connect chapter 9 review
Which two of the following statements regarding plasmids are true?
- many bacteria carry plasmids in addition to their chromosome. -Plasmids may contain genes that specify resistance to antibiotics.
An insertion sequence consists of only two genetic elements:
-DNA encoding enzymes for transposition -tandem repeats
DNA transfer between bacterial cells typically involves DNA in the form of ______ and _________.
-plasmids -chromosomal fragments
a codon contains how many nucleotides?
3
which sequence of DNA nucleotides is complementary to the DNA triplet 5'-ATG-3' ?
3'-TAC-5'
if a DNA molecule contains 15% adenine nucleotides, what percent of cytosine does it contain?
35%
What is the complementary DNA sequence to the DNA template 3'-ATACTAAAATTT-5'?
5'-TATGATTTTAAA-3'
Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in both DNA and RNA?
Adenine
______ is the pentose sugar in DNA.
Deoxyribose
In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no ________ plasmid is considered F-.
F or Fertility
True or false: Plasmids are insertion sequences that can lead to changes in genotype within a cell or between cells.
False
select the enzymes that function in DNA replication
Helicase, DNA polymerases, ligase
In bacterial conjugation, which type of donor has the fertility factor integrated into the chromosome
Hfr.
`Which best describes the antiparallel orientation of strands in DNA?
One strand is 5' to 3' and the other is 3' to 5'
A fragment of DNA with the wild type sequence 5'-AGCTGACGACCAGGTGACCAG-3' is found in a mutant to be 5'-AGCTGAGGACCAGGTGACCAG-3'. The term that best describes this mutation is
Point mutation
in the ventral dogma, DNA encodes ____ which encodes protein.
RNA
which is the main event of transcription initation?
RNA polymerase binds the DNA promoter
What did Griffith's experiment using Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrate?
That DNA released from a dead cell can be transferred to live cell.
How do an Hfr cell and an F+ cell differ?
The plasmids is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in an F+ cells.
Most bacterial plasmids carry an origin of replication and at most _____ genes
a few dozen
The biosynthesis of the amino acid histidine requires several enzymes whose genes are organized in the his operon. The his operon would be expected to be active when the cell is growing in a medium containing
a low concentration of amino acids
which is the main event of translation termination?
a nonsense codon is reached and the peptide is released from the ribosome
which is the main event of translation terminatin:
a nonsense condon is reached and the peptide is released from the ribosome
The purine nucleobases found in RNA are guanine and
adenine
__ ______ are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
In DNA, the two strands of the helix are arranged in ________ orientation.
antiparallel
a nitrogen containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous _______.
base
function of tRNA
brings amino acids to the ribosome
phase variation occurs when streptococcus pneumoniae produce a ______
capsule
A ____ is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that encodes a particular amino acid.
codon
what is the function of rRNA
composes ribosomal subunits.
Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected bt the sex pilus during_____.
conjugation
______ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene exchange via pili.
conjugation
during which method of gene transfer are bacterial cells in direct contact?
conjugation
r factors are specifically associated with which mechanism of recombination:
conjugation
During conjugation, the donor cell generally retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred. This is termed a ________ process
conservative
in the bacterium Escherichia coli, where is the main chromosome located?
cytoplasm
According to the rules of complementary base _________ forms hydrogen bonds with guanine.
cytosine
In DNA, the base that pairs with guanine is_________.
cytosine
the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA and thymine and
cytosine
ensuring that the DNA code will be maintained during cell growth and cell ___ is one of the two essential effects of the structure of DNA.
division
proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed _______ repair enzymes
excision
True or false: A point mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, and always leads to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.
false
True or false: The chromosome is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.
false
true of false: Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of DNA and RNA.
false
________ mutations are generally most harmful to cells because they cause the greatest change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.
frameshift
a ________ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.
frameshift
the two versions of transduction are
generalized and specialized
___ is another term for genetics-the study of inheritance in living things.
heredity
which is the correct order of events in transceiption?
initiation, elongation, termination
______ are DNA sequences that do not encode protein, but may have a regulatory function.
introns
A mutation that leads to cell death is termed a _____ mutation.
lethal
A mutation that leads to the insertion of a different amino acid in the encoded protein is termed a _____ mutation.`
missense
a _____ is an agent that induces changes in DNA
mutagen
a chemical or physical agent that induces a change in DNA is referred to as a
mutagen
which of the following defines a chemical or physical agent that induces a change in DNA?
mutagen
A mutation that produced neither adverse nor helpful changes is termed a _______ mutation
neutral
a _______ mutation results in early termination of the protein
nonsense
What is the result of a point mutation that changes a template gene sequence from 3'-TACGCCATATAT-5' to 3'-TACGCCATCTAT-5'?
nonsense mutation
which is largest in terms of molecular size?
nucleic acid
genes are made of _____ _______.
nucleic acids
a _______ in bacteria consists of a regulatory gene, a control region, and strutural genes.
operon
which operational unit in bacteria consists of a regulatory gene, a control region, and structural genes?
operon
within a nucleotide, the _____ group is linked to the 5' carbon of the pentose sugar.
phosphate
which proces repairs DNA that has been damaged by uv radiation using visible light?
photoactivtion
a protein bridge
pilus
a ____ is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.
