious. T/F?

True

With the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which of the following countries moved toward embracing secular nationalism?

Turkey

The doctrine of "apostolic succession" states that

bishops receive their authority through an unbroken line of bishops that reaches back to Christ himself

Some Buddhists take a "____________ vow" to help other

bodhisattva

The Unitarian Church played a leading role in the development of the development of 20th century Humanism. t/f

true

The form of Buddhism found in Tibet is Vajrayana. t/f

true

The Sanskrit word nirvana refers to the ______________ of desire.

extinguishing

Theodor Herzl was opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. t/f

f

According to the Buddha's doctrine of No-Self, all beings share a single identity. t/f

false

All Muslims follow the Sufi path. T/F?

false

Anti-modernist ideas largely died out in the modern period. t/f

false

At the time of the Buddha, his followers were the only renunciants (sramana). t/f

false

Both Conservative and Orthodox Judaism reject a historical critical approach to Tanakh and Talmud. t/f

false

Buddhism is the most popular religion in India today. t/f

false

It took much longer for Muslims to arrive at an agreed upon (official) text of the Qur'an that it took Jews to arrive at a final version of the Tanakh or Christians to arrive at a final version of the New Testament. T/F?

false

Pilgrimages to important sites in the life of the Buddha and the preservation of relics of the Buddha in stupas were not an important part of early Buddhist but were taken up by the people as the tradition developed. t/f

false

Some Humanists claim that unlike many religions, Humanism did not have a founder. Historians would agree. t/f

false

The Buddha was reluctant to let women become monastics. T/f?

false

The Buddhist sangha was one of many early monastic orders. t/f

false

The Enlightenment idea of "reasonable religion" viewed religious experience or mysticism as the valued core of religion. t/f

false

The Middle Way, a principle taught by the Buddha, is the path between this life and reincarnation. T/f

false

The Pali Canon is an open canon. New sutras are still being added today. T/f

false

The Pittsburgh Platform expressed the view of nineteenth-century Orthodox Jews. t/f

false

The concept of shunyata or "emptiness" is an essential part of Theravada Buddhism. t/f

false

The first Humanist Manifesto (1933) rejected the idea of religious humanism. t/f

false

The linking and mixing of ideas due to globalization rarely involved domination of one party over another. t/f

false

The theory of evolution is incompatible with the Genesis accounts of creation. t/f

false

Tibet suffered under British colonial and imperial rule during the 19th and 20th centuries, just as India did. t/f

false

The salat is

the five daily prayers Muslims are expected to perform

The emigration of the early Muslim community from Mecca to Medina is known as:

the hijra

During the late 19th and early 20th century, Protestantism fundamentalists and modernists disagreed about all of the following EXCEPT:

the importance of Jesus

The Brahmanic Synthesis refers to:

the integration of the varna and asrama

Which of the following is a prayer given by Jesus to his disciples? Select one: a. the Jesus Prayer b. the Lord's Prayer (also known as the Our Father) c. the Nunc Dimittis d. the Ave Maria

the lord's Prayer

Strictly speaking, the famous "Five Pillars" of Islam are better characterized as the Sunni Five Pillars of Islam, because

the pillars differ somewhat in Sunni and Shi'a collections of hadit

The word jihad means

the strive or struggle

Brahman is

the supreme, unitary reality

When discussing worldviews, "world" refers to:

the totality to which particular peoples relate in a meaningful way

Humanists perform rites and ceremonies in order to

to express their belief in God

The earliest collection of Buddhist texts is the ________________.

tripitaka

"Gospel" can refer to either a type of writing or to the message the Jesus preached. T/F?

true

A key teaching of Islam is the belief in the oneness of God. T/F?

true

Muslim reformers in the modern period were concerned about European colonialism. t/f

true

One can identify oneself as a Buddhist by reciting the Three Refuges. T/f

true

Who became the first leader of the Muslim community after the death of Muhammad?

