CP Exam 2 Review Questions

All editions of the DSM have been published by the _____. A. American Psychiatric Association B. American Psychological Association C. American Psychological Society D. American Counseling Association

A. American Psychiatric Association

_____ involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation. A. Case studies B. Correlational studies C. Meta-analyses D. Within-group design studies

A. Case studies

DSM-5 has received numerous criticisms. Which of the following is NOT a criticism discussed in the textbook? A. DSM-5 was not expanded enough, and as a result the current edition includes approximately the same number of disorders as the original edition. B. While developing DSM-5, the authors were selective and vague with information they shared with the general public. C. The membership of Work Groups was composed primarily of researchers, not clinicians. D. DSM-5's price is significantly higher than that of previous editions.

A. DSM-5 was not expanded enough, and as a result the current edition includes approximately the same number of disorders as the original edition.

_____ refers to a positive, comfortable relationship between interviewer and client, or an interpersonal "connection" as perceived by the client. A. Rapport B. Verbal tracking C. Nondirective interviewing D. Directive interviewing

A. Rapport

Institutional Review Boards approve, monitor, AND regulate all aspects of research. A. True B. False

A. True

A(n) _____ design is often used by clinical psychologists when they cannot adequately access the target population or situation, so they approximate it to the extent possible. For example, they may ask participants to imagine themselves in a particular situation. A. analogue B. between-group C. within-group D. mixed-group

A. analogue

An important skill for a clinical interviewer is _____, which is best described as the ability to know how he tends to affect others interpersonally and how others tend to relate to him. A. being self-aware B. developing positive working relationships C. establishing rapport D. quieting yourself

A. being self-aware

Positive working relationships with clients A. can be developed using attentive listening, appropriate empathy, and genuine respect. B. are not dependent on the interviewer's attitude and actions. C. should be established immediately for assessments but over time for therapy. D. are required for clients who self-pay but only recommended for those who use insurance.

A. can be developed using attentive listening, appropriate empathy, and genuine respect.

The ABAB design is an example of a(n) _____. A. case study B. analogue design C. between-groups design D. meta-analysis

A. case study

_________ validity is the extent to which an assessment technique has content appropriate for what is being measured. A. content B. convergent C. discriminant D. none of the above

A. content

Essentially, a categorical approach to diagnosis of mental disorders suggests that an individual A. either has or does not have a disorder. B. has every disorder to some extent. C. can only be diagnosed with one disorder at a single point in time. D. can have multiple disorders at the same time only if those disorders fall within the same larger category, such as depressive disorders or anxiety disorders.

A. either has or does not have a disorder.

Dr. X would like to test the efficacy of a new psychotherapy approach. Dr. X should use a _____________ design. A. experimental B. correlational C. quasi-experimental D. case study

A. experimental

Categorical diagnosis of mental illness has many advantages, including that it A. facilitates easier communication between professionals. B. forces professionals to think categorically. C. promotes sharper problem solving abilities. D. is easily adapted into a dimensional model of diagnosis.

A. facilitates easier communication between professionals.

Jerome Wakefield is the creator of the theory of _____. A. harmful dysfunction B. the unconscious C. aberrant behavior D. categorical disorders

A. harmful dysfunction

_______________ refers to the extent to which change in the dependent variable is due solely to change in the independent variable. a. internal validity b. external validity c. test-retest validity d. split-half reliability

A. internal validity

Emil Kraepelin was a pioneer of the diagnosis of mental disorders. Among the categories he identified were _____, which is similar to the current label of bipolar disorder, and _____, which is similar to the current label of schizophrenia. A. manic-depressive psychosis, dementia praecox B. anxiety neurosis, disorderly thought psychosis C. dementia praecox, separation disorder D. anxiety neurosis, separation disorder

A. manic-depressive psychosis, dementia praecox

The first edition of the DSM contained only three broad categories that are: A. psychoses, neuroses, and character disorders. B. internalizing, externalizing, and mediating disorders. C. primary, secondary, and tertiary disorders. D. Freudian, Jungian, and undifferentiated disorders.

A. psychoses, neuroses, and character disorders.

In a(n) _____ design, the researcher cannot always assign people randomly to conditions, make particular manipulations, or test certain hypotheses due to ethical, practical, or other constraints. A. quasi-experimental B. analogue C. between-group D. within-group

A. quasi-experimental

Clinical psychologists may develop, validate, or expand the use of psychological instruments, such as the MMPI-2 and the WAIS-IV. Such activity is an example of A. researching assessment methods. B. exploring diagnostic issues. C. evaluating professional issues. D. appraising teaching standards.

