Compiled Quizzes
Which r value represents the strongest correlation
-0.90
In a standard normal curve, about 68% of value lie between what two z-scores?
-1 and 1
What is the z-score above which the proportion is 0.86?
-1.08
Suppose we find that buying pizza for a work party leads to positive morale which then leads to the work being done in half the time. What does positive morale serve as in this example?
Mediator
What type of prediction is this: Playing violent video games is associated with aggressive behavior because children model what they see in video games
Mediator
Which of the following r values indicate the strongest correlation
-.93
You read the following sentence in a research article; "There is a statistically significant correlation between job satisfaction and health, r = .46, p < .05". This statement means that
the probability of getting this result by chance is less than 5%.
Which of the following r values indicate the least uncertainty?
-.93
Suppose we z-transform all the age values in the dataset shown in Tables 1. This will result in 20 scores that reflect the z-score for each participant's age score in the dataset. What would the standard deviation of the z-score transformed age variable be?
1
What proportion of the scores in a normal distribution are above z = - 0. 29
1-.3859
Which of the following numbers couldn't possibly be a value of r?
1.5
Which formula is the correct way to calculate the raw score that is 2 standard deviations below the mean from a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
100-(2*15)
Indicate which one of the following sets of observations ‑‑each having a mean of 50‑‑has the larger standard deviation. (Calculations aren't necessary to answer this question.)
40, 40, 50, 60, 60
Which formula is the correct way to calculate the raw score that is 3 standard deviations above the mean from a distribution with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 10.
20 + (3*10)
Suppose X has a normal distribution with mean 10 and standard deviation 5. Between what values of X do 68% of the values lie?
5 and 15
Given a standard deviation of 4 and a mean of 20, what value would be the value for a z-score of 2?
28
What proportion of scores in the standard normal curve is between a z-score of -1 and the mean?
34%
Dr. Demir-Lira is writing a book. The number of pages that she wrote each day from Monday to Friday is shown below: 9, 8, 12, 6, 10 What is the median number of pages she wrote?
9
What proportion of a normal distribution is within 1 standard deviation of the mean?
68%
What proportion of a normal distribution is within 2 standard deviations of the mean?
95%
A type 1 error is known as which of the following
A false positive
Which of the following is NOT possible?
A measure is valid but not reliable.
When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable?
A negative correlation coefficient
Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. Audrey's general statement on "negative relations between residential mobility and adulthood socioemotional outcomes" would best be described as which of the following?
A theory
Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?
Administering an anxiety questionnaire
Which histogram reflects data with a larger std dev? A) . ||| . B) ...,,,,/|||\,,,,....
B
If A and B are correlated, it could mean:
All of the above (A causes B or B causes A, A and B are both caused by another factor C, There is no causal relationship between A nd B)
What kind of claim do we typically test with correlations
Association
What type of claim is this? Associations between screen-based media use and brain white matter integrity in preschool aged children
Association
What type of claim is this? Unexpected brain structures tied to creativity, and to stifling it
Association
Which one of the following claim is a frequency claim?
Between 5% and 10% of the population have dyslexia.
Andrew and Olivia just finished their research project for class. They found that people with morning classes have a lower quality of sleep than those who have night classes; they conclude that morning classes are linked to poor sleep quality. Little did they know, everyone who takes morning classes in their sample drinks massive amounts of caffeine all day long and everyone with night classes never drink caffeine. What is wrong with their conclusion?
Caffeine intake is a confound
A researcher thinks students who take notes by hand will learn the material better than those who take notes by typing. She tests this in her laboratory by having participants watch documentaries and informing them they will be tested on the material. Half watch a documentary about the history of baseball and are instructed to take notes by hand; half watch a documentary about America's most wanted criminals and where they may be now. She compares groups on memory for the material based on a multiple choice test. What kind of claim would the researcher hope to make with their experiment?
Causal
What type of claim is this? "Scientists Reveal Why 'Forest Bathing' or Going to the Beach Boosts Our Wellb-Being
Causal
What type of claim is this? Stress reduces self control
Causal
Identify the type of claim. "Listening to white noise increases the proportion of time people spend in deep sleep."