Abu Bakr

In the Descent of Man, Darwin located the evolutionary development of human morality in which of the following:

. the social instincts

Place the following historical events in the correct historical order in this timeline: 1. 922 BCE [United Kingdom divided into Kingdoms of Israel and Judah] 2. 922-901 BCE [Jeroboam ruled the Kingdom of Judah] 2. 722 BCE [Assyrians conquer the (northern) Kingdom of Israel] 3. 622 BCE [Josiah's Reform] 3. 587 BCE [Babylonians conquer the (southern) Kingdom of Judah] 4. 516 BCE [Return from exile and rebuilding of the Temple] 5. 66-70 CE [First Jewish War with Rome] 6. 70 CE [Destruction of the (second) Temple]

..

Krisha - Vaishnavism, Vishnu - Vaishnavism, Goddess (Devi) - Shaktism, Parvati - Shaivism, Shiva - Shaivism

...

The correct answer is: continuing cycle of birth, death, and rebirth - samsara, human authored sacred texts - smriti, overarching path of righteousness - dharma, renunciation, or someone who practices it - sramana, divinely authored sacred texts - shruti, liberation or release from cycle of rebirth - moksha

...

This following text is a [sura] from the [Qur'an]. 1 Recite in the Name of thy Lord Who created, 2 created man from a blood clot.1 3 Recite! Thy Lord is most noble, 4 Who taught by the Pen, 5 taught man that which he knew not. Muslims interpret this passage in light of the [Sunnah] or teachings and deeds of the Prophet. Reports of his teachings or deeds are called [hadith]. These reports have two parts. The first part, which indicates the chain of transmission, is called the [isnad]: "Ahmad b. Uthman, who is known as Abu'l-Jawza, has related to me on the authority of Wahb b. Jarir, who heard his father say that he had heard from al-Nucman b. Rashid, on the authority of al-Zuhri from cUrwa, from cAisha, who said," The second part, which gives the actual account, is called the [matn]: "The Prophet's first encounters with revelation [wahy] were through true visions, which would come to him like the break of day. He loved solitude then. He used to practice tahannuth in a cave on Mt. Hira for a certain number of nights, and then return to his family. Then he would go back up for a like amount of time until the Truth came upon him unexpectedly."

...

Your answer is correct. The correct answer is: Laws of Manu - Late Vedic Period, Bhagavad Gita - Late Vedic Period, Upanishads - Middle Vedic Period, Purusha Sukta - Early Vedic Period, Shiva Purana - Early Hindu Period

...

The correct answer is: supreme unity reality, the ground of Being - Brahman, the unchanging essence of the individual - atman, the priestly caste - Brahmin, the creator deity - Brahma

....

The literal meaning of the Hebrew word "torah" is [teaching]. It is usually translated into Greek as [nomos] and English as [law] The literal meaning of the Greek word "evangelion" is [good news]. It is usually translated into English as [gospel]. The Hebrew word "b'rit" or "berith" is usually translated into Greek as [diatheke] and into English as [covenant] or [testament]. (Enter the last two terms in alphabetical order.)

....

devotion - bhakti, a path within a dharmic tradition - marga, a discipline used to reach moksha - yoga, wisdom - jnana, action - karma

....

The Protestant Reformation began in which century?

16th

Which of the following is the best date for the Buddha?

500 B.C.E

Which of the following Islamic Empires did NOT last into the modern period?

Abbasid

According to the Letters of Paul in the New Testament, which of the following is NOT true: Select one: a. Adam is a type of the one who is to come b. sin and death came into the world through Adam c. Adam is the first fruits of those who have died d. Christ is the New Adam

Adam is the first fruits of those who have died

By the beginning of the Common Era, the Jewish people had been conquered by Select one: a. The Babylonians b. The Assyrians c. The Romans d. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is true regarding covenants in ancient Israel: Select one: a. They refer to a formal agreement or treaty between two parties with each assuming some obligation. b. All of the above. c. There several covenants between God and humans in the Hebrew Bible. d. Covenants between God and the Israelites are similar in some respects to ancient near eastern covenants between rulers and vassals.

