cp week 2

Jose is walking toward Dan, who is standing still. As Dan watches Jose move toward him, a series of physical and perceptual events will occur. Which of the following is NOT one of those events? The image of Jose will increase on Dan's retina. Dan will use the changing relationship between Jose and the background to make inferences about Jose's movement. Dan will consciously make the effort to calculate Jose's distance based on the size of the retinal image. Dan will use the changing relationship between Jose and the background to make inferences about Jose's size.

Dan will consciously make the effort to calculate Jose's distance based on the size of the retinal image.

The face/vase example illustrates what important principle of perceptual organization? If the figure and the background are ambiguous, the image can be interpreted in multiple ways. Faces are easier to see than vases, because of the social aspect of human behavior. The perceiver does not contribute information to an ambiguous image. The mind interprets depth, even when none is depicted in the image.

If the figure and the background are ambiguous, the image can be interpreted in multiple ways.

Jillian is participating in an experiment in which she was asked to shadow a message presented to the left ear while simultaneously ignoring a message presented to the right ear. Jillian is LEAST likely to detect which of the following changes in the signals? The participant's name is mentioned three times at various points within the right ear's message. The right ear's message is initially presented in a soft voice but is then spoken by a loud voice. Initially, the right ear's message contains a male voice reading a coherent passage, but this is then replaced by the same voice reading a sequence of random words. The right ear's message is initially presented in a high-pitched voice but is then spoken by a low-pitched voice.

Initially, the right ear's message contains a male voice reading a coherent passage, but this is then replaced by the same voice reading a sequence of random words.

A vertical line (like the "l" in "line") could activate all of the following nodes in a feature net EXCEPT CLICK CK K O

O

In Broadbent's filter model, the stages of information processing occur in which order below? Filter, detector, sensory store, short-term/long-term memory Detector, sensory store, fiber, short-term/long-term memory Detector, filter, sensory memory, short-term/long-term memory Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term/long-term memory

Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term/long-term memory

The fusiform face area (FFA) is known to be an area that is specifically responsive to faces. Which of the following statements is also true about the FFA? It only responds to famous faces (e.g., President Barack Obama). Tasks requiring other subtle distinctions within a category (e.g., identifying different birds or cars) also produce high levels of activation in this area. It is also a crucial area in the processing of features within an object (e.g., edges and curves). It is primarily thought to be the area used to mentally rotate an inverted face into its upright position for further processing.

Tasks requiring other subtle distinctions within a category (e.g., identifying different birds or cars) also produce high levels of activation in this area.

The Necker cube is an example of an ambiguous figure. Which of the following statements regarding the cube is FALSE? The lines on the page contradict one another and so a cube can never be perceived. There is more than one perceptual interpretation of the cube's orientation. The information given in the drawing does not cause perception of the cube in one orientation over the other. The lines on the page are neutral in regard to the shape's configuration in depth.

The lines on the page contradict one another and so a cube can never be perceived.

In which of the following situations would we expect the fastest response time? The stimulus being presented to the participant is identical in form to the warning signal but is different from the stimulus the participant was expecting. The stimulus being presented to the participant is the stimulus the participant was expecting. The stimulus being presented to the participant is markedly different from the stimulus used as the warning signal. The stimulus being presented to the participant is identical in form to the stimulus used as the warning signal.

The stimulus being presented to the participant is the stimulus the participant was expecting.

If instructed to identify the briefly presented word "PORK," which of the following hints will provide the greatest benefit for identification? The word will be presented in capital letters. The word will be shown for 50 ms. The word is something you can eat. The word does not contain an I.

The word is something you can eat.

When identifying nonword letter strings that are presented very briefly, participants tend to make specific kinds of errors. How would these errors be best described? They misidentify more-common letter combinations as less-common letter pairs. They are unable to identify any letters if the string is a nonword. They tend to misidentify strange letter combinations as more common letter combinations. They identify many of the letters correctly but tend to incorrectly identify the vowels.

They tend to misidentify strange letter combinations as more common letter combinations.