plasmid
In bacterial conjugation, a donor cell with a F (fertility)_________ located in the cytoplasm is considered F+.
plasmid or factor
A ___ mutation involves any subsitution of a single nucleotide that does not change the DNA reading frame.
point
A mutation that affects only a single base pair in DNA is termed a _____ mutation.
point
RNA _______ provide DNA polymerase with the 3' end needed for synthesis during DNA replication.
primers
_____ are functional biomolecules in cells formed from one or more long chains of amino acids.
proteins
which type of RNA composes ribosomal subunits?
rRNA
An organism that contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism is called a(n)
recombinant
______ refers to the transfer of genes between donor and recipient microorganisms.
recombination
______ refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.
recombination
during semiconservative ______ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.
replication
which of the following are the 3 major types of RNA?
ribosomal, messenger, transfer
Two subunits of the ____ compose the site of protein synthesis.
ribosome
the process of DNA replication is described as being
semiconservative
what is the function of mRNA?
serves as a transcript of a gene sequence of template DNA
A mutation that changes a base but does not change the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein is termed a ______ mutation.
silent
In ______ transduction, a particular part of the host genome is included in the virus.
specialized
the mRNA sequence AUG, specifying the first amino acid in protein sequences, is called the ______ codon.
start
The parent strands in a DNA molecule are used as a ____ to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA.
template
Conjugation is a conservative process, meaning that
the donor retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred
All DNA nucleotides contain:
the same sugar and phosphate, but different nitrogenous bases
The two bacteria in a transduction must be the same species because
the virus is specific for a particular species
A retrotransposon can
transcribe DNA into RNA and then back into DNA for transposition
in gerenal, a strand of RNA made from DNA is called an RNA ___.
transcript
which of the following are methods of gene transfer in bacteria?
transformation, transduction, conjugation
_____ is the process of decoding the messenger RNA into a polypeptide.
translation
during what process is mRNA converted into a protein?
translation
which recombination method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells?
transportation
_____ are capable of moving from one genomic location to another, including from one site in the chromosome to another site on the same chromosome.
transposable elements
An insertion sequence is a type of
transposon
"Jumping genes" or ________ , are insertion sequences that can lead to changes in genotypes within a cell or between cells.
transposons
true or false: the parent strands in a DNA molecule are used as a template to synthesize a complemetary strant of DNA.
true
which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA molecules?
uracil
Transposable elements are capable of moving from ____________.
- one site in the chromosome to another site in the chromosome. -a plasmid to the chromosome -the chromosome to the plasmid
What is the central dogma hypothesis of genetics?
DNA encodes RNA which encodes proteins
True or False: bacterial conjugation is a sexual process
FALSE
True or False: A cell with an integrated F factor transmits its genes at lower frequency than does a cell with a free plasmid in the cytoplasm
False
True or False: In bacterial conjugation, al F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells
False
True or false: Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar in RNA.
False
To which bond is the red arrow pointing?
Hydrogen
which is a nitrogenous base found in DNA?
Thymine
____ is the process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA
Transcription
A(n)____________ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides in multiples of 1 or 2, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.
frameshift
In _____ transduction, random fragments of host DNA are taken up by the bacteriophage during assembly. Multiple choice question.
generalized.
____ is the study of the inheritance of living things
genetics
Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term?
hereditary
__________ gene transfers occur when organisms acquire genes which did not come directly from parent organisms
horizontal
how does RNA differ from DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
in RNA, uracil replaces thymine, RNA is single- stranded.
where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?
in the nucleus
Many catabolic operons are ________, while those encode anabolic enzymes are _________.
inducible; repressible
__ contains the codons for the polypeptide.
mRNA
a small number of ______ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.
mutations
A mutation that produced neither adverse nor helpful changes is termed a _____ mutation.
neutral
____ are linked by phosphodiester bonds and link the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide.
nucleotides
The following sequence is found at the beginning of a gene in the wild type: 5'-ATGCCAGGTCGTACA-3'. In a related strain of bacteria, the sequence is 5'-ATGCCCGGTCGTACA-3'. Since the codons CCA and CCC both encode proline, this mutation is best described as a _____ mutation.
silent
one reason protein synthesis is more efficient in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes because prokaryotic ______ and _______ are simultaneous.
transcription, translation
______ involves the transfer of DNA via Bacteriophage
transduction
The process of introducing foreign genes to a plant cell by adding the DNA directly to the cell medium is termed
transfection
Small chromosomal DNA fragments or plasmids are the forms of DNA most often ________.
transferred between bacteria
Griffith's experiment using Streptococcus pneumonia demonstrated the process of _________.
transformation
Which gene transfer method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells?
transformation
_______ involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells.
transformation
conjugation, _____ and transduction are methods of gene transfer in bacteria.
transformation
True or false: The native or wild type strain describes cells that exhibit a non muted property
true
a phage is a bacterial virus?
true
during translation elongation, peptide bonds form between:
amino acids
the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are tymine and
cytosine
______ is a copy of DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene.
mRNA
which is the main event of translation initiation?
mRNA binds to the ribosome
A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a
mutation
True or false: A bacterial cell described as competent can accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment
true
True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.
true
