CompTIA IT Fundamentals Study Guide: FCO-U61

RS-232

Another name for the serial port is ____?

Take input, provide processing on the input, produce output, and provide long-term storage

At a fundamental level, most users want to do what four things?

Typically configured to block traffic by IP address, port number, domain name, or some combination of all three. Packets that meet the criteria in the ACL are passed through the firewall to their destination.

How are ACLs typically configured to block traffic?

Driver (or device driver)

Peripheral hardware requires a(n) ______ to be installed.

USB, FireWire, eSATA, Thunderbolt

Popular connectors for external hard drives are ________?

Swipe

To scroll down or change a page on a mobile device, which action do you use?

Takes in 1s and 0s and does math on those. The math it performs is known as an intruction set.

Walk through the functionality of CPUs?

IP camera

What IoT device is typically used with security systems?

Disk Management utility. Manages drives on the computer, helps create and format partitions on the file system

What Windows utility manages disk space on drives? What does it do?

1. Presentation tier - this is the UI. Presents data to the user & allows the user to interact with system 2. Business logic tier - Processes commands, performs calculations, contains logic, and can make decisions 3. Data tier - the database or file system holding the data Each tier is hosted on a different system, making this a client-server model

What are 3 tiers in a three tier application architecture model? Where is each system hosted on and what type of model does this make?

An expansion slot designed to meet the need for increased graphics performance. Now outdated.

What are AGP Expansion Slots?

Refers to the sense of motion

What are Kinetics?

Using the programs & feature app from the control panel to uninstall app.

What is a clean uninstallation?

File that contains info that enables device to connect to OS. An example is a printer, scanner, driver, video card, NIC, etc.

What is a device driver?

The file extension tells you a little bit about the file and tells the OS what do with the file. The OS knows that certain extensions are designed to execute a program directly. It knows this b/c it keeps a list of know file extensions and associates them with specific applications

What is a file extension? What does it do? How does it interact with OS?

A popular expansion slot architecture type. They are easily recognized because they are around 3 inches long and classically white.

What are the PCI slots? What do they look like?

The set of controller chips that monitors and directs the traffic on the motherboard between the buses and components.

What is a chipset?

A device used to provide Internet access through the analog phone line. At the source, it takes a digital signal and converts (modulates)

What is a modem?

Also known as the system boar or mainboard. It is the most important component of the computer because it connects all the other components - consider it the nervous system of the computer.

What is a motherboard and what is its primary function?

It is also known as a shortcut file. It points to the real file's location and normally people create these on their desktop

What is a pointer file?

Part of the boot process controlled by the BIOS that verifies the working condition of the hardware the BIOS knows about. 1. Verifies the integrity of the BIOS itself 2. Verifies and confirms the size of primary memory 3. Analyzes and catalogs other forms of hardware such as buses and boot devices 4. Offers the user a key sequence to enter the configuration screen 5. Hands over control to the boot device (usually a hard drive) highest in the configured boot order to load the OS If there is an error, it can produce a beep code or displayed code that indicates there is an issue.

What is a power-on self-test (POST)? What functions/test does perform? What happens if an error is found?

You receive it when you buy an sort of commercial software, which you will need to enter during the installation for the first time

What is a product key?

A program that runs on top of the OS and allows the user to issue commands through a set of menus or other interfaces (i.e. text-based console, CLI, or GUI). Makes an OS easier to use & interact with by creating a friendly UI.

What is a shell (operating system)?

An adapter or component that provides audio output from a device.

What is a sound card?

Converts data sent to it by the CPU into the pixels, addresses, and other items required for display. Most video cards have their own RAM

What is a video card responsible for?

Also known as a VM. Virtualized version of the computer

What is a virtual machine?

A type of processor that uses an architecture known as reduced instruction set computing (RISC). Generally used in devices that are tablet-sized and smaller like mobile phones. They differ in how they do math. RISC processors may take more steps to do the same math problem as CISC. RISC are smaller and produce less heat

What is an ARM (Advanced RISC Machines)? How does that contrast with CISC? What are the differences between the two?

Compression - making the file smaller to take up less disk space and then uncompressing the file when it's needed Encryption - encoding the file so that only authorized users can read it

What is compression and encryption, and how is used in file systems?

These type of software pacages hold patient medical records but also allow the provider to interface with medical testing equipment such as an EKG kit

What is electronic medical records/electronic health records software?

the memory that a computer has, the better. Ample memory keeps the OS and applications running quickly.

What is good rule of thumb to remember when it comes to computer memory?

Lightweight and perform most common tasks users need today. Nothing is stored locally on the computer. Everything is stored in the cloud.

What is guiding principle for Chrome Os? What is unique of Chrome OS

Plug-and-play

What is it called when Windows autodetects new hardware and installs the driver?

Used for laptop memory. A small form factor memory module based on DIMM principles and designed for the mobile computing sector.

What is small outline DIMM?

D. A foreign key is one or more columns in a table that refers to the primary key in another table. Unlike primary keys, null values are allowed. Foreign keys are not required, there can be more than one per table, and they are not automatically indexed

Which of the following statements is true regarding a foreign key in a relational database? A. They are required B. There can be only one per table C. They are automatically indexed D. Null values are allowed

Use the Programs & Features app from the control panel

With Windows systems, what is the best way to uninstall apps?

A. The ALTER command is used to add, remove, or modify columns in a database. DROP is used to remove a table or database. DELETE is used to delete a record, and there is no REMOVE command.

David, a DBA, needs to remove a column from an existing database. Which command should he user? A. ALTER B. DELETE C. DROP D. REMOVE

Motherboards connect all the components together and provide electrical pathways for day. CPUs perform mathematical and logic operations on data. RAM is used as a temporary storage area for data that the processor and applications need.

Describe the purpose of motherboards, CPUs, and RAM.

1. IP-Based Printers - Open printer and scanner app. Click + sign next to "add a printer or scanner" to begin install. Regardless of whether your computer finds it or not, click "The printer that I want isn't listed". In add printer window that pops up, click the radio button for add a printer using a TCP/IP address or Host-name. Type in IP. Then it installs. 2. Web-Based Printers - Some manufactures allow you to configure a printer to be available via the Internet or by sending it in an email. If you have HP printer, then go to hpconnect.com and create user account, then enable web services on your printer and link it to the HP connected account. Then set up an email address for the printer and configure proper security, such as who can print to the printer.

Explain the steps for installing IP- and Web-Based Devices

Pretty easy. Plug and play. If not, it usually means they detect it but a driver could not be installed. If that is the case, then you will need to install it manually.

Explain the steps for installing external devices.

Flash drives and NAS are examples of what?

Flash drives and NAS are examples of what?

Thermostat and security system

Give two examples of IoT home automation devices.

a .zip file, disk image, or designated with a .dmg file extension. Double click the file type there.

How are applications delivered? How do you access the installer?

can be stand-alone "black boxes", software installed on a server or router, or some combination of hardware and software

How are firewalls delivered?

Unless the app has a remove folder/application, you can app by dragging it to trash. you can delete ancillary folders or files associated with that application that may be stored in other locations like Library/Application?

How can a Mac user remove/uninstall an application?

Desktop, laptop computer or iCloud.

How can iPhones and iPads sync to iTunes?

Through using program add-ins

How can you extend Microsoft excel beyond the functionality included in the program?

Most network-based firewalls have at least two network connections - one to the internet (called public side) and one to the internal network (called private side). Some firewalls have a third network port for a second semi-internal network; this port is used to connect servers that can be considered both public and private, like a web and emails servers. This intermediate network is know as a DMZ. A firewall is configured to allow only packets (network data) that pass specific security restrictions to get through

How do firewalls work?

Windows + X OR you can search for it search bar there

How do you access the Windows Disk Management utility?

It uses a system of directories that are often knowns as "folders"

How does the OS store date in a hierarchal manner?

1,000

How many bytes are in a kilobyte?

It usually requires infrequent updates. You will want to update a driver if you're having problems with the hardware

How often do Drivers typically require updates? When will you want to update a driver?

Widely used because they can be installed and bundled with most hardware.