Covert attention refers to our ability to direct our attention without moving our eyes. True False

True

Divided Attention involves splitting your attention to simultaneously attend to more than one thing at a time. True False

True

Some people have sustained brain damage and lost the ability to identify color. Other people sustained damage to a different area of the brain and lost the ability to detect motion. What does this indicate about our visual system? Neither color nor motion detection is critical to survival, if it can be erased through brain damage. Identifying color is more important than identifying motion. We have specialized areas for processing different kinds of visual information. The brain is unable to simultaneously process information in multiple ways.

We have specialized areas for processing different kinds of visual information.

Attention is limited in many ways. Which of the following statements is FALSE about attentional limits? Attention is limited spatially. You can divide attention if the tasks are very similar. Expectation can influence attention. Attention cannot be divided among similar stimuli.

You can divide attention if the tasks are very similar.

Which of the following does NOT provide an example for parallel processing in the visual system? There are magnocellular and parvocellular cells in the LGN. Rods and cones function simultaneously in the retina. The "what" and "where" streams in the visual association cortex work together. You have two eyes that process different information, but work at the same time.

You have two eyes that process different information, but work at the same time.

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) acts as the location in the temporal cortex where auditory information is stored. a way station between the eye and the occipital cortex, located in the thalamus. a relay station to the amygdala. an important area in the amygdala, associated with long-term memory.

a way station between the eye and the occipital cortex, located in the thalamus.

How can neurons code for strength of stimuli? For stronger stimuli, more neurons can fire, and each of those neurons can fire more frequently. population coding All of the other options are correct. rate coding

all options aren correct

Apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia both involve difficulties with object recognition; however, they differ in that someone is born with apperceptive agnosia, but associate agnosia is acquired through trauma. associate agnosia involves difficulties linking visual information to previous knowledge. apperceptive agnosia is associated with memory loss. associative agnosia involves problems linking visual forms together.

associative agnosia involves problems linking visual forms together.

The primary visual cortex is located in the parietal lobe. in the middle of the brain, near the thalamus. immediately behind one's eyeballs. at the part of the cortex that is farthest from the eyes.

at the part of the cortex that is farthest from the eyes.

Change blindness demonstrates that attention is not sufficient for perception. attention cannot be divided. changes in a scene are easily detected. perception leads to attention.

attention is not sufficient for perception.

Human brains have a distinct division-of-labor strategy. Each task is achieved as a result of multiple brain areas working together. But the work of the various parts of the brain must be compiled into a finished whole. The issue of how this reassembly works is referred to as the binding problem. reassembly law. ultimate puzzle. Humpty Dumpty dilemma.

binding problem.

The evidence from unilateral neglect patients and patients with normal attentional abilities suggests that space-based attention is more important than object-based attention. object-based attention is more important than space-based attention. attention is a perfect cognitive system. both space- and object-based attention are important in attention.

both space- and object-based attention are important in attention.

What sort of processing is dependent on factors in the environment or in the stimulus? expectation-based bottom-up knowledge-driven top-down

bottom-up

Imagine you are reading a puzzling email from a friend. You identify the words, but have a hard time "reading between the lines." In this example, word identification involves ________ processing while "reading between the lines" involves ________ processing. bottom-up; top-down bottom-up; bottom-up top-down; bottom-up top-down; top-down

bottom-up; top-down

According to the RBC model, geons are NOT simple shapes. viewpoint independent. capable of identification if they are partially obstructed. always easy to identify.

capable of identification if they are partially obstructed.

A researcher has identified the receptive field for a neuron and has determined that the receptive field has a center-surround organization. If the researcher were to shine light into the entire receptive field, including both the center and the surrounding areas, we would expect the neuron to increase its firing rate. continue firing at its resting rate. decrease its firing rate. cease firing.

continue firing at its resting rate.

The bigram layer of a feature net is rigid, so that once it is created it can never be modified. something with which we are born. developed with experience the same for every language.

developed with experience

Studies looking at electrical activity in the brain suggest that the processing steps for attended stimuli and unattended stimuli are indistinguishable. distinguishable, although the exact time at which these two inputs differ is unknown. distinguishable for only 1 millisecond after stimuli presentation. distinguishable around 80 milliseconds after stimuli presentation.

distinguishable around 80 milliseconds after stimuli presentation.