Causal Claim
What type of claim is the following? Listening to white noise increases the proportion of time people spend in deep sleep.
Causal claim
Why do causal claims require stronger evidence than association claims?
Causal claims make assertions about the direction of influence between variables
The cornerstone of psychology as an empirical science is:
Collecting data to test a prediction based on theory
A clinician is testing an intervention that treats dyslexia (reading disability). He has administered the intervention to all his patients and all of them have experienced an increase in their reading performance as measured by standardized measures of reading. Although this is interesting, his approach is limited because he does not have a:
Comparison group that did not receive the intervention
Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following?
Confirmation bias
Psychologists are empirical scientists; therefore, ______.
Data is used to test whether a theory makes correct predictions
Psychologists are empirical scientists; therefore, _______ .
Data is used to test whether a theory makes the correct predictions
What is the possible range for RAW beta coefficients?
Depends on predictor and dependent variable
A random sample of high school students was selected to take an SAT preparation course. After completing the course, the mean SAT score for this group of students was 25 points higher.
Descriptive
In last semester's class there was a positive correlation of r=.48 between facebook friends and instagram followers.
Descriptive
Dimitri is interested in understanding the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. Which of the following is an empirical approach Dimitri could take to answer this question?
Design and execute a study which measures memory following different amounts of sleep
Which one is an example of systematic error in psychological research?
Dr. Demir-Lira is administering a questionnaire to a group of 5th graders. There is loud construction noise outside which distracts all of the students.
In a regression equation, your b (beta/slope) is 2, and your a (intercept) is 1. How would we state the b in words?
Every 1 unit increase in X corresponds with a 2 unit increase in y
What is meant by the characteristic of exhaustiveness in the frequency table bins?
Every item fits into a bin
The researcher decides to manipulate sleep. She then finds out that only 5% of the children's families are willing to participate. The change in study design reflects a decrease of _______ validity, and an increase in _______ validity.
External; Internal
When examining the construct validity of an association claim, one should look for:
How well the measure of each variable measures the concepts they're intended to measure
Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories?
Hypotheses are steps taken to determine if the theory is accurate
Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories?
Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate
You work for a company that is developing a new phone application that helps students make and track progress on health goals. After its first month available for download, your team leader wants you to summarize data about your app. How could you best summarize number of goals users make?
I need to see histogram first (not sure if unimodal)
Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. Audrey wants to increase the external validity of her study. To meet this goal, she should:
Include participants from different countries
The 95% confidence interval for how far an Iowa undergraduate can throw a football is 15 to 45 yards.
Inferential
How would I assess inter-rater reliability of your new questionnaire?
Inter-rater reliability would be more appropriate for an observational measure of narcissism
In order to measure motivation to study, Dr. Maine designs a survey with 6 items, all of which try to capture that construct. What reliability does Dr. Maine need to test?
Internal
In order to measure motivation to study, Dr. Maine designs a survey with 6 items, all of which try to capture that construct. This is a test of which of the following?
Internal Reliability
Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study)?
It unduly influences people into participating
What information is not needed to calculate the z-score
MAD
A researcher is curious how different types of candy impact a child's impulsivity. He divides children into groups: one group receives Snickers bars; the other receives hard candies. He then measures how quickly the children reach for the candy. What kind of variable is the type of candy?
Manipulated
Which of the following is most prone to outliers?
Mean
A researcher thinks students who take notes by hand will learn the material better than those who take notes by typing. She tests this in her laboratory by having participants watch documentaries and informing them they will be tested on the material. Half watch a documentary about the history of baseball and are instructed to take notes by hand; half watch a documentary about America's most wanted criminals and where they may be now. She compares groups on memory for the material based on a multiple choice test. What is the dependent variable that is measured?
Memory for learned material
Which central tendency measure is most appropriate for summarizing these data?
Mode
Which measure is most robust to outliers?
Mode
Barry is studying the effects of a major natural disaster on people living nearby. He finds that many of the victims are depressed and show stress-related symptoms. Why can't Barry conclude that the natural disaster caused the depression and stress-related symptoms?