How widely used are Windows operating systems?

Optical disc, flash drive, or from the Internet

How will you initially receive (receive to install) an application?

Parallel

The _______ port was also called the printer port.

Programs and Features App

What app should you use in Windows to uninstall, change, or repair an installed app properly?

Walled-off sections of disk space that you intend to use for storage. It is also a logical area created on the drive for storage. A hard drive needs at least one partition. A partion is usually given a letter name, for example, the "C:" . After the partition is created, it needs to be formatted with a file system. Once that is place, you install files on that drive

What are partitions? What happens after a partition is created?

Privileges are group together into bundles.

What are permissions?

defined as the delegation of authority to perform security-relevant functions on a computer system

What are privileges?

Mouse, touchpad, joystick, stylus pen, trackball

What are some types of pointing devices?

1. Workstation 2. Server 3. Mobile 4. Virtualization 5. Embedded

What are the categories of operating systems?

Wifi. Mobile devices can also use Bluetooth and Radio Frequency for near-field communications.

What are the common wireless networking technologies?

USB, FireWire, eSATA, Thunderbolt

What are the connection types used for external storage?

IDE, SATA, PATA

What are the different types of hard drive standard connectors?

Optical discs store data but are not designed to replace hard drives. BD-ROMS store more data than DVD-ROMS, which store more than CD-ROMS

What are the features of optical discs?

Flash drives (also known as thumb drives) - A small, portable USB storage device made of nonvolatile solid-state memory, similar to writeable floppy disks. Stores a lot and cheap. Memory Cards - Use the same technology as flash drives, but look a different and require a special card reader. Most desktops, laptops, and printers have memory card readers built into them. There are three prominent standards: Smart Media, Compact Flash, and Secure Digital (SD). SD is most popular External Hard Drives - basically the same thing as an internal drive, expect that it's enclosed in a protective case and connects via an external connector. They can be conventional HDDs or SSDs. Can connect via USB, FireWire, eSATA, or Thunderbolt. External Optical Drives - Similar to the above, but for Optical Drives. Network-Attached Storage: Storage, such as hard drives, attached directly to a network for the purpose of storing data for clients on the network like a file server. Contains its own OS and operates like its own file server. Connects to a PC through a USB, FireWire, or eSATA port

What are types of external storage devices? Explain each.

Provides a more fault-resistent file system. If the file system crashes or the computer unexpectly turns off, the journaled file systems are more likely to survive without error when computer turns on

What benefits does journaling provide for a file system?

32 bit OS

What bit OS is compatible with a 32 bit process?

32 bit OS and 64 bit OS

What bit OS is compatible with a 64 bit processor?

The system can use an area of hard drive space for temporary storage known as the swamp file or page file (pagefile.sys). Keep in mind that transferring data to and from a hard drive, even an SSD, is much slower than accessing RAM. Running low on hard drive space can make page file even slower, so make sure the volume containing the page file is running high and has plenty of free space

What can Windows use if its running low on Physical RAM? What should you keep in mind though if you do this?

cache memory

What can motherboard designers add to speed up systems?

Mobile phone

What common computing device typically has a screen smaller than 7 inches in size?

USB and PS/2 connector

What connection types do you use to connect keyboards and mice to computers?

They need optical drive capable of reading them and those devices are designed with a -ROM ending.

What do CDs, DVDs, and BDs need?

Mac machines. They're pre-installed on all Mac machines. It is UNIX based and has a proprietary OS.

What does macOS run on? What type of OS is MacOS?

Means the CPU is actually made up several processors working in unison within the same package.

What does multi-core processors mean?

Converts AC power to DC power for system components

What does the power supply do?

The BIOS initializes and runs a system-checking routine called POST. The POST runs a series of tests/check and offers the user a chance to enter the BIOS and change the configuration settings.

What first runs when you first power on a your computer? What does it offer the user to do?

1. Coordinate Users and Hardware - allow users to interact with system and hardware. Can also control who can access what via assigning permissions to users. Also allows interaction and functionality with hardware via drivers. 2. Interaction Between Application & Hardware - OS gives apps a standard interface to work with. Without OS each software app would need to know how to talk to each specific piece of hardware. Apps are written for a specific OS. 3. Providing Structure for Data Management - provides users a structured way to store and access files and apps. OSs use a system of directories (AKA folders) to store data in hierarchical manner. 4. Monitoring System Health and Functionality - will monitor system hardware and will give you idea of how its performing. Different OS's use different tools to monitor system health. Window utility is called Performance Monitor and its located in the administrative tools in control panel. 5. Process, Application, Memory, Devices, Access Control/Protection

What functions (purpose) does OS provide?

The UAC prompt pop-up and the user can click yes and then they'll be able to continue

What happens if a user is logged in as an administrator and tries to do something that requires elevated permissons?

The UAC prompt pop-up and they'll need to enter in admin credentials in order to continue

What happens if a user who is not logged in as admin on a workstation tries to do something that requires elevated permissions?

PCIe (PCI Express)

What interface do video cards use?

Manually deleting the program's files and folders and/or manually editing the Windows registrry to remove the references to it. Potential risk of accidentally deleting a file that is essential to some other application or making a change to the registry that results in other problems

What is an unclean uninstall? Why should you not do it?

An identity by which you're as when using the OS. Most OSs allow you to login, authenticate with your user use account and then adjust the system and user environment settings appropriately to match your user level and preferences.

What is an user account?

sending of harmful messages to your device via Bluetooth.

What is bluejacking?

occurs when someone connects to your device without your knowledge and has access to all the data.

What is bluesnarfing?

The system bus which is controlled by the system timer on the motherboard. The system timer determines the speed at which data enters the processor.

What is memory on moden PCs synchronized with? What does the system timer determine?

A small, temporary storage space used by the computer to hold data that needs to be accessed quickly.

What is memory?

most firewalls are configured as default deny, which means that all traffic is blocked unless specifically authorized by the administrator

What is the default setting for most firewalls?

Windows 10 leads with Microsoft Account instead of creating a local user. You need to decline creating a Microsoft account in order to create a local user.

What is the difference between how you can create a user in Windows 7 versus Windows 10?

Stands for User Account Control. The idea is that only administrators or other authoized usrs can make system changes as changing security settings and installing new applications or drivers. It is designed to help prevent catastrophic system changes, including accidentally installing malware

What is the idea behind UAC?

Computer generate heart and processors, in particular, generate A LOT of heat. Thus they need to be cooled off to survive. Options: - Case fans are generally good enough for computers - CPUs require more active cooling methods, such as combination of a heat sink and a fan or advanced systems such as liquid cooling.

What is the importance of system cooling?

It is the central part of the OS. It controls all actions of the OS. This includes: input and output, which processes get to use the CPU and memory, and translating + facilitating interactions between hardware and software components in the OS.

What is the kernal? What does it control?

USB

What is the most common connectors for pointing devices?

HDMI

What is the most common video connector, also used with televisions?

Google Play

What is the name of the app store for Android?

Magnetometer

What is the name of the sensor that allows a mobile device to act as a compass?

Gyroscope

What is the name of the sensor that allows the screen to rotate when you turn a mobile device?

Temporary data storage; it makes the computer faster

What is the purpose of RAM?

Providing resources/services to clients on a network. For example, workstations might need servers for security validation (authentication), access to files, or print capabilities. Server operating systems accomplish many of these tasks by managing software modules called services. Server operating systems are optimized to handle multiple concurrent client connections over a network.

What is the purpose of Servers? How do Server OS accomplish these tasks?

They protect your network resources from hackers and prevent computers on your network from accessing undesirable content on the Internet. They protect you from streams of network traffic based on rules defined by the network admin.

What is the purpose of a firewall?

Provides an interface between your applications and the system hardware (i.e. - server, workstation, device, etc.) Also provides users an interface with the computer so that they can send commands (input) and receive feedback or results (output). The OS becomes the centralized point through which the system hardware, other software, and the user communicate

What is the purpose of an Operating System?

Process data. It is the "brain" of any computer.

What is the purpose of the CPU? What part of the human body is it comparable to?