All of the above

The Reform Movement embraced the idea that Judaism is

An evolving religious culture

In the third century B.C.E., the dharma was promoted in India by King ________.

Asoka

The oldest extant [currently known] written sources for early Buddhism are

Asoka's inscriptions

The Bodhisattva of Compassion is _________________.

Avalokitesvara

The Sangh Parivar ("the Family of Associations") is an umbrella group of organizations, each of which espouses Savarakar's hindutva ideology. The political wing is the

BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)

The American subculture movements that helped first popularize Buddhism were

Beats and Hippies CorrectThis is what your textbook say, but there was also considerable interest in Buddhism among the freethinkers of the late 19th century.

When employees of the ______ first established an imperial presence in India, they initially adapted themselves to local customs and practices.

British East India Company

The most visible leader in Tibetan Buddhism is the

Dalai Lama

Many Jews at the time of Jesus expected the Messiah to be a descendant of King _____ ancient Israel's greatest king.

David

Which of the following Hindu reformers was least open to other religions?

Dayananda Saraswati CorrectHe was an early advocate of Hindu nationalism and the least open to engaging other religions.

The first sermon of the Buddha after his enlightenment was the Sermon in the ___________.

Deer Park

What was the origin of the split between the Sunnis and the Shias?

Difference in opinion over who should lead the Muslim community following Muhammad's death

Bruce Lincoln's definition of religion emphasizes four "domains":

Discourse, practice, community, and institution

The sacrament in which bread and wine are thought by many to become the body and blood of Christ is the

Eucharist

Which of the following was not typical of Ancient Israelite Religion?

Exclusive worship of YHWH

According to the Documentary Hypothesis, which books are NOT part of the Deuteronomic source: Select one: a. Ezra and Nehemiah b. Deuteronomy c. 1-2 Kings d. Judges and 1-2 Samuel

Ezra and Nehemiah

In Shaktism the goddess is still conceived as being subordinate to male deities. T/F?

F

The bodhisattva is an important figure in Theravada Buddhism. T/f

F

Yoga is mainly a system of physical exercise that promotes the health of the body. T/F?

F

After Muhammad started receiving revelations, his preaching was immediately welcomed by most of the people of Mecca. T/F?

False

Baptism is an important practice in Roman Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism today, but was not practiced by early Christians. T/F?

False

Buddhism teaches that the soul resides in the heart, that it is no bigger than the thumb, and that to know it is to be immortal. T/f

False

Christians grant the Jewish Scriptures the same authority as the New Testament texts. T/F?

False

For Muslims, Muhammad is the Word of God, just as Jesus is the Word of God in Christianity. T/F?

False

From Paul's letters, it is clear that the earliest Christians all agreed that followers of Jesus did not need to observe traditional Jewish practices such as circumcision or dietary rules. T/F?

False

In contrast to other founding figures we have studied, few questioned whether the Siddhartha Gautama actually reached enlightenment. T/f?

False

Inclusive Yahwism is a form of monotheism. T/F?

False

Islamic law is no longer used in the world today. T/F?

False

Jews commonly believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ. T/F?

False

Monotheism is the belief in one god who is more powerful than the rest. T/F?

False

Over the course of the past century, scholars from various academic disciplines have gradually come to a general consensus over how to define the term "religion." T/F?

False

Religions are the only source of answers to the big questions about ultimate reality, our ultimate purpose, and how we should live in this world. T/F?

False

Shabbat is celebrated only on Saturday morning. T/F?

False

Shiva is commonly worshiped in symbolic form, as a multi-headed cobra. T/f?

False

The Buddha taught that the highest obligation of human beings is to know God. t/f

False

The Mishnah recounts events that occurred in the wake of the destruction of the Second Temple. T/F?

False

The New Testament was complete by the end of the first century. T/F?

False

The Qur'an is the sole source of shari'ah. T/F?

False

The Septuagint is a translation of the Hebrew Bible into Latin. T/F?