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many parts of the brain is called _______. localization of function neural representation grandmother cell distributed representation

distributed representation

Marcus is searching for a red square among an array of red and blue squares. Marcus is easily (and quickly) able to identify the red square because he is engaged in a ________ search. primed feature combination location-based

feature

Julie has sustained damage to the "what" system in her brain. She will likely have difficulty with which of the following tasks? remembering where she put her keys providing directions to the store hitting a baseball with a bat identifying a chair

identifying a chair

The task of shadowing involves immediately repeating, word for word, the contents of a message. copying the movements of a target individual. repeating back, from memory, a message heard some minutes earlier. drawing the mirror image of a simple sketch.

immediately repeating, word for word, the contents of a message.

Where does the "attentional spotlight" reside in the brain? There is not a focused neural correlate for the "attentional spotlight." in the visual system/occipital lobe in the memory areas in the executive control areas

in the visual system/occipital lobe

Cells A and B receive the same high levels of stimulation, but Cell A shows a lower level of activity relative to Cell B. A likely explanation for this fact is that Cell A is defective. is being laterally inhibited by other nearby cells. has a higher resting level than Cell B. is receiving input from the edge of a surface, while Cell B is receiving input from a portion of the surface away from the edge.

is being laterally inhibited by other nearby cells.

Participants' recognition thresholds are lower for highly unusual words. higher for recently seen words. not affected by priming. lower for frequently seen words.

lower for frequently seen words.

Krista is sitting on a bench, watching the world go by. She notices the people who are near to her move across her retina more quickly than the cars in the distance move. This effect is called linear perspective. optic flow. motion parallax. continuation.

motion parallax.

An example of the difference between perception and conscious perception is shown by Moore and Egeth (1997), who showed participants a display containing two horizontal lines and a series of surrounding dots. In one trial the lines and dots were arranged to produce the Müller-Lyer illusion (an illusion that causes two same-length lines to look different in length). In this experiment, most participants were not consciously aware of the Müller-Lyer pattern and perceived the two lines to be of the same length. not consciously aware of the Müller-Lyer pattern and perceived the two lines to be of different lengths. consciously aware of the Müller-Lyer pattern and perceived the two lines to be of different lengths. consciously aware of the Müller-Lyer pattern and perceived the two lines to be of the same length.

not consciously aware of the Müller-Lyer pattern and perceived the two lines to be of different lengths.

The form of brain damage identified as prosopagnosia is primarily characterized by an inability to identify familiar voices. recognize faces. comprehend written text. identify inverted stimuli even though perception of upright stimuli seems normal.

recognize faces.

A researcher wishes to determine exactly when a particular neuron is firing. A technique well suited to this purpose is neuropsychological testing. lesion studies. single-cell recording. stereotaxis.

single-cell recording.

McClelland and Rumelhart's model of word recognition suggests detectors on separate levels can interact in a bidirectional manner. Biological evidence ________ this notion because ________. supports; visual processing is bidirectional does not support; visual processing is an entirely bottom-up process supports; there is parallel processing in the visual system does not support; word recognition does not depend on visual processing

supports; visual processing is bidirectional

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the fovea? a cluster of cones in the center of the retina the region of the retina with the greatest acuity the area of the retina found far out in the periphery the area of the retina on which we place a target image in order to see the target clearly

the area of the retina found far out in the periphery

The language we use and manner of speaking changes across situations. Imagine that you need executive control to facilitate the words you select. In which of the following situations might you most need executive control? when presenting your work at a meeting with your boss when speaking with your brother when hanging out with friends when talking to a colleague at a work party

when presenting your work at a meeting with your boss

Stroop interference demonstrates that the identification of a stimulus requires few resources. automatic tasks do not exist. word reading is automatized. practice with a color-naming task leads to automaticity.

word reading is automatized.

Which of the following is defined as the easier detection of letters when they are in words than when they appear in nonwords? word fluency effect word superiority effect word availability effect word frequency effect

word superiority effect