Director and control all activities of the computer

What is the role of the CPU?

1. Usability - allows for multiple OSs (or multiple instances of the same OS) to run on one physical machine at the same time. 2. Reduces costs - since virtualization allows multiple OSs to run on one physical machine at the same time, that reduces physical hardware costs and significantly reduce operational costs needed to maintain and support hardware. 3. Gave rise to cloud computing - cloud provider can one very powerful server that is running multiples instances of an OS for client use and each client is able to act as if it had its own individual server. cloud providers can pull multiple resources from multiple internal servers on their giving their clients unlimited processing or storage capabilities.

What is the value of Virtualization?

Virtual environments where computers can operate. Is used to let multiple OSs run on one physical machine at the same time.

What is virtualization?

Linux-based OS

What operating system does Android run on?

Back Side Bus

What set of signal pathways does communication between the CPU and external cache memory occur over?

Front Side Bus

What set of signal pathways does the communication between CPU and memory occur over?

Double-click the icon for the drive. If it doesn't bring up the set up program, it will open a list of files on that disc. From there, local and double-click the one named "Setup" (or something similar)

What should you do if the application doesn't install when you pop the disc into the drive?

1. figure out if app works with your OS 2. figure out if your hardware is robust enough to support it. research compatibility issues. 3. the licensing requirements for the software

What three things should you keep in mind when choosing software?

The file explorer utility tool

What tool do you use to navigate the file structure?

Size and speed

What two factors determine the performance of hard drives?

Streaming media device

What type of IoT device is best suited to watch television over the Internet?

They started as closed source, but there has been a shift internally at Microsoft to work with open source companies to develop some of its platforms.

What type of OS are the Windows family of operating systems?

Fingerprint scanner

What type of biometric sensor is on newer mobile devices?

Nondedicated server

What type of computer is used as both a server and someone's workstation?

NTFS

What type of file system is default for Windows?

ARM

What type of processor is most likely to be found in small devices?

B. When pairing two Bluetooth devices, you need to enter the PIN into your mobile device that allows it to connect to the Bluetooth device.

What type of security is involved when pairing two Bluetooth devices together? A. SSL Cert is exchanged B. A PIN is provided by the Bluetooth device C. The Bluetooth security layer negotiates the security mechanism D. There is no security involved

Dedicated server

What type of server is used exclusively as a server?

RAM

What type of storage is volatile?

Security Software Applications?

What types of applications should you always update & patch?

A. When choosing a backup solution, know that locally attached storage devices will always be faster than network storage or cloud-based solutions

When configuring a backup solution for your computer, you decide that speed is the most important factor. Which storage option should you choose? A. Locally attached storage B. Network attached storage C. Cloud storage D. Offline storage

C. The schema is the rules and structure of a relational database

When creating a relational database, what is the name of the rules and structure? A. Forms B. Tables C. Schema D. Constraints

Locate SSID

When setting up a wireless connection on a mobile device, what is the step after turning on Wi-Fi?

Turn on Wi-Fi

When setting up a wireless connection on a mobile device, what is the step after verifying wireless capabilities?

Device Manager --> Click Device You Want To Update or Double Click. If click --> select update driver. If double click --> driver tab

Where do you go in Windows to check for updates to device drivers?

Click "Restart Options"

Where do you go in the windows update app to configure preferred time for Windows to restart as well as your preference for receiving notifications?

Click "Advanced Options"

Where do you go in the windows update app to receive updates for other Windows products as well, set delivery optimization settings and configure privacy settings?

Click "View Installed Update History"

Where do you go in the windows update app to see a list of previously installed applications?

Click "Change Active Hours"

Where do you go in the windows update app to tell Windows not to restart automatically or at least to check you before it does?

Server

Which common computing device generally has the fastest processor and most memory?

Modem

Which expansion card communicates with other computers over telephone lines?

Video card

Which expansion card might have its own GPU?

Video card

Which expansion card produces images?

Audio card (sound card)

Which expansion card would you plug speakers into?

The DVD DS SL does, slightly.

Which has more capacity, a DVD SS DL or a DVD DS SL?

presentation tier - client business logic - server data - server a server or servers host the other tiers. sales oriented website - allows for increased security and distrubution of the processing load internal company use - flexibility and security

Which of 3 tiers in the 3-tier app architecture model are clients & which are servers? Why is this approach preferred for sales oriented websites and for internal company use?

A., D. Device hardening makes it harder for attackers to gain access to your system by reducing the potential areas of attack. Two examples of device hardening are disabling unused or unneeded services and installing anti-malware.

Which of the following are considered device-hardening techniques? (Choose two) A. Disabling Bluetooth B. Requiring complex PWs C. Enabling SSO D. Installing anti-spyware software

B. Arrays and vectors are the two container types. Arrays have a fixed length, and vectors can have a dynamically allocated length

Which of the following container types has a fixed length? A. Constant B. Array C. Vector D. String

FireWire and Thunderbolt

Which two external connector types were developed by Apple?

iTunes or iCloud

Which two options can be used to back up an iPhone or iPad?

Laptop

Which type of common computing device will have a touchpoint built into it?

Gaming console

Which type of computing device is specialized to play video games?

They're very good for visual projects, they come with plenty of productivity software, graphical applications

Why some user prefer Macs & MacOs?

C. After completing a backup, you should verify that the backup is working properly.

You have just completed a backup of your PC onto an optical disc. What is the next step you need to take? A. Store the backup in a secure location B. Burn the disc to ensure the data is saved C. Test the backup to verify it works D. Copy the backup data to a cloud

A. A trademark is used to protect a word, words, or a symbol legally registered as representing a company or a product.

You have just created a new logo for your company. What should you get to protect the intellectual property? A. Trademark B. Copyright C. Patent D. Asset protection

Touchscreens

____ are display devices that let you input as well.

Laser

_____ printers use a powdery plastic substance to create images.

Network-attached storage (NAS)

A device that has multiple external hard drives and network capability is called what?

Heat sink and a fan

Air cooling for processors usually involves which two components?

1. Make sure computer is powered off. Most techs leave it plugged to electrically ground components and prevent static discharge which can fry computer 2. Remove the component you are replacing, if necessary. 3. Identify the slot or connection you will use for the new device. 4. Insert the new device. Make sure to connect power if it requires a direct connection to the power supply. 5. Turn the computer back on. (replacing the case is optional at this point. Some techs like to leave it off just in case something doesn't work right. Once it's working properly, always replace the case) Two things happen: 1. Either the OS will automatically detect the device or you will need to install a driver.

Explain the steps for installing internal devices. This is anything inside the case --> sound cards, network cards, video cards, and hard drives, or even memory or a processor What should happen when you reboot the computer?

Video cards produce images for display devices such as monitors Audio (sound) cards produce sound. Network cards and modems are for communication. Network cards communicate via network cable or wirelessly, whereas modems use conventional telephone lines

Explain what each of the following expansion devices do: video cards, audio cards, network cards and modem.

New updates are automatically downloaded to the system with no user intervention. There are no compatibility issues to worry about because all of the apps themselves are stored on Google's cloud. It requires an Internet connection

How are Chrome OS updates are delivered? What does Chrome OS require?

They differ in size and configuration of the components on the motherboard. They also have different power requirements?

How do form factors differ?

Laser prints use a powdery toner and inkjet printers use liquid ink in small cartridges

How do lasers and inkjet printers each print images?

Go to control panel --> User Accounts --> User Accounts --> Change UAC settings

How do you change UAC controls in Windows?

1. Turn on the Bluetooth device 2. Use mobile device to locate and select bluetooth device 3. Enter the Bluetooth device's passcode 4. Confirm pairing on the Bluetooth device by pressing a button or a combination of buttons

How do you configure bluetooth?

1. Right click an open area 2. Click Browse and a window will appear 3. Click what you want the shortcut for and hit "next" 4. Type in name if you want 5. Hit finish

How do you create a shortcut on your desktop?

Start --> Settings --> Update & Security

How do you get to the Windows Update app?