False

The Tanakh is exactly the same as the Old Testament. T/F?

False

The word "gospel" means "sacred story." T/F?

False

When we compare two or more things, we are saying they are identical. T/F?

False

The books that make up the New Testament were written in

Greek

Which of the following is not a major Jewish festival?

Hanukkah

What happened when Muhammad first began preaching in Mecca?

He faced opposition from people who were powerful in the community

Which of the following statements about history are correct?

Historians should consider all the relevant evidence when discussing the development of a tradition.

The biblical Patriarchs were Abraham, Isaac, and

Jacob

Solomon's Temple was built in

Jerusalem

Which of the following is not one of the Five Pillars of Islam?

Jihad

The general term that designates Jewish mystical thought is ____

Kabbalah

The Hebrew word for the Dietary Code is

Kashrut

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the Bhagavad Gita? Select one: a. Krishna instructs Arjuna in the yoga of attachment. b. Krishna tells Arjuna he has never not existed. c. Arjuna's thoughts on dharma are completely bewildered. d. Arjuna, like Asoka, agonizes over whether he should kill people in battle.

Krishna instructs Arjuna in the yoga of attachment.

Vishnu's consort is

Lakshmi

A creed that describes the doctrine of the Trinity and is often recited in Christian worship is the

Nicene Creed

The Answer _______ tradition concentrates ecclesiastical authority in the hands of bishops.

Orthodox

How was the Qur'an revealed to Muhammad?

Over the course of many years

Shiva's consort is

Parvati

Based on the definitions we are using in the course, which of the following statements about worldviews is false? Select one: a. We can use the teachings of a tradition to understand its explicit worldview. b. Pretty much everyone reflects on their worldview. Correct c. History can help us to understand how worldviews develop. d. An implicit worldview may be embedded in a way of life.

Pretty much everyone reflects on their worldview.

The Answer _______ Incorrect were the first Muslim dynasty.

Rashidun

Rabbi Sherman Wine's Humanistic Judaism is most like which of the following in its conception of God?

Reconstructionism

Jesus was crucified by the

Romans

The Jewish New Year is called in Hebrew

Rosh Hashanah

This Jewish sect ____ rejected the idea of teachings supposedly handed down orally apart from the Bible.

Sadducees

Of the following Islamic reformers, which was most open to modernist ideas and Western influence?

Sayyid Ahmed Khan CorrectHe not only embraced modernist ideas, but also admired the British, while rejecting imperial rule.

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect Holyoake's late nineteenth century distinction between "secularism" and "the secular"? a. Secularism should be taught in public schools. b. Secular instruction does not conflict with theology. c. A secular approach neither ignores, assails, nor denies theology. d. Secularism denies and, thus, conflicts with theological claims.

Secularism should be taught in public schools

The ritual meal that Jews celebrate on Passover is called a ____

Seder

One of the most important prayers that declares the unity of God is

Shema

The Nazi genocide against the Jews is referred to in Hebrew as the

Shoah

The king who built the First Temple was named

Solomon

In the Islamic tradition, what is a prophet?

Someone who receives communication or a message from God

In which of the following would you find an emphasis on Theravada Buddhism?

Sri lanka

Which of the following is the best explanation of Sufism?

Sufism can be understood as Islamic mysticism

Which is NOT one of the three "baskets" in the Tripitaka? Select one: a. Svadharma b. Sutra c. Abhidharma d. Vinaya

Svadharma

An avatar is a "descent" of God to earth in a physical form. T/F?

T

Many monistic Hindus believe that God is simultaneously one and many. T/f?

T

One's jati traditionally determines whom one may marry. t/f?

T

The Vedas are regarded as the most important texts of Hinduism and their authority is often invoked. T/f?

T

Which of the following did NOT play a major role in the development of organized Humanism in the United States? a. The Free Religious Association b. The Unitarian Church c. Ethical Culture Societies Incorrect d. The Secular Aid Society

The Secular Aid Society

With respect to the concept of "world religions," most scholars would agree that: a. there are a set number of world religions (or religions of the world). b. they have a common features that reliably distinguish them from non (world) religions. c. they have clear boundaries that distinguish them from one another. d. None of the above Correct e. All of the above

The correct answer is: None of the above

Which of the following is false about Shia Muslims?

