connect chapter 9 review

Which two of the following statements regarding plasmids are true?

- many bacteria carry plasmids in addition to their chromosome. -Plasmids may contain genes that specify resistance to antibiotics.

An insertion sequence consists of only two genetic elements:

-DNA encoding enzymes for transposition -tandem repeats

DNA transfer between bacterial cells typically involves DNA in the form of ______ and _________.

-plasmids -chromosomal fragments

a codon contains how many nucleotides?

3

which sequence of DNA nucleotides is complementary to the DNA triplet 5'-ATG-3' ?

3'-TAC-5'

if a DNA molecule contains 15% adenine nucleotides, what percent of cytosine does it contain?

35%

What is the complementary DNA sequence to the DNA template 3'-ATACTAAAATTT-5'?

5'-TATGATTTTAAA-3'

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in both DNA and RNA?

Adenine

______ is the pentose sugar in DNA.

Deoxyribose

In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no ________ plasmid is considered F-.

F or Fertility

True or false: Plasmids are insertion sequences that can lead to changes in genotype within a cell or between cells.

False

select the enzymes that function in DNA replication

Helicase, DNA polymerases, ligase

In bacterial conjugation, which type of donor has the fertility factor integrated into the chromosome

Hfr.

`Which best describes the antiparallel orientation of strands in DNA?

One strand is 5' to 3' and the other is 3' to 5'

A fragment of DNA with the wild type sequence 5'-AGCTGACGACCAGGTGACCAG-3' is found in a mutant to be 5'-AGCTGAGGACCAGGTGACCAG-3'. The term that best describes this mutation is

Point mutation

in the ventral dogma, DNA encodes ____ which encodes protein.

RNA

which is the main event of transcription initation?

RNA polymerase binds the DNA promoter

What did Griffith's experiment using Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrate?

That DNA released from a dead cell can be transferred to live cell.

How do an Hfr cell and an F+ cell differ?

The plasmids is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in an F+ cells.

Most bacterial plasmids carry an origin of replication and at most _____ genes

a few dozen

The biosynthesis of the amino acid histidine requires several enzymes whose genes are organized in the his operon. The his operon would be expected to be active when the cell is growing in a medium containing

a low concentration of amino acids

which is the main event of translation termination?

a nonsense codon is reached and the peptide is released from the ribosome

which is the main event of translation terminatin:

a nonsense condon is reached and the peptide is released from the ribosome

The purine nucleobases found in RNA are guanine and

adenine

__ ______ are the building blocks of proteins

amino acids

In DNA, the two strands of the helix are arranged in ________ orientation.

antiparallel

a nitrogen containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous _______.

base

function of tRNA

brings amino acids to the ribosome

phase variation occurs when streptococcus pneumoniae produce a ______

capsule

A ____ is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that encodes a particular amino acid.

codon

what is the function of rRNA

composes ribosomal subunits.

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected bt the sex pilus during_____.

conjugation

______ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene exchange via pili.

conjugation

during which method of gene transfer are bacterial cells in direct contact?

conjugation

r factors are specifically associated with which mechanism of recombination:

conjugation

During conjugation, the donor cell generally retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred. This is termed a ________ process

conservative

in the bacterium Escherichia coli, where is the main chromosome located?

cytoplasm

According to the rules of complementary base _________ forms hydrogen bonds with guanine.

cytosine

In DNA, the base that pairs with guanine is_________.

cytosine

the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA and thymine and

cytosine

ensuring that the DNA code will be maintained during cell growth and cell ___ is one of the two essential effects of the structure of DNA.

division

proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed _______ repair enzymes

excision

True or false: A point mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, and always leads to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.

false

True or false: The chromosome is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.

false

true of false: Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of DNA and RNA.

false

________ mutations are generally most harmful to cells because they cause the greatest change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.

frameshift

a ________ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.

frameshift

the two versions of transduction are

generalized and specialized

___ is another term for genetics-the study of inheritance in living things.

heredity

which is the correct order of events in transceiption?

initiation, elongation, termination

______ are DNA sequences that do not encode protein, but may have a regulatory function.

introns

A mutation that leads to cell death is termed a _____ mutation.

lethal

A mutation that leads to the insertion of a different amino acid in the encoded protein is termed a _____ mutation.`

missense

a _____ is an agent that induces changes in DNA

mutagen

a chemical or physical agent that induces a change in DNA is referred to as a

mutagen

which of the following defines a chemical or physical agent that induces a change in DNA?

mutagen

A mutation that produced neither adverse nor helpful changes is termed a _______ mutation

neutral

a _______ mutation results in early termination of the protein

nonsense

What is the result of a point mutation that changes a template gene sequence from 3'-TACGCCATATAT-5' to 3'-TACGCCATCTAT-5'?

nonsense mutation

which is largest in terms of molecular size?

nucleic acid

genes are made of _____ _______.

nucleic acids

a _______ in bacteria consists of a regulatory gene, a control region, and strutural genes.

operon

which operational unit in bacteria consists of a regulatory gene, a control region, and structural genes?

operon

within a nucleotide, the _____ group is linked to the 5' carbon of the pentose sugar.

phosphate

which proces repairs DNA that has been damaged by uv radiation using visible light?