You install these update just like you initially did with the application - with an .exe, .msi, .zip, or other file you open to begin the installation

How do you install applications updates?

For basic settings you'd use the Windows Settings app. To get there you go to Start --> type settings --> click devices You'd use the Device Manager app. You'd go to this if the device isn't being detected or isn't working properly. Go to Start and type "Device Manager".

How do you manage device settings on a Windows Computer? When would you'd use each? How do you get to each?

Task Manager Utility

How do you see what Windows services are on your computer?

1. Verify the device has wireless capabilities 2. Turn on Wifi 3. Tap setting to open settings app. Choose wifi drop down 4. Slide wifi on 5. Choose Service Set Identifiers (SSIDs) of networks 6. Verify an internet connection

How do you set up Wifi on a mobile device?

works by monitoring activity on your computer for any activity that appears suspicious. It generally runs in the background and examines all the file activity on that computer. When it detects suspicious activity, it notifies the user of a potential problem and asks the user what to do about that. These programs have a database of known viruses and the symptoms each one causes; they look for these symptoms through signature.

How does Anti-malware works?

It uses actual names. Older versions were based on types of Cats. Newer versions are based on places in California

How does MacOs name its versions?

It will either have -R (recordable), -RW (rewritable), - RE (recordable)

If a drive is capable of writing to CD, DVD, and BD, what are these called?

a yellow circle and an exclamation point over its icon will appear. You can also see driver details, install and updated drivers, roll back a driver if a driver update fails, disable the device, or uninstall the device. To get more details and management actions, you right click

If there is a problem with a device, what will you see in the Device Manager app? What can you see in the Device Manager app and how do you get more details on the device and management actions?

Go to Task Manager and "kill the process" by clicking the app, process, or task and then click "end task". If your not sure what the app, process, or task does, don't end the task.

If you have an app, task, process, that is taking up too much memory, hogging your CPU, or is stalled, what can you do? What should you keep in mind when doing this?

Task Scheduler Utility

If you want to create and have scheduled tasks run at certain time, what Windows app would you go to?

You'd use file explorer utility and then go to the particular file --> right click --> click properties

If you want to find out specific metadata (i.e. - users permissions to the file) about a file on a Windows OS, where do you and how to do you get there?

Control Panel --> Default Programs --> Associate a file type OR Protocol with a program --> click choose default app by file type or protocol --> click

If you wanted to change the file type association for an application, where would you go?

Contains data in a logical structure. SQL Server by Microsoft, Oracle database, MongoDB

In it's simplest form, what do databases do? What are a few example of database providers?

It is referred to as a volume and it's ready to store data

Once a drive is partitioned and formatted what is it referred to and what is it ready to do?

False

T/F - Applications are installed in different ways based on the operating system

True.

T/F - Most OSs have an automatic update feature?

RJ-11

Telephone cables have a(n) _______ connector at the end.

Kernel

The central part of the operating system is called the _____.

DVI

The first commonly used digital video connector was what?

USB

The most common connector used today for keyboards and mice is ___?

iTunes

The name of the app store for iOS is called?

PS/2

The name of the round keyboard and mouse connector is ____?

CRTs

The oldest computer display devices are _____.

Pairing

The process of connecting two Bluetooth devices together for communication is called what?

Tap, swipe, and pinch

Three common gesture-based interactions for mobile devices are what?

device driver. If there is no driver for the OS then the hardware is not compatible with it.

To communicate with hardware, what does the OS use? Why is it needed?

Typically 15-20 percent of the hard disk space should be left empty

To ensure best performance of the software, how much hard disk space should you have left empty?

Pinch

To zoom in our out in a map on a mobile device, which action do you use?

RJ-45

Twisted-pair network cables have a(n) _____ connector at the end.

They are on DVDs and DBs. Multi-layers on the same side. Double the capacity of one side of the disc. Discs can be single sided or double sided

What are dual-layers?

OS that is designed to be small and efficient, typically only being responsible for a single task. The upside is that embedded OSs require few hardware resources. An example is firmware - nearly all electronics devices have firmware of some type. Typically only has read only memory and not designed to be upgraded (except for BIOS)

What are embedded operating systems? What is an example? What type of memory does firmware typically have?

Application update checks and system backups

What are examples of common scheduled tasks you can leverage?

SmartDraw, Microsoft Visio, Gliffly, Creately and LucidChart

What are examples of visual diagramming software?

1.) Disk space and file access - file systems organization the directories (aka folders) and files and keep track of their logical structure. When you save a new file to the disk, the file system determines where to put it physically on the disk. When you retrieve the data, the file system is responsible for finding it 2. Filenames and Directories - some file systems have limitations on how long a filename can be or what characters can be used 3. File Metadata and Attributes - metadata is info like the file's name, size, last time it was saved, and other attributes, such as read only, hidden, or when the file has been changes since last back up 4. Security - most file systems have built-in security, which is referred to as its set of permissions. This allows the admin or creator of file to permit some users to see the file and others to make changes to file and yet prohibit others from accessing it altogther 5. Journaling - when a change is made to a file, the file system writes the change to the hard drive and writes the file changes to a file called a journal. this is known as journaling.

What are file systems responsible for (five things)?

Users, hardware, and applications User + Security-Related: 1. User Accounts 2. Access Control 3. Files, folders, and permissions Application-Related: 1. Applications 2. Processes 3. Services Hardware-Related 1. Devices 2. Disk Space 3. Memory

What are task/functions does the OS manage? What can this be broken down further into?

1. App is locally installed on system - this is the easiest from a programming & logistics standpoint. Most applications written for desktop & mobile application reside on that local system's hard drive & are locally executed 2. App hosted on local network. One method - app itself is installed on a server and all instances are executed from the server. The data and files related to the app are stored on the server. Other method - app is running from the client computer, but key data is stored on the server. Both are client-server model. Local intranet connection needed, but Internet not required 3. Cloud-hosted apps. Software running on someone else's hardware and you access it through the internet. Also called web-based applications.

What are the 3 delivery methods for software applications? What are the pros for each? Examples?

.jpg - called "j-peg" and sometimes you will see files with a .jpeg extension. JPEG standard defines how images are compressed and stored. Commonly used by digital cameras. .gif - stands for graphics interchange format. Uses a different compression standard than JPEG. commonly used on websites .tiff - stands for tagged image file format. Uses lossless compression, which preserves better image quality than JPEG or GIF .PNG - Portable Network Graphics. Designed as a lossless compression format to replace GIF. Very common on websites. .bmp - short for bitmap. One of the oldest and simplest image formats, usually for lower-quality pictures

What are the 5 types of image file extensions?

1. Storage & upload maximums - how much data will solution allow you to to store and what is the size limit on the files you upload? 2. Backups - is the data backed up and if so, how often? 3. File Synchronization - how often does it sync, can you keep a virtual copy locally? 4. File Encryption - are the online files encrypted when they are stored 5. Maintained servers - who owns and maintains the company's servers? Do they do it themselves or license it out to a third party like Google 6. Security Mechanisms - Can you set folder permissions and set different permissions for each folder? 7. Mobile Platform - does it work with mobile devices 8. Help & Support - how accessible is their help and support system? Do they just have email support, or can you get live chat if you need it?

What are the 8 features to look for when considering online document storage and sharing?

Operating System (OS) to control devices

What does an application need in order to perform tasks?

1. Make sure the app isn't running. If it has a background component, turn that off 2. Delete the folder containing the program files. It's prob in the C:\Program Files folder. If it's a 32-bit app on a 64-bit version of Windows, it may be be in the C:\Program Files (x86) 3. Delete the program's icons or folders from the Start menu. To do so, open the Start menu, right click the icon or folder, and choose Delete 4. If you have enough information to know what to delete in the registry, start the registry editor (click Start, type 'regedit', and press Enter) and make the needed changes. Always be sure to back up the registry before you edit it.

What are the basic steps to follow if you need to perform an unclean uninstallation for whatever reason?

Free up disk space and if app has component that runs constantly in background, remove app can free up memory previously occupied by that function

What are the benefits of removing/uninstalling applications?