A. researching assessment methods.

According to the harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders, when we try to determine what is abnormal, we should consider A. scientific or evolutionary data, as well as social values that provide context for the behavior. B. the social constructs that regulate behavior and thought. C. cognitive contributions to irregular behaviors. D. behavioral, as well as psychoanalytic, components of abnormality.

A. scientific or evolutionary data, as well as social values that provide context for the behavior.

Researchers who endorse the dimensional approach to diagnosis of mental problems most often recommend that _____ serve(s) as the basis for the dimensions. A. the five-factor model of personality B. cognitive thought distortion categories C. Holland's typologies D. the Myers-Briggs types

A. the five-factor model of personality

Correlation can sometimes imply causation. A. true B. false

A. true

Effective interviewers are skilled at _____, or repeating key words and phrases back to their clients to ensure the clients that they have been accurately heard. A. verbal tracking B. eye contact C. developing positive relationships D. quieting themselves

A. verbal tracking

Based on the textbook, which of the following is NOT a revision to a mental disorder that was included in DSM-5? A. The "bereavement exclusion" included in the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode was dropped. B. Asperger's disorder was expanded and can now be diagnoses as mild, moderate, or severe Asperger's disorder. C. The age at which symptoms must first appear in individuals diagnosed with ADHD was changed from 7 to 12 years old. D. The frequency of binges required for bulimia nervosa was decreased to once per week.

B. Asperger's disorder was expanded and can now be diagnoses as mild, moderate, or severe Asperger's disorder.

. DSM-5 contains a list of "unofficial" disorders that are not yet diagnosable. In what section of DSM-5 are these proposed disorders listed? A. Disorders for Further Consideration B. Emerging Measures and Models C. Proposed Criteria Groups D. Initial Disorders for Discovery

B. Emerging Measures and Models

Attempts to define abnormal behavior started with the first DSM. A. True B. False

B. False

Gathering valid interview-based assessment data is not contingent upon rapport. A. True B. False

B. False

The DSM is the primary resource for psychiatric diagnosis world-wide. A. True B. False

B. False

________ reliability is the extent to which an assessment technique yields similar results across different administrators. A. test-retest B. Interrater C. Internal D. Clinical

B. Interrater

_____ is how an interviewer is with clients, while _____ is what an interviewer does with clients. A. Technique, rapport B. Rapport, technique C. Internal preparation, external preparation D. External preparation, internal preparation

B. Rapport, technique

________ of clinical psychologists use clinical interviews as part of their assessment processes A. About half B. The vast majority C. About 25% D. Less than 5%

B. The vast majority

It is important for clinical interviewers to appreciate how communication styles tend to differ across cultures. For example, A. Asian Americans tend to speak more loudly than Whites. B. Whites tend to speak more quickly than Native Americans. C. Hispanic Americans tend to speak more loudly than Whites. D. Asian Americans are more inclined to hold eye contact than Whites.

B. Whites tend to speak more quickly than Native Americans.

Eye contact, body language, vocal qualities, and verbal tracking are specific types of _____. A. behavioral psychotherapy techniques B. attending behaviors C. rapport enhancers D. nonverbal interviewing

B. attending behaviors

Compared to the definition of generalized anxiety disorder in DSM-5 (2013), the definition of anxiety neurosis in DSM-II (1968) A. contains more specific diagnostic criteria. B. contains more terminology derived from psychoanalysis. C. lists more specific quantities and timeframes. D. is essentially the same; there is little difference between the two definitions.

B. contains more terminology derived from psychoanalysis.

In recent years, researchers have offered alternatives to the categorical approach to the diagnosis of mental disorders. Specifically, the _____ approach has received significant attention, especially regarding the _____ disorders. A. dimensional, anxiety B. dimensional, personality C. multiaxial, mood D. medical model, eating

B. dimensional, personality

The DSM reflects a medical model of psychopathology. This means that A. each mental disorder is a by-product of a medical disorder centered in a part of the body other than the brain. B. each mental disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms. C. medication is the only acceptable form of treatment for mental disorders. D. psychotherapy cannot be expected to succeed unless it is accompanied by medication.