No comparison group
What measurement scale is: college major (1=Psychology, 2=Neuroscience, 3=Health and Human Physiology, 4=Sociology, 5=Other)
Nominal
A researcher is interested in whether children that sleep less exhibit more behavioral problems in school. They survey parents about their children's sleep habits, and survey teachers about the behavioral conduct of those children. They find that children who sleep less have greater behavioral problems. The behavioral problems survey asks teachers to pick whether the child is disruptive in class "never", "sometimes", or "always." What measurement scale is this?
Ordinal
College football rankings (e.g. first rank, second rank) use what measurement scale?
Ordinal
Identify the level of measurement for the following variable: Level of education coded as: 1=High School, 2=Some College, 3=College Graduate, 4=Graduate Degree
Ordinal
In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other?
Risk to participants versus the value of the knowledge gained
What does the equation below represent? (SS/(n−1))^.5
Sample Standard Deviation
I'm interested in estimating how far the average Iowa student can throw a football. I collect a sample of 500 students from the quad, and another student interested in this question collects data from a sample of 50 students. Whose confidence interval is likely larger?
Sample n=50
Which of the following is not one of the four steps to test a mediational hypothesis?
Show that X predictor is correlated with the third variable
You would like to study whether people eat more when they distract themselves with their phone while eating. You decide to randomly choose 5 fast food restaurants where you'll observe the amount ordered, what someone does while eating, and how much they ate. If you do all the coding of behavior and know the hypothesis of the study, this would be a:
Single blind study
A researcher is interested in whether children that sleep less exhibit more behavioral problems in school. They survey parents about their children's sleep habits, and survey teachers about the behavioral conduct of those children. They find that children who sleep less have greater behavioral problems. Which variable would we want to manipulate to turn this association claim into a causal claim?
Sleep
You are working on developing a test of driving intelligence that could be delivered on the internet to screen for drivers who have a high risk of accidents. An example of criterion validity for your test of driving intelligence would be:
Strong correlation with number of accidents in the two years after taking the questionnaire
In statistics formula what does the value SS represent
Sum of Squared Deviation Scores
What does the equation below represent? ∑(xi−μ)^2
Sum of Squares
The defining characteristic of empirical reasoning is that we use _______ in order to evaluate our ideas about the nature of the world:
Systematic Observations
You develop a new 10-question survey of a stable trait narcissism that can be used online. You first test this on your friends by sending them the survey every three times in a month to test the consistency of their overall score across test. Your are testing the ________ reliability of your measure.
Test-retest
What does the standard error of the estimate represent?
The amount of unexplained variablility
Think about the formula for r. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the calculation of the correlation coefficient, r:
The denominator can be negative
Among frequency distributions for physical fitness, the greatest variability would probably occur in the distribution for:
The general population of Iowa
What does a z-score represent?
The number of standard deviations from the mean
Which of the following is not a condition to establish causation?
The study is an observational study
Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. Audrey's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean?
The theory may need to be revised
Which of the following is NOT an issue with observational research?
There are few statistical techniques to analyze observational data
In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. What is the null hypothesis in this study?
There is no difference between the meaning and preparation group in terms of their academic performance
Which of the following is true about z-scores
They are unit free
Which of the following is true about self-reports?
They are valuable sources of information when researchers are interested in a person's internal experiences.
What type of predicted model is this: Playing violent video games is associated with aggressive behavior because people who play violent video games have more aggressive parents. These aggressive parents are more likely to allow their kids to play violent games and to accept aggressive behavior in their children.
Third Variable
Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. What is the dependent variable in Audrey's study?
This is a correlational study so there are no dependent variables
Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability?
Time spent solving a math problem
Why do we examine mediators?
To attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying an association
True or false? "Multivariate correlational designs are often used when it is impossible to conduct an experiment."
True
True or false? "Multivariate designs CANNOT be used to establish the case for causation."
True
Dr. Valencia finds an association between social media use and narcissism, but then over the next couple of years 10 studies with large representative sample do not show an effect. Dr. Valencia here may have initially committed a ______ error in her conclusion.