Bit - either 1 or 0 8 bits = 1 byte 1,000 bytes = 1 kb 1,000 kb = 1 mb 1,000 mb = 1 gb 1,000 gb = 1 tb 1,000 tb = 1 pb

What are the common data units of measure for computers?

.xls and .xlsx

What are the file extension types associated with Microsoft Excel?

.ppt and .pptx file extensions

What are the file extension types associated with PowerPoint?

1. Identify malware symptoms 2. Quarantine the infected system - bear in mind that malware can spread any number of ways, including through a network connection, mail, and so on 3. Remediate infected systems - depends on type of malware, but it should include updating antivirus software with the latest definitions and using the appropriate scan and removal techniques 4. Schedule scans and udpates 5. Educate the end user

What are the five steps for removing malware?

Pros - better security, scalability, flexibility and load balancing. Cons - More complexity and effort to set up and manage

What are the pros of a 3-tier app architecture model? What are cons?

1. Software platforms - is it specific for only one OS, or has cross platform functionality? 2. Delivery Method - where will the application be installed & from what will it be executed? 3. Architecture - what is the application architecture so you can understand how the app is executed - will it run on one computer or if different components of app will run on different systems?

What are the three areas that software developers need to think about?

1. If it's not broken, don't fix it 2. requires a lot of time and energy for thorough testing and most admins don't have that time. 3. Upgrading servers isn't cheap

What are the three main reasons why servers aren't upgrade there?

1. You can access your files online or from your device 2. It provides a backup of your files in case you need to restore your device

What are the two benefits for synchronizing your device?

- compatibility between formats as it is not guaranteed that a Microsoft Word Doc will be readable in other word processor program - Compatability based on the format in which the file was saved as certain file extension types are more compatible across platforms

What are the two biggest issues typically experienced with Microsoft Word?

Method # 1 - the use of file extension Method # 2 - encoding the information within the file itself.

What are the two methods an OS can use to determine what to do with file as it's opened?

Open source - OS code can be examined and modified by anyone Closed source - only the owner or developer of OS can modify or examine the code

What are the two source code types for operating systems?

Type 1 hypervisor - the hypervisor basically operates as the OS for the physical machine. This set up is commonly used on serve-side b/c has very low hardware requirements to support its own function and has better performance b/c system is dedicated to virtualization. Virtual OS are run within the hypervisor and the virtual OSs are completely independent of each other. Examples are Hyper-V, VMware ESX, and Citrix Xenserver Type 2 hypervisor - Commonly known as client-side virtualization. Hypervisor sits on top of an existing operating system called the "OS host". Host OS consumes more resources like processor time and memory. Examples are Virtualbox, Vmware workstation.

What are the two types of Hypervisors?

professional use and small business/home use.

What are the two types of divisions of accounting software?

Network-based firewall - is designed to protect a whole network of computers and almost always is a hardware solution with software on it Host-based - firewalls protect only one computer and are almost always software solutions

What are the two types of firewalls?

RJ-45 AKA ethernet. If you have a modem, it will use telephone lines and an RJ-11 connector.

What are the two wired networking connectors?

1. Email software - Outlook 2. Conferencing software - Zoom, GTM, etc. 3. Instant Messaging - Slack, Skype 4. Online workspace - people can collaborate on and make changes to the same file at the same time. Screensharing via remote access to computer? Screenhero and Mikogo 5. Document Storage & Sharing - typically cloud based services like Google Drive, Microsoft Office Online, DropBox, etc.

What are the types collaboration software? Give an example for each

Video Connectors: 1. Video Graphics Array - It has a 15-pin video connector. Usually blue. Used for Video Analog. Phased out. 2. DVI - introduced in 1999. Primary use is video and analog. Max speed 3.96 Gbps. Supports high bandwidth signals so it can be used for high resolution display. 3. USB - Can be used for a lot of different users. Used for keyboards, video, mice, printers, external storage, and many other uses cases. Max speed 20 Gbps. USB display devices can draw power from the USB capable too. 4. HDMI - Primary use is video (digital). Very fast and reliable. It can carry audio signals and network connectivity as well as video. Max speed 48 Gbps. 5. DisplayPort - Primary use is video (digital). Displayport is intended to be for video devices only, but like HDMI and USB, it can transmit audio and video simultaneously. Backward compatible with VGA and DVI. Max speed 25.9 Gbps. 6. Thunderbolt - Primary use is video, hard drives, audio, docks, PCIe expansion. Second to USB in terms of versatility Max speed 40 Gbps. Used for Apple products. External Connectors: 7. eSATA - same as SATA technology, only in external connection. Mostly intended for hard drive use. It doesn't provide power which is a negative compared to its counterparts. 8. FireWire - Apple. Primary use Digital video cameras, hard drives, macOS and Linux networks. 9. RJ-45 (registered jack) - Primary use network cards. Max speed is 10 Gbps. 10. RJ-11 - Primary use modems. Lacks speed. Max speed is 40-56 Kbps. 11. PS/2 - Primary use Keyboard and mice. Old school. 12. Parallel + Serial (RS-232) - Parallel Primary use Printers. Serial primary use modem, printers, mice, control console for server and router management

What are the types of connectors? First list video connectors from oldest to newest and include name of connector, primary use, max speed, capabilities. Then list External Storage Connectors. Then Communication Connectors. Input and Output Devices.

Inkjet - Most popular for home use, but you do see them n businesses. Spray ink on page to form image. Very simple devices and cheap. The use ink cartridge. Three type of cartridges: CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black....All-in-one), One black cartridge and a separate CMY color, Four cartridges total, one for each color. Laser printer - Work like a photocopier. Receives digitized data from a computer. Bigger, faster, and more expensive than ink jet printers. They use toner, which is stored in a replaceable toner cartridge. Toners more expensive than inkjet but produce more pages and are generally more cost-effective on a per-page basis. Multifunctional Printers AKA All-One-Printers - Self explanatory.

What are the types of printer technologies? What do they do, advantages/disadvantages, use case

8 bits = 1 byte 1,000 bytes = 1 KB 1,000 KB = 1 MB 1,000 MB = 1 GB 1,000 GB = 1 TB 1,000 TB = 1 PB

What are the units of measure for storage data size? List them in ascending order

Serial connectors - Painfully slow. Not really used for printers anymore. Used more today for server, router and switch consoles that can be used for management and diagnostics. Receive 1 bit at a time. Parallel Connections - Receiving 8 bits at a time over eight separate wires. Faster than serial. USB - Self-explanatory Networked Printers - Connect printer to the network. This setup is popular in businesses and becomng more popular in home networks as well. Two ways to connect: RJ-45 or wireless networking.

What are the ways to connect printers?

administrator, standard user and guest

What are three common levels of users?

Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC

What are three wireless networking technologies used today?

1. resistive touchscreens - respond to pressure and they are highly accurate in detecting the position of the touch. Require the use of a stylus or other hard object like a fingernail. 2. capacitive touchscreens - little less accurate but more responsive. They respond to changes in electrical current, so human fingertip works great as the facilitator of input

What are two types of touch screens?

Developers need to add other critical components such as daemons (services), a shell, shell utilities, a desktop environment (i.e. - GUI), and desktop applications.

What components/features need to be added to a Linux Kernel in order for it to be turned into a Linux-based OS?

used if you create your own book or magazine. Many word processors have gotten to the point where they have capabilities that compete in this area. You can leverage more image files with this type of software. Microsoft Publisher, Adobe InDesign, Apple Pages.

What do desktop publishing or page layout software do? What are a few examples?

1. They are not field-serviceable. If a computer that's a laptop size or larger fails, a field tech can replace the failed component and get the system functioning. This is generally not the case with mobile devices. 2. Input methods are different - space is a premium so there is no hardware keyboard and mouse. You interact via a touchscreen 3. Memory and storage are handled differently - large devices have dedicated memory for running apps as well as hard drive space for nonvolatile, long term data storage. Smaller devices don't have room for both, so they use solid-state (SSD) memory for storage of both apps and data, running the OS and apps, etc. Most mobile devices have 64GB or 128GB of storage. 4. Come with built-in Wifi and Bluetooth - All smartphones come equipped with Wifi, Bluetooth, and cellular capabilities. Tablets come with Wifi and Bluetooth, but some do not come with cellular.