B. each mental disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms.

Another phrase for "generalizability" is _____. A. internal validity B. external validity C. positive psychology D. negative psychology

B. external validity

An element common to all kinds of psychological assessment is ___________, which may take the form of a face-to-face meeting or written report. A. coaching B. feedback C. clinical utility D. validity

B. feedback

Attenuated psychosis syndrome A. is not mentioned in the current DSM. B. is listed as a proposed criteria set in the "Emerging Measures and Models" section of the current DSM. C. is listed as an official disorder in the current DSM. D. is included in the current DSM as a subtype of major depressive disorder. Ans: B

B. is listed as a proposed criteria set in the "Emerging Measures and Models" section of the current DSM.

Internet gaming disorder A. is a new diagnosis included in DSM-5. B. is listed in the Emerging Measures and Models section of DSM-5. C. has diagnostic criteria that were revised from DSM-IV to DSM-5. D. is diagnosed when an individual uses income from stolen goods to pay for online gaming memberships.

B. is listed in the Emerging Measures and Models section of DSM-5.

Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview. For example, compared to people from North America or Britain, people of Middle Eastern or Latino/Latina cultures tend to A. prefer a greater amount of personal space. B. prefer a smaller amount of personal space. C. expect the clinical interviewer to offer food or drink during the interviewer. D. view the clinical interviewer as an expert.

B. prefer a smaller amount of personal space.

DSM-5 was created by A. soliciting and summarizing public opinion on which disorders in DSM-IV should be eliminated. B. prominent researchers who were members of a Task Force and Work Groups. C. the American Counseling Association. D. the same organization that publishes the International Classification of Diseases.

B. prominent researchers who were members of a Task Force and Work Groups.

DSM-I and DSM-II A. were empirically based. B. reflected a psychoanalytic orientation. C. included lists of specific symptoms or criteria for each disorder. D. offered significant generalizability and clinical utility.

B. reflected a psychoanalytic orientation.

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the primary purpose of diagnostic categories was A. the diagnosis of prisoners. B. the collection of statistical and census data. C. compliance with health insurance and managed care company policies. D. to offer guidance toward particular forms of medication and psychotherapy.

B. the collection of statistical and census data.

Dr. Brox creates a new assessment technique, the Superior Clinical Interval for Therapists (SCIT). We can say the SCIT has _____ if it measures what it claims to measure. We can say the SCIT has _____ if it yields consistent, repeatable results. A. reliability, validity B. validity, reliability C. clinical utility, statistical utility D. statistical utility, clinical utility

B. validity, reliability

DSM-III A. contained less disorders than DSM-II. B. was significantly longer in length that DSM-II. C. emphasized psychoanalytic and psychodynamic perspectives. D. introduced the General Adaptation Scale, which clinicians used to rate patients' health on a 100-point scale.

B. was significantly longer in length that DSM-II.

In a(n) _____ design, participants within a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time. A. analogue B. within-group C. between-group D. experimental

B. within-group

The first edition of the DSM was published in _____. A. 1914 B. 1930 C. 1952 D. 1986

C. 1952

DSM-III was published in _____. A. 1952 B. 1968 C. 1980 D. 1994

C. 1980

_____ tend to be held in high regard by researchers who prefer the idiographic approach over the nomothetic approach. A. Experiments B. Quasi-experiments C. Case studies D. Correlational studies

C. Case studies

Recent editions of the DSM, including DSM-5, have received numerous criticisms. Which of the following statements is inconsistent with the criticisms discussed in the textbook? A. The breadth of coverage of recent DSMs was expanded too much. B. The cut-offs that separate those who qualify for disorders from those who do not are often arbitrary rather than empirically based. C. Diagnoses such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder demonstrate a significant reduction in DSM gender bias. D. Nonempirical influences, such as political and social forces, may have too much influence on the decisions made by DSM authors.

C. Diagnoses such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder demonstrate a significant reduction in DSM gender bias.

In the United States, what is the most up-to-date, prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals? A. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition B. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition C. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition D. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 6th Edition

C. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition

External validity refers to ______. A. accuracy B. correlation C. generalizability D. statistical significance

C. Generalizability

_____ variables are those variables in an experiment that are manipulated by the experimenter. A. Internal B. External C. Independent D. Dependent

C. Independent

In a(n) _____ design, participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments. A. quasi-experimental B. analogue C. between-group D. within-group

C. between-group

Hippocrates identified an imbalance in _____ as the source of abnormality. A. the ego B. spiritual harmony C. bodily fluids D. the unconscious

C. bodily fluids

Referring to a client by the proper name A. is not particularly relevant when developing rapport. B. includes making assumptions about nicknames that a psychologist uses for the client across the treatment. C. can be accomplished by asking the client how he would like to be addressed early in treatment. D. is always achieved by addressing the client by his first name.