The correct answer is: Shias believe that the ayatollah is a modern-day prophet.

Which of the following statements about the Pharisees is correct?

The rabbinic tradition credits them with transmitting the "Oral Torah."

Which is not true of the Jewish understanding of the Sabbath?

The two versions of the Ten Commandments agree as to why it should be observed.

By the mid-nineteenth century, English-educated Hindus began deriding Hinduism's many gods, erotic symbolism, temple worship, and rituals as crass corruptions of the purity of the authentic Hinduism embodied in the Vedas and

Upanishads

Which of the following Buddhist traditions incorporates tantric beliefs and practices?

Vajrayana

Of the Hindu traditions, Vivekananda thought that __________ best satisfied the demands of the scientific world.

Vedanta

The conservative______movement has been very influential in Saudi Arabia.

Wahhabi

When we shift from studying "world religions" to "comparing worldviews," which of the following is false? a. We can ignore questions about reality, purpose, and how we should live our lives. Correct b. Our course of study does not rest on a definition of religion. c. We have to explain what we mean by a "worldview." d. We can include both religious and nonreligious traditions if they meet our definition of a worldview.

We can ignore questions about reality, purpose, and how we should live our lives.

Which of the following is not among the prominent questions addressed by religious traditions?

What is the correct definition of "religion"?

An isnad is:

a chain of transmission that establishes the authenticity of a matn

The word "canon" refers to Select one: a. an artillery piece b. an arrangement of flowers c. a collection of sacred writings d. a type of animal sacrifice

a collection of sacred writings

The Abbasid period was known for

a flowering of Islamic arts and sciences

Henotheism acknowledges Select one: a. only one god who is thought to be qualitatively removed from the world b. the virtue of the gods, but sets forth the pursuit of pleasure as the ultimate good for humankind c. six separate deities, of the four directions and of the sky and of the earth d. a plurality of gods but elevates one of them to special status

a plurality of gods but elevates one of them to special status

The five ascetics (the group of five) abandoned Siddhartha because they

ere disgusted by his lack of discipline

In the Descent of Man, Darwin indicated that "a belief in all-pervading spiritual agencies" is connected to all except one of the following: Select one: a. the result of the human reasoning abilities b. a product of human cultural development c. rooted in human imagination, curiosity, and wonder d. innate or instinctive in humans and, thus, universal

a product of human cultural development

The Islamic modernist Muhammad Iqbal offered:

a psychological interpretation of Muhammad

In the Descent of Man, Darwin characterized "belief in God" as

a result of extensive cultural development

The primordial sound OM

a. encompasses all words and all things they represent

The "Syllabus of Errors" published by Pope Pius IX in 1864 was a(n)

a. list of features of modern culture that Catholics were urged to reject

For Christians, Pentecost is a holiday that commemorates

a. the descent of the Holy Spirit on Jesus' disciples

The word karma literally means

action

Which of the following was NOT part of Asoka's dharma:

adherence to varnashrama

Ali was Select one: a. the son-in-law of Muhammad b. thought by some to be the rightful successor to Muhammad c. Muhammad's cousin d. all of the above

all of the above

Buddhists "take refuge" in Select one: a. the Buddha b. the Dharma c. the Sangha d. all of the above

all of the above

Darwin's understanding of human origins was based on which of the following: Select one: a. similarities in embryonic development of humans and other animals b. similarities in structure and constitution between humans and other animals c. the random variation of traits and natural selection of those most conducive to the survival of the species d. all of the above

all of the above

Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1774-1833) Select one: a. was among the first members of the Indian upper classes to visit Europe b. campaigned for the abolition of sati c. established the Brahmo Samaj d. all of the above