What do mobile devices have incommon?

24 pin ATX Power Connector. Older ones have 20 pins.

What do power connectors look like on the motherboard? How many pins did older power connectors have?

Be sure to get one that is compatible with the laptop and choose one rated for the same or higher wattage than the original. You also need to pay attention to the polarity of the plug that interfaces with the laptop

What do you need to consider when replace a power adapter?

Immediately disables all wireless connections

What does Airplane mode do on a wireless device?

SS - single sided DS - double sided SL - single layer DL - double layer

What does SS, DS, SL, and DL stand for?

Devices

What does Windows refer to all hardware installed on the computer as?

1. Open - opens the file in the default program for that file 2. Edit - opens the file in the default editor for that program 3. New - Creates a new file of the same type in that location 4. Move - Takes the file from one folder and moves it to another. The original file content does not change, but the location in the directory tree does. On the hard drive, the file does not actually move. The metadata just gets modified, associating it with the folder where you moved it to 5. Copy - Copies the file to the clipboard. The OS will create a new version of the file, with the same name, in the new location 6. Cut - This is a lot like Copy, in the the sense that it copies the file to the clipboard. To complete the transaction, you need to paste the file somewhere. The original file content does not change, but the location in the directory tree does 7. Paste - If you have something on your clipboard, it will past the contents into wherever you executed the past command. 8. Delete - Removes the file from the directory it's in and moves it to the Recycle bin. Emptying from Recycle bin will erase it from the hard drive. 9. Rename - changes the metadata for the gfile, giving it a nw name

What does each of the following actions do in regards to manipulating files operating on a Windows OS? 1. Open 2. Edit 3. New 4. Move 5. Copy 6. Cut 7. Paste 8. Delete 9. Rename

Provides a visual representation of tasks needed to complete a project. Nearly all packages will let. you create tasks and set dependencies (when one task is reliant on another), set milestones, perform scheduling, and create. Zoho project, Liquidplanner, Microsoft Project, and Teamwork Projects

What does project management software do? What are a few examples?

the larger available workspace - so more apps and data files you'll be able to have open at once. You can use virtual memory. Sometimes OS virtual memory takes over depending on the OS type. Main drawback for virtual memory is speed.

What happens when you have more free RAM? What can you use if your RAM starts running low?

Type of common executable file extension. Executes a program within MacOS

What is .app? What does it do? Where is it seen?

Microsoft Word files. .docx files are newer and support more features than older. doc files.

What is .doc/.docx file extension?

Rich-text format. A fairly basic document format developed by Microsoft and generally more compatible than .doc files

What is .rtf file extension?

Stands for computer-aided design (CAD). They're used by designers of buildings and other structures as well as artists to create 2D & 3D drawings. Blueprints are created by CAD software. AutoCAD is the best known and fully featured CAD package.

What is CAD software? What is it used for? What is the best known provider?

Method that depends on the application itself to be responsible for using the processor and then freeing it for access by other applications. The OS never initiates a context switch from one process to another. In other words, if one application/process/task is stuck/crashes, the OS won't move on to another process, which means you'll have to reboot the machine so other apps can run. Used in older operating systems.

What is Cooperative Multitasking?

It is a derivative of UNIX. Linux is often confused as an OS, when in reality it is a kernel.

What is Linux?

The methodology of executing multiple tasks or processes concurrently over a period of time. Preemptive and cooperative multitasking are two types of multitasking.

What is Multitasking? What are two types of Multitasking?

A method in which the OS allots each application a certain amount of processor time and then forcibly takes back control and gives another application or task access to the processor. In other words, if an application crashes, the OS takes control of the processor away from the locked application and passes it on to the next application. Although unstable programs still lock, only locked apps will stall - not the entire system. Used in modern operating systems.

What is Preemptive Multitasking?

a software package that provides additional features. For example, all printing requests are handled by a service called the Print Spooler and a service called UserManager controls user accounts. A computer will have dozens of services running at one time. They are always active, but many run quietly in the background waiting for a trigger before springing an action

What is Windows service? What is an example?

Type of common executable file extension. Stands for batch file. Used to execute multiple commands from the Windows command prompt (cmd.exe) within one file.

What is a .bat? What does it do? Where is it seen?

Type of common executable file extension. It is short for "executable", it tells the OS to run the program. Most Windows desktop programs use this extension

What is a .exe? What does it do? Where do you see them?

Type of common executable file extension. Used for installation and removal of software within Windows. Opening an .msi file launches msiexec.ex which reads the .msi file and does what it says. .msi files use Windows Installer, so think of it as standing for "Microsoft Installation" package

What is a .msi? What does it do? How does it work? What do they use?

Type of common executable file extension. Self-extracting firmware updates that HP produces, commonly associated with Linux machines

What is a .scexe? What does it do? Where is it seen?

It is a word processing file extension. Almost all word processors will open with this, from the basic Notepad in Windows to Microsoft Words, and most other commercial and free apps. Can be used across almost all word processing apps. Generally, there are very few configuration options (i.e. - font or inserting images) are available

What is a .txt file extension? Where is it typically used? What are is strengths & limitations?

Easiest architecture. All components of apps are run from one computer. This could be on a client computer or server depending on the application and user needs

What is a 1-tier app architecture?

A client-server model with workstation having the UI and the server hosting the other layers. The business logic layer disappears and the application layer directly accesses the database layer. Pros - cheaper to deploy and more suitable for smaller scale apps

What is a 2-tier app architecture? What are the pros/cons?

a dedicated chips used to perform video card functions. A processor, much like a central processing unit (CPU) for the computer, specifically designed for video.

What is a GPU?

Also known a virtual machine manager. Is a piece of software that enables virtualization. The hypervisor allows multiple operating system to share the same host and it also manages the physical resource allocation to those virtual OSs.

What is a Hypervisor?

stands for Liquid Crystal Display monitor. It has two polarized filters, between which are liquid crystals. For light to appear on the display screen, it must passthrough both filters and crystals.

What is a LCD monitor?

stands for Light-Emitting Diode monitor. Essentially are LCD panels with light-emitting diode monitor as light sources instead of the cold cathode flourescent backlighting used by conventional LCD monitors.

What is a LED Monitor? How does it differ from LCD monitors?

When a Linux Kernel is turned into an OS that includes critical components like daemons (services), a shell, shell utilities, a desktop environment and desktop applications. Ubuntu Linux, Linux Mint, Debian, KDE, IBM Red Hat

What is a Linux distribution? What are examples of Linux distributions?

Stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. It is an extension of the original internet email protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange different kinds of data files on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds. Windows ignores MIME types and relies solely on the file extension Unix, LInux, MacOS read the MIME type when a file is opened and that is how they determine which application to use to open the file.

What is a MIME? What does Windows do with MIME types? How about UNIX, Linus, and MacOs?

an expansion card that connects a computer to a network so that it can communicate with other computers on that network. It translate the data from the parallel stream used inside the computer into the serial data stream that makes up the frames used on the network.

What is a NIC?

Power supply unit

What is a PSU?

Network interface card. In networking, the PC expansion board that plugs into a personal computer or server and works with the network operating system to control the flow of information over the network. The network interface card is connected to the network cabling (twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic cable), which in turn connects to another network card or central connectivity device.

What is the NIC?

When you install an application in Windows, it makes several system changes including the Windows Registry which is a critical Windows database. Without the windows registry windows won't work

What is the Windows Registry There?

to use an access control list (ACL). The ACL is the set of rules that determines which traffic gets through the firewall and which traffic is blocked.

What is the basic method configuring firewalls?

First, they both do the same thing --> provide long-term, nonvolatile data storage. Conventional hard disk drives have spinning platters and read/write heads SSDs use flash memory. They are faster but generally more expensive than their conventional HDD counterparts.

What is the difference between conventional hard drives and solid-state drives?

Windows Defender Firewall. You can find it in Control Panel under System and Security.