Type 1 error
Dr. Johnson is surveying to understand people's attitude towards government's new health policy. She is worried that people might show fence-sitting behavior. Which of the following is an ideal approach to create the survey if she would like to use a Likert scale response format?
Use even number of response options on the scale
Which of these would NOT qualify as an operational definition of a conceptual variable?
Using intelligence as a measure of someone's IQ
If the distribution of ages for college students has a mean of 23.74 and a standard deviation of 3.19, the latter number (3.19) is expressed in units of?
Years
As your sample size increases...
Your confidence interval gets narrower
A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have:
a comparison group that did not receive the drug
If a survey of grade-school children reveals that the distribution of daily TV-viewing times has a mean of 2.3 hours and a standard deviation of 1.0 hours, this implies that
a majority of the children watch TV between 1.3 and 3.3 hours
Taking the mean of the raw deviation scores for a set of data gives you:
a mean of zero
Degrees of freedom
accounts for the fact that a sample variance is an approximation of a population variance
When the sample size increases, with everything else the same, the width of a confidence interval for a population parameter will:
decrease
My alpha is currently set at p=.05 (i.e., 5%), but I decide to lower it to p=.001 (i.e., .1%). This will __________ my risk of making a Type-I error, and ___________ my statistical power.
decrease; decrease
When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are likely to be more concerned with ______________ validity than ________ validity.
internal; external
For data in a right skewed histogram, the median will be
lower than the mean
When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the:
margin error of the estimate
Which of the following has the lowest z-score (SD = standard deviation)?
mean = 40, SD = 10, score = 20
If the score is larger than any current score in the sample is added to the sample, which of the following is LEAST likely to change?
mode
What are the two population parameters needed to characterize a normal distribution?
mu and sigma
Dr. Demir-Lira is interested in examining if there is a correlation between the number of Facebook friends one has and his/her self-esteem. She collects a sample of 800 students from the quad. John interested in this question collects data from a sample of 80 students. Ariel collects data from 8 students to address the same question. Sojeong collects data from 8000 students. Whose confidence interval is likely largest?
n=8
Dr. Demir-Lira is interested in examining if there is a correlation between the number of Facebook friends one has and his/her self-esteem. She collects a sample of 800 students from the quad. John interested in this question collects data from a sample of 80 students. Ariel collects data from 8 students to address the same question. Sojeong collects data from 8000 students. Whose confidence interval is likely the largest?
n=8
A data point below the regression line would have an error value that is
negative
The standard deviation can never be
negative
Which part of the r equation can be negative r = SPxy/ (SSx*SSy)^1/2
numerator
Which of the following is a dependent variable?
one that is measured
What is the Pearson correlation between two variables if one variable has all the same scores (e.g., they all score perfect on a memory measure)?
r is undefined
What formula is this for? SS/n-1
sample variance
In a scatterplot, predictive errors are associated with
vertical discrepancies between dots and the regression line
In a scatterplot, predictive errors are associated with:
vertical discrepancies between dots and the regression line.
What does the equation below represent? (xi−X̅)/s
z-score
Why is there asymmetry in reliability and validity? (Why can a reliable measure by invalid, but a valid measure can't be unreliable?)
Unreliable measures provide inconsistent data
Which of the following would require us to use median instead of mean?
a positvely-skewed histogram
Given a sample of 10 and a sample of 100,000, which sample standard deviation will be adjusted more with the correction for degrees of freedom with n-1?
n=10
You test your hypothesis that greater time outdoors is related to greater happiness. Your correlation is r=.3, p=.09. Given an alpha type1 error rate of .05, your conclusion should be to:
fail to reject the null hypothesis
What proportion of the scores in a normal distribution is between z score of -0.80 and z score of 1.40?
.2881+.4192
What proportion of the scores in a normal distribution are below z = - 0. 29
.3859
What proportion of the scores in a normal distribution is between z score of 0.80 and z score of 1.40?
.4192-.2881
What proportion of z-scores in the standard normal curve are below the mean?
.500
Suppose you collect a sample of N=15 undergraduates and all your participants are 20 years old. What would be the standard deviation of this variable?