all of the above

The Enlightenment was an 18th century movement that Select one: a. valued reason, science and critical thinking b. challenged people to "dare to know" c. challenged the authority of scripture and tradition d. all of the above

all of the above

The Puranas Select one: a. recount the deeds of the great Hindu deities b. proliferate in the Early Hindu Period c. are associated with different sectarian traditions d. exhibit considerable regional variation e. all of the above

all of the above

The Sephirot are Select one: a. essential attributes of God b. emanations of God's creative force c. ten in number d. all of the above

all of the above

The hadith reports Select one: a. tell about what Muhammad said and did b. were collected by those closest to Muhammad c. were compiled in several authoritative collections d. all of the above

all of the above

The word dharma means A. duty B. law C. righteousness D. all of the above

all of the above

Torah refers to which of the following: Select one: a. The first five books of the Hebrew Bible. b. The totality of God's revelation to the people of Israel. c. The teachings given to Moses. d. All of the above

all of the above

When Kondanna had a vision of the dharma in the Wheel of the Dharma Sutta, he exclaimed "Whatever is subject to origination is all subject to cessation." This illustrated which of the following: Select one: a. that he had experienced enlightenment b. that the experience of enlightenment could be conveyed by teachers c. the implications of the idea of Interdependent Origination d. all of the abo

all of the above

Which of the following is a teaching of Islam? Select one: a. The belief in the oneness of God b. The belief in prophecy c. The belief in angels d. All of the above

all of the above

Which of these terms refer to a way or path for believers to follow? Select one: a. all of the above b. Christ c. Halacha d. Shar'ia

all of the above

According to the Buddha's doctrine of Interdependent Origination,

all things come into existence in connection with other things

The word halachah can be defined as

an authoritative form of ritual behavior

The Buddha's prescription for an end to suffering as

an eightfold path

The Sanskrit word for "No-Self" is ______________.

anatman

The word "Christ" (Greek, Christos) means

anointed one

The word mashiach literally means

anointed one

In Muslim belief, angels

are considered helpers of God

Which of the following is not one of the four Hindu aims of life?

ascetic renunciation

Assuming one is physically and financially able, a Muslim is expected to make the pilgrimage to Mecca

at least once in a lifetime

All Hindus believe in an undying soul or self, the

atman

Rama and Krishna are ___ of Vishnu.

avatars

Question 41 Correct 1.00 points out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which of the following is true about the Sunnah? Select one: a. It is the normative legacy of the prophet Muhammad. b. Muslims can learn about the Sunnah from the hadith literature. c. It is the mystical tradition of Islam. d. Both a and b

both a and b

Muslims believe that Muhammad was Select one: a. the first prophet b. the final prophet c. one of many prophets d. both b and c

both b and c

In the Purusha Sukta, from the mouth of the cosmic man emerged

brahmins

Stupas are

burial mounds containing relic

The term tafsir refers to

commentary on the Qur'an

Parinirvana is

complete and final entry into Nirvana

The chapters of the Qur'an

contain the important teachings of Islam

The most important of the ancient Vedic gods, such as Indra and Agni,

continue to play a subordinate part in the later Hindu pantheon

A general feature of modernity is its tendency to

deny the authority of tradition and the past

According to the Buddha, all suffering is caused by

desire

The Laws of Manu is a text from the period 200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. that contains

detailed prescriptions for correct behavior in all aspects of life

The Buddha claimed that he gained knowledge of the dharma through:

direct knowledge

Religious Modernists

embrace "modern" religious values

The capacity for seeing things from another's perspective is

empathy

According to the Bhagavad Gita, a person is to

give up the fruit of action

In contrast to doing religion or being religious, the academic study of religion

has no scientific basis for adjudicating claims regarding supernatural beings

In the Descent of Man, Darwin claimed all of the following except: Select one: a. humans are descended from some less highly organized form b. humans originated in a separate act of creation c. the phenomena of nature are not disconnected d. individual differences in humans obey the same laws as with the lower animals

humans originated in a separate act of creation

Generally speaking, ______________ have been the most open to adapting to modern culture.