What is the name of the firewall that comes with Windows? Where can you find it?

Airplane mode

What is the name of the mode that immediately disables all wireless connections on a mobile device?

Power and the data cable. The power comes from the power supply and the data cables connect to the motherboard.

What two connections do hard drives need to function properly?

HDD, SSD, removable media, optical drives, etc.

What types of drives can the Disk Management utility manage?

Changing the system time or selecting a preferred boot device and save the results. Also, many BIOSs offer diagnostic routines that you can use to have the BIOS to analyze the state & quality of the same components it inspects during bootup but at a much deeper level.

What types of system configuration selection can you make inside the BIOS? What other functions

OS features are usually installed during the initial installation of the OS, but there are some optional features you can add or remove. You add or remove Windows 10 features by going to control panel -> programs & features -> Turn Windows Features On Or Off -> check box for ones you want and uncheck ones you don't want

When are operating system features installed? How do you install/uninstall OS system features?

After the device is powered on. Connection between application & hardware. Connection for user interface so that they can use apps & hardware + typing or using mouse, touchscreen, touchpad, etc.

When is the OS loaded on a device? What type of connection does the OS provide?

Enter the passcode

When rebooting a mobile device with biometric security enabled, what must you do to unlock the device?

Verify wireless capabilities

When setting up a wireless connection on a mobile device, what is the first step?

Verify Internet connectivity

When setting up a wireless connection on a mobile device, what is the step after entering the wireless password?

Enter the wireless password

When setting up a wireless connection on a mobile device, what is the step after locating the SSID?

Go to Start --> File Explorer --> Right Click Drive --> Click Properties --> Click "Disk Clean Up" --> Choose what you want to clean up

Where do you go to manage storage space for your hard drive and perform disk clean up?

Click Start and Type "System". You can also use this path: Control Panel --> All Control Panel Items --> System --> Click Advanced system settings to get to system properties --> go to "Advanced Tab" --> see "virtual memory section"

Where do you go to manage virtual memory in Windows 10?

Task Manager. It can tell you how much each app is consuming in terms of resources.

Where do you go to see what tasks, applications, and processes are running on your computer?

They aren't used as a workstation OS. They're used as a server OS.

Where does Linux typically run on. Some say that 50% of the internet runs on Linux.

It starts at the Root folder of the hard drive, which is typically the C drive on a PC

Where does the hierarchy of the OS directory (aka folder system) start?

Window Update app. You can manually check for updates, review update history, and more. It picks up OS updates and some app updates.

Where in Windows can you control automatic updates? What can else can you do in the app?

You'd go to the address bar on top

Where would you go in file explorer if you want to know where you are in the directory tree?

C. The proper steps in order are to verify wireless capabilities, turn on Wi-Fi, locate SSID, enter wireless password, and verify Internet connection

You are setting up a new Wi-Fi connection on your iPad. What is the first step in the process? A. Enter wireless password B. Verify internet connection C. Verify wireless capabilities D. Locate SSID E. Turn On Wi-Fi

A. DNS servers resolve host names to IP addresses. It's possible that your computer has the wrong address for the DNS server. DHCP automatically configures TCP/IP clients, and WPA2 is a security protocol.

You open your web browser and type in www.google.com, but your computer can't find the website. Your neighbor's computer finds it just fine. What is likely the cause? A. Incorrect DNS configuration B. Incorrect DHCP configuration C. Incorrect WPA2 configuration D. The website is down

C. Wired connections are more secure than wireless ones. Fiber-optic cable is immune to wiretaps, which makes it more secure than UTP

Your Friend Marcos asks you which of the following are the most secure. What do you tell him? A. 802.11n B. Infrared C. Fiber-optic D. UTP

B. A replay attack is an example of an integrity concern. Other examples are MIM attacks, impersonation, and unauthorized information alteration.

Your manager read about a replay attack and is worried a hacker will try to use it on your network. What type of concern is this? A. Confidentiality B. Integrity C. Availability D. Authentication

Flatscreens

___________ replaced CRTs as the most common type of display device.

ROM (Read-Only Memory) - Chips store data permanently; you can't make changes to their contentent at all. Can't make any changes. Main advantages are its reliability - never. Slow comare SS RAM (Random Access Memory ) - data is stored in whatever locations are available in it and when reading data back from RAM, only the required data is read, not the entire content.

All memory can be divided into what two categories? Describe each.

CMYK

Color inkjet printers use ink cartridges called _____.

1,000

How many megabytes are in a gigabyte?

A memory module packaging style that features a circuit board with independent pins on both sides of the module's card edge. Memory for desktops comes on circuit boards. Same thing but for laptops. They are usually smaller.

What are DIMMs? What are SODIMMs?

A high-performance serial local-bus slot architecture that replaces the need for AGP and PCI slots. PCIe support combining the resources of multiple adapters for higher performance. It is the most common expansion slot architecture on the motherboard. PCIe has the advantage of being faster than AGP while maintaining the flexibility of PCI. Perfect for gamers. x2, x4, x8, x16, and x32. x1, x4, and x16 is most common.

What are PCI Express slots? What are the advantages of PCIe? What are the speeds for PCIe? What is most common?

These are small plastic slots, usually from 1 to 6 inches long. These slots are used to install the various devices in the computer to expand its capabilities. Some expansion devices that might be installed in these slots include video, network, sound, and disk interface cards.

What are expansion slots?

Classification for the type of design for the motherboard. Form factors differ in size and configuration of components on the motherboard and have different power requirements. For example, AT and ATX are two form factors for motherboards.

What are form factors? How do they differ? What are two examples of Form Factors?

In the computer world, "optical" refers to lasers, which can "see" and read data on optical discs. These discs include CDs and DVDs, which are made up of millions of small bumps and dips. Optical drives have lasers that read these bumps and dips as ones and zeros, which the computer can understand. Some common types of optical drives include CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW, and Blu-ray drives. CD and DVD writers, such as CD-R and DVD-R drives use a laser to both read and write data on the discs. The laser used for writing the data is much more powerful than the laser that reads the data, as it "burns" the bumps and dips into the disc. While optical drives can spin discs at very high speeds, they are still significantly slower than hard drives, which store data magnetically. However, because optical media is inexpensive and removable, it is the most common format used for distributing computer software.

What are optical drives? What common types of optical drives?

PCs use memory chips arranged on a small circuit board. Example is DIMM.

What are the physical characteristics of RAM?

Architecture, Speed, and Cache

What are the top three CPU characteristics?

1. 32-bit 2. 64-bit 3. ARM 32 bit and 64 bit Refers to the set of data lines between the CPU and the primary memory of the system. The wider the bus, the more data that can be processed per unit of time. In other words, more work can be performed.

What are the two types of processors you'll find today? Explain what this means and how they differ.

1. PATA - (Parallel PATA) is also known as Integrated Drive Electronics 2. SATA - (Serial ATA) is the newer and faster connector.

What are the types of hard drive standard connectors?

Faster startup, faster read times, less power consumption and heat, silent, more reliable, less susceptible to shock damage, higher data density

What are three advantages of SSD over HDD?

Air cooling and liquid cooling

What are two methods used to cool processors?

What are two types of communications expansion cards?

What are two types of communications expansion cards?

All other components. Some are physically attached directly to the board and aren't intended to be removed ex: CPU socket, RAM slots, expansion slots, and a variety of other chips. CPU and RAM get psychically attached to the motherboard Other devices, like hard drives and power supplies, are attached via their own connectors.

What components are attached to the PCB? How are they attached to the PCB and what are a few examples?

Differ in their capacity, their speed (access time) and the type of materials they are made from.

What do hard drives differ?

Flat and have several columns and rows of holes or pins arranged in a square. Two types: 1. Pin Grid Array (PGA) - have holes and the processors have pints that fit into the holes. Uses a simple lever to mount. 2. Land Grid Array (LGA) - have contacts (often pings) built in to them, which connect with contacts on the CPU. Has more complex harnessing.

What does CPU sockets look like? What are the two types of CPU sockets?

Heat sink/fan

What does a CPU need to prevent it from destroying itself?