C. can be accomplished by asking the client how he would like to be addressed early in treatment.

All editions of the DSM have offered a _____ approach to diagnosis. A. dimensional B. symptom- or criteria-based C. categorical D. multiaxial

C. categorical

Of all the available assessment procedures, clinical psychologists rely most frequently on the _____. A. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children C. clinical interview D. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

C. clinical interview

Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview. For example, compared to traditional Western culture, Asian cultures tends to feature A. more eye contact. B. more eye contact between members of the opposite sex. C. less physical touch. D. more physical touch.

C. less physical touch.

Disorders such as attenuated psychosis syndrome are not official diagnoses and are listed as _____ in DSM-5. A. upcoming diagnoses B. research disorders C. proposed criteria sets D. culture-bound syndromes

C. proposed criteria sets

In _____, researchers test the outcome of a manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or nontreatment groups, and target variables are assessed at the outset and end of the study. A. independent trials B. dependent trials C. randomized clinical trials D. homogenized clinical trials

C. randomized clinical trials

In the mid-1900s, _____ developed a classification system to treat World War II soldiers that had a significant influence on the creation of the first DSM. A. NATO B. the World Health Organization C. the U.S. Army and Veterans' Administration D. the European Psychiatric Association

C. the U.S. Army and Veterans' Administration

In the context of the clinical interview, the term quieting yourself is best described as A. the client's efforts to remain quiet in order to fully attend to the interviewer's questions. B. the interviewer's efforts to control the volume of his speaking voice to match that of the client. C. the interviewer's efforts to control his own internal, self-directed thinking pattern in order to enhance listening. D. the interviewer's policy of remaining entirely silent during the interview in order to facilitate transference.

C. the interviewer's efforts to control his own internal, self-directed thinking pattern in order to enhance listening.

The growing popularity of Amazon Mechanical Turk, or MTurk, is an example of A. the implementation of technology in the delivery of online psychotherapy services. B. a shopping platform that sells self-help and other books useful for therapy patients. C. the use of technology in clinical psychology research. D. an Internet-based intervention for social anxiety disorder.

C. the use of technology in clinical psychology research.

DSM-5 was published in _____. A. 1980 B. 1994 C. 2001 D. 2013

D. 2013

Each of the following represents a new DSM-5 disorder EXCEPT: A. Binge eating disorder B. Hoarding disorder C. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder D. Acute stress disorder

D. Acute stress disorder

Which of the following is NOT a step in the experimental method? A. Observation of events B. Development of a hypothesis C. Empirical testing of the hypothesis D. Altering data to fit the hypothesis

D. Altering data to fit the hypothesis

_____________ are the most frequent used assessment tool. A. intelligence tests B. Personality measures C. self-report symptoms inventories D. clinical interviews

D. Clinical Interviews

_____ variables are those variables in an experiment that are expected to change as a result of changes in the variable manipulated by the researcher. A. Internal B. External C. Independent D. Dependent

D. Dependent

_____, a new disorder in DSM-5, is described by some as frequent temper tantrums in children from 6 to 18 years of age. A. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder B. Mild neurocognitive disorder C. Somatic symptom disorder D. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

D. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to enhance rapport in a clinical interview? A. Efforts by the interviewer to put the client at ease, especially at the beginning of the interview B. Acknowledgment by the interviewer that the clinical interview is a unique, unusual situation C. Efforts by the interviewer to notice how the client uses language, and then following the client's lead D. Excessive small talk used to distract the client from the awkwardness of the interview

D. Excessive small talk used to distract the client from the awkwardness of the interview

Which of the following is NOT a part of DSM-5's definition of a mental disorder? A. It is clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. B. It is dysfunction in mental functioning. C. It is usually associated with significant distress or disability. D. It consists of behaviors witnessed in less than 30% of the population.

D. It consists of behaviors witnessed in less than 30% of the population.

_____ designs examine changes in a participant or group across time, often over many years. A. Cross-sectional B. ABAB C. Analog D. Longitudinal

D. Longitudinal

Interviewers skills include each of the following EXCEPT: A. Quieting oneself B. Self-awareness C. Positive working relationships D. Open-ended questions

D. Open-ended questions

Loraine is a clinical psychology graduate student conducting her first clinical interview with a client. While her client describes reasons for seeking treatment, Loraine finds herself distracted by internal thoughts such as, "What questions should I ask next?" and "When is the project due for my linear regression class?" In this instance, Loraine has the opportunity to improve which general skill of clinical interviewing? A. Being self-aware B. Developing positive working relationships C. Eye contact D. Quieting yourself

D. Quieting yourself

Which of these statements is NOT consistent with ethical standards of the most recent edition of the APA ethical code? A. Researchers should obtain informed consent from prospective participants. B. Researchers should never fabricate or falsify data. C. Researchers should share their data with other competent researchers for reanalysis. D. Researchers may coerce participation in select circumstances.