iberal Protestantsl

The Buddhist modernist, Gendrum Chopal illustrated the idea that science can serve as a foundation for Buddhist teachings with what doctrine?

impermanence

The origins of Hinduism may be traced back to the intertwining of two great cultures, that of the _______ civilization and that of the Indo-Aryans.

indus valley

Why did Siddhartha Gautama (Gotama) object when his former companions called him by his name and referred to him as their friend?

it made them equals

The Buddha was the son of a

king

According to South Asian scholar, Patrick Olivelle, Asoka's active promotion of dharma throughout his kingdom

led the Brahmins to elaborate their view of dharma

The first of the Four Noble Truths is that

life is full of suffering

Vipassana is

mindfulness meditation

The "Four Sights" that led to the Prince Siddhartha's renunciation included an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a __________.

monk

Some self-identified Humanists claim that humanism had antecedents and analogues in cultures all over the world, including ancient China and India. t/f

true

The development of the varna-ashrama-dharma system allowed the Hindu tradition to accommodate all the following, EXCEPT

one ultimate deity

The word dalit means

oppressed

The First Buddhist Council was convened to

preserve the teachings of the Buddha

Which of the following best describes the Gospels?

proclamations of the "good news" about Jesus

Buddhism

prohibits the use of intoxicants

Which one of the following is an incorrect statement regarding Auguste Comte? Auguste Comte a. viewed moral teachings as crucial b. promoted the "Religion of Secularity" c. created a non-theistic religion d. promoted altruism, order, and progress

promoted the "Religion of Secularity"

Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan is associated with which movement in modern Judaism?

reconstructionist

Which of the following is NOT part of the British Humanist Association's definition of Humanism?

rejecting religion

Siddhartha's first act of renunciation was

removing his fine clothes and cutting his hai

Which of the following views were NOT included in the 19th century meaning of the term "freethinker"?

revivalists

Ancient poet-sages, known as _______ composed the Vedas.

rishis

Most of the early sacred works in Hinduism were written in

sanskrit

The Indian King Asoka was an early promoter of the dharma. t/f

true

The Independence Model for relating Religion and Science would REJECT which of the following claims?

science can provide ethical norms and a philosophy of life

The Middle Way is the path between

self-indulgence and self-denia

_____ is the sin of idolatry or comparing anything to God.

shirk

According to Buddhism, human beings are composed of five components known as.

skandhas

After his enlightenment, the Buddha

spent the rest of his life teaching

The Buddha's father tried to insulate his son from the outside world because he was afraid he might become a

spiritual teacher

The term "Islam" means

submission

Dukkha can be understood as "unsatisfactoriness." t/f

t

Most Hindus believe that moksha is the ultimate goal of Hinduism. T/f?

t

The Hindu dualistic viewpoint understands divine reality as God, a personal being separate from the rest of reality. T/f

t

Some scholars of religion criticize a "world religions" approach to studying religion because it arose within an intellectual culture that

tended to take for granted that Christianity was a model of what religion ought to be

Humanists generally view meaning in life as something

that humans create

For Protestants, the ultimate authority on spiritual matters is

the Bible

Perhaps no single phenomenon has been more challenging to traditional religious ways, and more nurturing of secularization, than

the encounter of religion with scienc

Perhaps no single phenomenon has been more challenging to traditional religious ways, and more nurturing of secularization, than

the encounter of religion with science

V. D. Savarkar's (1883-1966) concept of hindutva sought to

unite Hindus in repelling all dangerous foreign influences

In addition to the four major classes or varnas of the Purusha Sukta, a fifth class later emerged called

untouchables

In 1893, Swami ______ visited America to speak on behalf of Hinduism at the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago.

vivekanada

Ecumenical councils are

worldwide councils of bishops

Which of the following Buddhist traditions makes use of koans (such as "What is the sound of one hand clapping?") as an aid to enlightenment?

zen

Theodor Herzl was the founder of the ____ movement.

zionist