0
Which r value represents the weakest correlation
0.28
What is the proportion between z-scores -1.32 and -0.84?
.2005-.0934
In a normal distribution, what is the proportion between 1 SD below the mean and the mean?
0.34
What proportion of the scores in a normal distribution are above z = 1.32?
.0934
Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. Audrey's prediction that "adults who moved from one home to another as a child will trust their friends less than those who did not move as a child" would best be described as which of the following?
A hypothesis
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.Susan's prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following?
A hypothesis
What is the major caveat of this headline: "Not Enough Zzzs? Social Media Use Could Be Messing With Your Sleep"
It implies a causal relationship based on association
Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. What kind of a variable is the duration of Greek affiliation?
A measured ratio variable
Which raw score would have a relatively higher z-score?
A score of 50 on a test for which the mean was 40 and the standard deviation was 10
Outliers can:
All of the above (affect amount of shared variability, increase r, decrease r)
The theory-data cycle
Allows researchers to refine their theories in response to new data
Which study of the following is correlational
An educational researcher compares the academic performance of students from the "rich" side of town with that of students from the "poor" side of town.
Identify the type of claim. "Preschoolers who skip naps are worse at a memory game than those who take naps."
Association Claim
Identify the type of claim. According to Frank Sinatra "People who make it in New York City tend to make it anywhere"
Association Claim
In one of her articles, Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making?
Association Claim
When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is important NOT to:
Assume causality
When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is important not to:
Assume causality
Sasha recently saw a news story about a woman run over by a horse. She began to believe that such tragedies are quite common. She is now refusing to let anyone in her family even get close to a horse. This is an example of which of the following?
Availability Heuristic
The local news ran a story about a baby who suffered a deadly spider attack while playing outside. The neighborhood becomes quiet as families keep their kids inside so they won't be bitten by deadly spiders.
Availability Heuristic
Suppose we find that physical activity is related to lower levels of depression symptoms, and the relationship is stronger for older adults. What kind of variable is age in this example?
Moderator
Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. Jeremy has concerns about the blogpost. Why would Jeremy be concerned?
Because the study only provides evidence for an association claim but the blogpost asserts a causal claim
Which of the below is NOT true of regression analyses?
It is unitless and thus allows us to compare strength of association across measures
Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them the number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. Which of the following is NOT a variable in this study?
Country of origin
Dr. Valencia publishes a study where she finds that middle school students who use social media tend to be more narcissistic than those who don't use social media. To measure narcissism, she used the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Clarissa and her friends read Dr. Valencia's article and are discussing it. Clarissa questions the study, saying "I am not sure that I am convinced — I am not sure you can really measure narcissism." Quinn also questions the claim, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious whether the results generalize to both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between playing using social media and narcissism and whether there's a potential false positive here due to small sample size." Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following?
Construct Validity
Dr. Valencia publishes a study where she finds that middle school students who use social media tend to be more narcissistic than those who don't use social media. To measure narcissism, she uses the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Clarissa and her friends read Dr. Valencia's article and are discussing it. Clarissa questions the study, saying "I am not sure that I am convinced — I am not sure you can really measure narcissism." Quinn also questions the claim, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious whether the results generalize to both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between playing using social media and narcissism and whether there's a potential false positive here due to small sample size." In this scenario, Dr. Valencia uses multiple questions to improve:
Convergent Validity
RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the _____ of Dr. Sheffield's measure.
Convergent Validity
Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. He complains, "Tests like the GRE don't really measure how well people actually do in graduate school." Dominic is questioning the ______________ of the test.
Criterion Validity
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following?
Criterion validity
A researcher thinks students who take notes by hand will learn the material better than those who take notes by typing. She tests this in her laboratory by having participants watch documentaries and informing them they will be tested on the material. Half watch a documentary about the history of baseball and are instructed to take notes by hand; half watch a documentary about America's most wanted criminals and where they may be now. She compares groups on memory for the material based on a multiple choice test. Is this a correlational study or an experiment?