D. Researchers may coerce participation in select circumstances.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Although many publications print the newest diagnostic manual's title as DSM-5, the correct printing requires a Roman numeral (DSM-V). B. As with previous editions, the current edition of the DSM instructs clinicians to provide multiaxial diagnoses. C. The current DSM requires a GAF score to accompany all diagnoses. D. The current DSM eliminates the five axis diagnostic system.

D. The current DSM eliminates the five axis diagnostic system.

DSM-III differed from its predecessors in all of the following significant ways EXCEPT that it A. introduced a multiaxial diagnostic system. B. listed specific diagnostic criteria to define disorders. C. featured a greater reliance on empirical data rather than clinical consensus. D. emphasized psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives.

D. emphasized psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives.

To develop rapport during a clinical interview, an interviewer should do all of the following EXCEPT A. make an effort to put the client at ease. B. acknowledge the unique, unusual situation of the interview. C. notice how the client uses language and follow the client's lead. D. gently correct the client when he uses metaphors incorrectly.

D. gently correct the client when he uses metaphors incorrectly.

Communication styles often differ between men and women. For example, A. women tend to use talk to assert themselves and achieve goals, whereas men tend to use talk to build relationships. B. women tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas men tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness. C. men tend to use talk to build relationships, whereas women tend to use talk to demean their competitors. D. men tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas women tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness.

D. men tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas women tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness.

A(n) _____ is a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of its findings. A. ABAB design B. case study C. qualitative review D. meta-analysis

D. meta-analysis

Reading a single review of a movie can be informative, but reading a synthesis of many reviews of the same movie can be much more informative about the effect the movie had across many individuals. This notion is analogous to the research strategy known as _____. A. case studies B. between-group designs C. correlational methods D. meta-analysis

D. meta-analysis

The DSM is primarily authored by _____. A. social workers B. counselors C. psychologists D. psychiatrists

D. psychiatrists

_______ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems may be diagnostically complex.

Effectiveness

________ refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria.

Efficacy

In 1952, ____________ published an unfavorable review of research on psychotherapy outcome

Hans Eysenck

According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT a question clinical psychologists should ask themselves when designing research studies?

Where should the study be conducted?

_________________ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to a numerically significant difference between two groups. It is measured quantitatively. a. statistical b. clinical c. theoretical d. control

a. statistical

_____________ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to how two groups differ in real-world terms. It answers the question, "Is there a meaningful difference between the groups?" a. statistical b. clinical c. theoretical d. control

b. clinical

Dr. Grant is a practicing clinical psychologist who is thinking about using a new treatment for anxiety with patients in his practice. If he is most concerned with how this new treatment works in the real world, Dr. Grant will be most interested in published studies that discuss the treatment's ______________. a. efficacy b. effectiveness c. power d. design

b. effectiveness

Dr. Smithton initially creates a new PTSD treatment under highly controlled laboratory conditions. He then shares the treatment with practitioners, who subsequently implement the treatment with real-world patients. The practitioners report that Dr. Smithton's PTSD treatment is very helpful for their patients. The benefit the practitioners' patients experienced seems to support the _____ of Dr. Smithton's treatment. A. internal validity B. external validity C. power D. design

b. external validity

___________ refers to the generalizability of the results of a scientific study, or the extent to which the same finding is applicable to different settings and populations. a. internal validity b. external validity c. convergent validity d. reliability

b. external validity

The harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders was developed by a. sigmund freud b. jerome wakefield c. emil kraeplin d. b.f. skinner

b. jerome wakefield

The 1995 Consumer Reports Study found that a. less than 40% of respondents reported that therapy was beneficial b. longer therapy generally produced greater benefit c. the profession of the person providing the therapy made a significant difference, such that clinical psychologists produced better outcomes than psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors d. shorter therapy tended to produce greater benefit

b. longer therapy generally produced greater benefit

Based on the text and James Wakefield, abnormality is best defined as __________. a. distress b. danger c. dysfunction d. deviation

c. dysfunction

The 1995, Consumer Reports survey regarding psychotherapy outcome is an example of a(n) ______________- study. efficacy effectiveness cognitive behavioral

effectiveness

In short, the _________ of a form of therapy is how well it works "in the lab," where it is practiced according to manualized methods.

efficacy

Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have

greater internal validity

Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have

weaker external validity