photoactivtion

a protein bridge

pilus

a ____ is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.

plasmid

In bacterial conjugation, a donor cell with a F (fertility)_________ located in the cytoplasm is considered F+.

plasmid or factor

A ___ mutation involves any subsitution of a single nucleotide that does not change the DNA reading frame.

point

A mutation that affects only a single base pair in DNA is termed a _____ mutation.

point

RNA _______ provide DNA polymerase with the 3' end needed for synthesis during DNA replication.

primers

_____ are functional biomolecules in cells formed from one or more long chains of amino acids.

proteins

which type of RNA composes ribosomal subunits?

rRNA

An organism that contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism is called a(n)

recombinant

______ refers to the transfer of genes between donor and recipient microorganisms.

recombination

______ refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

recombination

during semiconservative ______ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.

replication

which of the following are the 3 major types of RNA?

ribosomal, messenger, transfer

Two subunits of the ____ compose the site of protein synthesis.

ribosome

the process of DNA replication is described as being

semiconservative

what is the function of mRNA?

serves as a transcript of a gene sequence of template DNA

A mutation that changes a base but does not change the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein is termed a ______ mutation.

silent

In ______ transduction, a particular part of the host genome is included in the virus.

specialized

the mRNA sequence AUG, specifying the first amino acid in protein sequences, is called the ______ codon.

start

The parent strands in a DNA molecule are used as a ____ to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA.

template

Conjugation is a conservative process, meaning that

the donor retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred

All DNA nucleotides contain:

the same sugar and phosphate, but different nitrogenous bases

The two bacteria in a transduction must be the same species because

the virus is specific for a particular species

A retrotransposon can

transcribe DNA into RNA and then back into DNA for transposition

in gerenal, a strand of RNA made from DNA is called an RNA ___.

transcript

which of the following are methods of gene transfer in bacteria?

transformation, transduction, conjugation

_____ is the process of decoding the messenger RNA into a polypeptide.

translation

during what process is mRNA converted into a protein?

translation

which recombination method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells?

transportation

_____ are capable of moving from one genomic location to another, including from one site in the chromosome to another site on the same chromosome.

transposable elements

An insertion sequence is a type of

transposon

"Jumping genes" or ________ , are insertion sequences that can lead to changes in genotypes within a cell or between cells.

transposons

true or false: the parent strands in a DNA molecule are used as a template to synthesize a complemetary strant of DNA.

true

which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA molecules?

uracil

Transposable elements are capable of moving from ____________.

- one site in the chromosome to another site in the chromosome. -a plasmid to the chromosome -the chromosome to the plasmid

What is the central dogma hypothesis of genetics?

DNA encodes RNA which encodes proteins

True or False: bacterial conjugation is a sexual process

FALSE

True or False: A cell with an integrated F factor transmits its genes at lower frequency than does a cell with a free plasmid in the cytoplasm

False

True or False: In bacterial conjugation, al F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells

False

True or false: Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar in RNA.

False

To which bond is the red arrow pointing?

Hydrogen

which is a nitrogenous base found in DNA?

Thymine

____ is the process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA

Transcription

A(n)____________ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides in multiples of 1 or 2, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.

frameshift

In _____ transduction, random fragments of host DNA are taken up by the bacteriophage during assembly. Multiple choice question.

generalized.

____ is the study of the inheritance of living things

genetics

Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term?

hereditary

__________ gene transfers occur when organisms acquire genes which did not come directly from parent organisms

horizontal

how does RNA differ from DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

in RNA, uracil replaces thymine, RNA is single- stranded.

where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?

in the nucleus

Many catabolic operons are ________, while those encode anabolic enzymes are _________.

inducible; repressible

__ contains the codons for the polypeptide.

mRNA

a small number of ______ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.

mutations

A mutation that produced neither adverse nor helpful changes is termed a _____ mutation.

neutral

____ are linked by phosphodiester bonds and link the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide.

nucleotides

The following sequence is found at the beginning of a gene in the wild type: 5'-ATGCCAGGTCGTACA-3'. In a related strain of bacteria, the sequence is 5'-ATGCCCGGTCGTACA-3'. Since the codons CCA and CCC both encode proline, this mutation is best described as a _____ mutation.

silent

one reason protein synthesis is more efficient in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes because prokaryotic ______ and _______ are simultaneous.

transcription, translation

______ involves the transfer of DNA via Bacteriophage

transduction

The process of introducing foreign genes to a plant cell by adding the DNA directly to the cell medium is termed

transfection

Small chromosomal DNA fragments or plasmids are the forms of DNA most often ________.

transferred between bacteria

Griffith's experiment using Streptococcus pneumonia demonstrated the process of _________.

transformation

Which gene transfer method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells?

transformation

_______ involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells.

transformation

conjugation, _____ and transduction are methods of gene transfer in bacteria.

transformation

True or false: The native or wild type strain describes cells that exhibit a non muted property

true

a phage is a bacterial virus?

true

during translation elongation, peptide bonds form between:

amino acids

the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are tymine and

cytosine

______ is a copy of DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene.

mRNA

which is the main event of translation initiation?

mRNA binds to the ribosome

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a

mutation

True or false: A bacterial cell described as competent can accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment

true

True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.

true