Experiment
Identify the validity that best goes with the description below. The extent to which the results of a study generalize to a larger population or to other situations
External
A researcher is conducting a study on how the wording of questions affects people's responses. In her study, she only includes native speakers of English, and excludes people under 40 to ensure hearing is adequate. These decisions about her sample hurt the study's:
External Validity
Dr. Valencia publishes a study where she finds that middle school students who use social media tend to be more narcissistic than those who don't use social media. To measure narcissism, she used the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Clarissa and her friends read Dr. Valencia's article and are discussing it. Clarissa questions the study, saying "I am not sure that I am convinced — I am not sure you can really measure narcissism." Quinn also questions the claim, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious whether the results generalize to both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between playing using social media and narcissism and whether there's a potential false positive here due to small sample size." Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following?
External Validity
Identify the validity that best goes with the description below. The extent to which the scale appears to be measuring the variable.
Face
You test your hypothesis that greater time outdoors is related to less anxiety. Your correlation is r = -.40, p=.08. Your conclusion should be to:
Fail to reject the null hypothesis
What type of claim is this? 95% of the population is undateable
Frequency
What type of claim is this? A quarter of the world's population now uses Facebook every month
Frequency
What's wrong with the following grouped frequency table? XFrequency 0-49 3 50-99 4 100-149 8 150-199 5 250-299 6
Gaps between bins
In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question?
It has a double negative
Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. Suppose you want to replicate this study, but you would like to develop a new measure of self-esteem. You believe your measure is better because you see a strong correlation between your measure and the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, and your measure is not as correlated with introversion as the JFI measure is. Thus, you have support for:
Good convergent and good discriminant validity
A researcher is conducting a study on how the wording of questions affects people's responses. In her study, she only includes native speakers of English, and excludes people with hearing deficits and attention deficit disorder. These decisions about her sample improve the study's:
Internal validity
Which of the following is NOT an example of being a producer of research?
Interpreting research about education for your local school board
Dr. Johnson is studying children's interactions with their mothers while playing with some toys. He and a research assistant are recording how many physical approach and eye gaze behaviors the children exhibit. The two sets of observations are strongly correlated, r = .88.
Interrater
Identify the level of measurement for the following variable: Dates (1015, 2018 etc.)
Interval
A researcher is curious how different types of candy impact a child's impulsivity. He divides children into groups: one group receives Snickers bars; the other receives hard candies. He then measures how quickly the children reach for the candy. What kind of variable is reaching time?
Measured
A researcher is interested in whether children that sleep less exhibit more behavioral problems in school. They survey parents about their children's sleep habits, and survey teachers about the behavioral conduct of those children. They find that children who sleep less have greater behavioral problems. What kind of variable is sleep?
Measured
A researcher is interested in whether children that sleep less exhibit more behavioral problems in school. They survey parents about their children's sleep habits, and survey teachers about the behavioral conduct of those children. They find that children who sleep less have greater behavioral problems. What kind of variable is the behavioral problems?
Measured
Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with observer bias?
Measuring the behavior unobtrusively
For the distribution shown below (right skewed) what measure of central tendency would be most preferred?
Median
You collected data on your participants' race. What measure of central tendency is always appropriate for summarizing this variable?
Mode
You work for a company that is developing a new phone application that helps students make and track progress on health goals. After its first month available for download, your team leader wants you to summarize data about your app. How could you summarize where students heard about the app? (e.g., friend, advertisement, etc).
Mode
Playing violent video games is associated with aggressive behavior very strongly among teenagers, but less strongly among young adults.
Moderator
Suppose we wanted to look at the relationship between the number of hours spent practising the guitar per week and skill level. If we had reason to believe that the strength or direction of the relationship between these variables will vary by level of enjoyment, what would the level of enjoyment serve as?
Moderator
If a set of exam scores forms a negatively skewed distribution, what can you conclude about the students' scores?
Most of the students had relatively high scores
You would like to study whether people eat more when they distract themselves with their phone while eating. You decide to randomly choose 5 fast food restaurants where you'll observe the amount ordered, what someone does while eating, and how much they ate. Your method of observation is best described as:
Naturalistic
For a class project, you collect data on UIowa students' screen-time habits. How would you summarize the data on the number of hours students spend watching TV?