The basic input/output system. It is the firmware that boots the system and initiates the memory and hard drive to allow the OS to start. It is the second most important chip on the motherboard.

What is BIOS?

Throttling down the CPUs speed to reduce the amount of energy used and is common in processors for mobile devices. Save power, when CPU isn't busy

What is CPU throttling and why is it used?

Stands for "Double Data Rate." It is an advanced version of SDRAM, a type of computer memory. DDR-SDRAM, sometimes called "SDRAM II," can transfer data twice as fast as regular SDRAM chips. This is because DDR memory can send and receive signals twice per clock cycle. The efficient operation of DDR-SDRAM makes the memory great for notebook computers since it uses up less power.

What is DDR?

The name given to any software that is encoded in hardware, usually a read-only memory (ROM) chip, and can be run without extra instructions from the operating system. An example of firmware is the BIOS.

What is Firmware? What is an example?

The primary memory used to store currently used data and instructions for the CPU.

What is RAM?

A newer-style drive that has no moving parts but uses flash memory to emulate a conventional hard disk drive. They both provide long-term, nonvolatile data storage. When used as a replacement for HDD, SSDs are expected to behave the same, mainly by retaining contents when the system is powered off. Also have the same PATA/SATA and power connectors. The advantages: - Faster start-up and read times - less power consumption - silent operations - more reliable and less susceptible to damage The disadvantages: - more expensive per byte - limited to a finite # of write operations. Lack of longevity. Overall: -faster and produce less heat - more expensive Same way as a regular HDD: they have the same PATA/SATA and power connectors.

What is SSD? How are they similar to HDD? How are they different and what are its advantages? What are the disadvantages? What are the overall advantages/disadvantages? How do you connect a SSD?

Memory that does not change, nor is it lost when the computer loses power (as opposed to dynamic memory, which is lost when the computer loses power) A type of memory that loses its data rapidly if it isn't constantly electrically refreshed.

What is Static Memory and What is Dynamic Memory?

A Blu-ray disc; it's a newer optical disc format that holds more information than a standard DVD.

What is a BD-ROM

A non-writeable and inerasable compact disc permanently pressed with digital data. A digital optical disc medium commonly capable of holding from 650 MB to 700 MB of data, corresponding to 74 to 80 minutes of CD-quality audio, which is of higher quality than MP3 files.

What is a CD-ROM

A chip used to retain system settings when the PC is turned off or unplugged. Contains the system BIOS. This includes date and time, hard drive, configuration, memory, and CPU settings, boot sequence, and power management features.

What is a CMOS?

A memory module (RAM)

What is a DDR3 DIMM?

A memory module packaging style that features a circuit board with independent pins on both sides of the module's card edge.

What is a DIMM?

A non-writeable and inerasable digital video disc permanently pressed with digital data. A digital optical disc medium commonly capable of holding from 4.7 GB to 8.5 GB of data per side, corresponding to two to four hours of uncompressed DVD-quality video.

What is a DVD-ROM

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).

What is a GPU?

Also known as a hard drive. A disk drive that contains magnetically coated platters in a sealed case and is often used as the main secondary-storage medium. It is used for permanent storage and quick access. They hold our data as well as files the systems needs to operate smoothly

What is a HDD? What is it used for?

The new name for the IDE hard drive standard, since the invention of Serial ATA (SATA).

What is a Parallel ATA?

The latest version of the standard that specifies IDE (PATA) but that uses only a single serial pathway for communication instead of multiple parallel pathways as PATA uses.

What is a Serial ATA?

A set of signal pathways that allows information and signals to travel between components inside or outside a computer. A computer contains three types of buses: the external bus, the address bus, and the data bus.

What is a bus?

common collection of signal pathways over which related devices communicate within the computer system. It refers specifically to a data path or the way that the computer communicates over that path.

What is a bus?

A collection of chips or circuits that perform interface and peripheral functions for the processor. The collection of chips provides interfaces for memory, expansion cards, and onboard peripherals, and it generally dictates how a motherboard will communicate with the installed peripherals. Northbridge and Southbridge.

What is a chipset? What is an example of a chipset?

The pathway that delivers data to and from the memory. Memory has a bus width that determines how many columns are in each row of storage. It also has a speed which determines how quickly data will travel on its pathway.

What is a memory bus?

A conductive series of pathways laminated to a nonconductive substrate that line the bottom of the computer. The motherboard.

What is a printed circuit board? What is an example of one?

A nickname for the original ATA standard, now known as parallel ATA (PATA) since the advent of serial ATA (SATA).

What is an Integrated Drive Electronics?

A storage area for frequently used data and instructions. It is a fast form of memory, and it improves system performance by predicting what the CPPU will ask for next and prefetching this information before being asked.

What is cache memory?

A quick form of memory that greatly speeds up the performance of your computer. L1, L2, L3. Based on size (capacity), distance from the processor die and speed.

What is cache? What are the types of cache? What are the differences?

It is important to know the types of motherboards your case supports before replacing one since it mounts to the system case.

What is important to know prior prior to replacing your motherboard and why is it important?

A battery that provides power to the CMOS (or BIOS) chip that stores CMOS settings. A PC must retain certain settings when it's turned off and its power cord is unplugged.

What is the CMOS battery?

Fits into the socket on the motherboard.

What is the CPU mounted to the motherboard?

Performs one important function: management of high-speed peripheral communications. Primarily responsible for communications with integrated video and processor-to-memory communications.

What is the Northbridge Chipset?

Responsible for the providing support to the onboard slower peripherals and managing their communications with the rest of the computer and the resources given to them. If you're thinking about any component other than the CPU, memory and cache, or integrated video, the Southbridge is in charge.

What is the Southbridge Chipset?

The main integrated circuit of a computer system, consisting of an array of millions of integrated circuits, which interfaces with almost all other components and runs application and system processes. Its purpose is to accept, perform calculations on, and eject numeric data. It's considered the "brain" of the computer because it's the part that performs the mathematical operations required for all other activity.

What is the central processing unit?

Compatibility, does it fit with your motherboard.

What is the most important characteristic of your processor?

Long-term data storage. 1. IDE 2. ATA 3. SATA

What is the purpose of a hard drive? What are 3 types of hard drive standard connectors?

Data storage (that's removable)

What is the purpose of optical discs?

Connects all components together. It is consider one of the most important components of the computer. Also known as system board or mainboard

What is the purpose of the motherboard? What is it also known as?

motherboards, processors, and memory

What three components are considered the "holy trinity" of computers?

1. Static RAM (SRAM) - is type of RAM you use when you store files on a USB flash drive. nonvolatile, data will remain there even if you disconnect USB. 2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - most of memory on PC's motherboard is dynamic RAM. Is volatile - when you turn off computer, its content is gone.

What two buckets can RAM fall under?

Power and data cable.

What two connections do hard drives need to function?

Size and speed. Size - self-evident. how much storage. Speed - Hard drive access is much slower than RAM access, so hard drives can often become the botteneck in system performance. To speed up data access, manufacturers increase the spead at which the platters spin. This is measured in RPMs.

What two factors determine the performance of hard drives? Explain both factors.

Northbridge and Southbridge

What two major groups can the functions of chipsets be divided into?

SODIMM (or MicroDIMM)

What type of RAM chips do laptops use?

Can accept only one type of RAM: SDR, DDR, DDR2, DDR3, or DDR4

What types of RAM can most motherboards accept? How many at once?

Front panel usually includes - Power Button, Reset Button, Device Activity Light, Audio Ports, Other ports Back Panel - varies. could be power, video, audio, keyboard and mouse

What types of connectors are on the front-panel and back-panel ?

Virtual memory

When a system runs out of RAM, what does it use next?

power-on self-test (POST)

When you power on your computer, what routine does the BIOS initialize and runs?

They reside inside the computer, where they are semi-permantely mounted with no external access and con hold more info than others forms of storage.

Where do hard disks (hard drives) reside?

At the bottom of the motherboard.

Where on the motherboard can you see all the conductive pathways?

BD-ROM

Which optical disc stores the most data?