Need to see histogram first
You work for a company that is developing a new phone application that helps students make and track progress on health goals. After its first month available for download, your team leader wants you to summarize data about your app. When summarizing usage time after download, what type of distribution would your team be most excited about?
Negatively Skewed
Does transforming scores in your dataset to z-scores transform the shape of the distribution of your variable?
No
Jiung is conducting a study that involves observing a child's reaction when his/her mother plays with another sibling. He is conducting his study in a controlled laboratory setting and has trained all his research assistants for observation coding with a detailed manual that included a literature review on the topic and his hypotheses for the study. Should he have included information about hypotheses in his coding manual?
No, a masked design would be better
Masking coders of videos to experimental condition helps avoid
Observer Bias
A researcher is interested in whether children that sleep less exhibit more behavioral problems in school. They survey parents about their children's sleep habits, and survey teachers about the behavioral conduct of those children. They find that children who sleep less have greater behavioral problems. As a potential third variable, the researcher decides to measure medication type and classifies medications as "depressants", "stimulants", "hallucinogen", or "other." What measurement scale is this?
Nominal
Identify the level of measurement for the following variable: Discipline techniques parents use in response to their child's tantrum. 1=Bribes, 2=Ignoring, 3=Reasoning, 4=Threats, 5= Spanking, 6= Other
Nominal
A psychology professor wants to measure how often parents read to their children and how much the parent and child interact during the reading process. The best measurement approach would be:
Observation
In the hockey study example, what kind of bias would it be if the raters had read the news reports about fans being negative towards youth players, in particular male fans and this affected how researchers/observers coded the audiotapes of fan comments?
Observer bias
In the hockey study example, what kind of bias would it be if the raters had read the news reports about fans being negative towards youth players, in particular male fans and this affected how they coded the audiotapes of fan comments?
Observer bias
You are observing a classroom of children to study the relationship between biological sex and participation during math class. You are aware of the cultural assumption that boys outperform girls in math at early ages. You inadvertently make eye contact more with boys as you observe the room when the teacher asks questions, and observe they participate more. What kind of bias effect does this sound like?
Observer effect
Military ranks (e.g., Colonel, Captain, etc.) are:
Ordinal
What measurement scale is: Score on an self-esteem questionnaire where 10 is the minimum (lowest self-esteem) and 40 is the maximum (highest self-esteem).
Ordinal
What measurement scale is: birth order of siblings
Ordinal
Dots in scatterplots that deviate conspicuously from the main dot cluster are viewed as
Outliers
Why wouldn't we used a Pearson correlation to test a relationship with a parabolic arch?
Pearson correlations should only be used when the relationship is linear
Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. What is a possible confound in this study?
Personality type
Identify the validity that best goes with the description below. The extent to which the scale relates to a relevant outcome or behavior that occurs in the future after the scale is completed.
Predictive
Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects?
Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.
When using inferential statistics, researchers calculate a/an ______ to determine "statistical significance"
Probability Estimate
A researcher is interested in whether children that sleep less exhibit more behavioral problems in school. They survey parents about their children's sleep habits, and survey teachers about the behavioral conduct of those children. They find that children who sleep less have greater behavioral problems. The sleep survey asks parents to indicate number of hours the child sleeps on a typical school night. What measurement scale is this?
Ratio
What measurement scale is: minutes of rigorous physical activity per week
Ratio
Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable?
Ratio Variable
Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. What type of measurement is Audrey using?
Self report
Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special."Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following?
Test-retest reliability
Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. Suppose you want to replicate this study, but you would like to use a different measure of self-esteem that you developed. You administer the same questionnaire to participants one week apart, and find that participants' responses were very different the second time they took the questionnaire, you would have a problem with:
Test-retest reliability
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity?
That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity
Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. How can we BEST interpret the result for the relationship between Greek affiliation and self-esteem?
The longer students are affiliated with a Greek organization, the higher their self esteem
In a right skewed distribution, how will the mean differ from the median?
The mean will be higher
Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. How can we interpret the Cronbach's alpha?
The measure has strong internal reliability
The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?
The principle of beneficence
Selecting only homeless individuals to participate in our study even though we have no real theoretical reason to use the homeless violates which ethical principle?
The principle of justice
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report?
The principle of respect for persons
You read the following sentence in a research article; "There is a statistically significant correlation between job satisfaction and health, r=.46, p <01". This statement means that (choose the best answer)
The probability of getting this result by chance is less than 1%
Anton is reading an empirical article on the relations between bullying and self-esteem. Anton is concerned that the researcher made a Type I error. What does that mean?
The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one.
Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home-life satisfaction on two occasions, 1 year apart. Suppose she finds that home-life satisfaction at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but that there is no correlation between job satisfaction at the first time point and home-life satisfaction at the second time point. Which statement explains why Professor Horvat can't conclude that home-life satisfaction causes job satisfaction?
There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship.
Dr. Gomes predicts that interracial roommate relationships in the dorms are associated with higher campus-life satisfaction. She collects data on the number of semesters students spent in an interracial room in the dorm. She also collects data on students' campus-life satisfaction. What is the null hypothesis for her study?
There is no correlation or a negative correlation between interracial roommate relationships and campus-life satisfaction.
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this?
To obtain evidence for criterion validity
A researcher thinks students who take notes by hand will learn the material better than those who take notes by typing. She tests this in her laboratory by having participants watch documentaries and informing them they will be tested on the material. Half watch a documentary about the history of baseball and are instructed to take notes by hand; half watch a documentary about America's most wanted criminals and where they may be now. She compares groups on memory for the material based on a multiple choice test. Suppose the researcher finds no effect of note-taking in her study, but then over the next couple years five different studies with large representative samples show an effect. The researcher here may have initially committed a ________ error in her conclusion.
Type II
What's wrong with the following grouped frequency table? X Frequency 0-49 3 50-99 4 100-174 8 175-199 5 200-249 6
Unequal bins
Why is there asymmetry in reliability and validity? (Why can a reliable measure be invalid, but a valid measure can't be unreliable?)
Unreliable measures provide inconsistent data
Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity?
Using multiple observers
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following?
Validity
_____ indicates accuracy. _____ indicates consistency.
Validity, Reliability
Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her iPod. She typically remembers to charge her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music?
Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.
Which view in SPSS shows information about the variables in your data?
Variable view
Why are response sets in surveys a potential problem?
We can't differentiate someone that supports everything from someone taking a shortcut
Why is it critical that a measure has good discriminant validity?
We want to make sure we are only measuring one construct
What does it mean if we find an r^2 of 0?
We would be just as accurate by predicting Y from the mean of Y than by using X to predict Y
When might open-ended questions be best for a survey?
When you're interested in socially disapproved behaviors such as drinking and driving
If there is a negative correlation between X and Y then the linear regression equation (Y = bX + a) would necessarily have
b < 0
Indra wants to investigate the relationship between job status (whether or not they have a job) and grades among college students. She goes to the student center and hands out a survey with two questions about job status and GPA. She finds that at her institution, students with jobs have higher grades than students without jobs. Which of the following variable could be an alternative explanation for the association between job status and grades?
conscientiousness
Students in research methods last semester had an average of 741 facebook friends and 499 instagram followers.
descriptive
When you need to organize and summarize a set of variables to characterize their central tendency, variability, and nature of their relationships, you should use _____________ statistics. When you need to test a prediction about population parameters based on your sample data, you should use _____________ statistics.
descriptive; inferential
When calculating the sum of squares with the definition formula, each deviation is squared in order to
eliminate negative signs from deviation scores
Given a sample of 10 and a sample of 100, which sample standard deviation will be adjusted more with the correction for degrees of freedom with n-1?
n=10
The shape of the data in the figure is best described as: ||...............
positively skewed
If a p-value is lower than the predefined threshold (e.g., 0.05), we should conclude that:
reject the null hypothesis
The following problematic question appears on a personality test for job placement: "Please indicate your agreement to the following statement: I am almost always on time for appointments and I enjoy having a wide circle of acquaintances." How could this question be changed to improve its construct validity?
split the question into two so that it is not double-barreled
