HRM 360 Exam 2 Study Guide Part 1

Expectancy theory

Can predict behavior in any situation in which a choice between two or more alternatives must be made

distinctiveness

Carlos, a manager, is looking at records of Mary's work performance. He notes that she performed very well on task A, but poorly on task B. He is observing ___

Affirming contact

Communicate attentiveness, not necessarily agreement

Operant conditioning

Modified behavior by following it with positive or negative consequences

Operant conditioning

Proposes that behavior can be modified by changing its consequences

performance appraisals

In addition to everyday feedback, managers often give ___ that review a worker's performance over a long period of time

Engagement

Is a persistent and positive affective-motivational state

Performance management

Is a set of processes and managerial behaviors that include defining, monitoring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations

Active listening

Is seeking to fully understand the sender's intended message, rather than focusing only on one's response to the message

Work engagement

Is seen as the opposite from burnout and exhaustion; it is a persistent, positive, affective-motivational state of fulfillment

Engagement

Is strongly linked to job performance and reduced stress and burnout, yet is most effective when matched

Goal setting

Is the process of establishing desired results that guide and direct behavior

Motivation

Is the process that accounts for the intensity, direction, and persistence of effort, that an individual exhibits towards obtaining goals.

It is extrinsically motivated

Jill is a sales representative for a large pharmaceutical corporation. According to the current compensation system, if Jill meets her target for the quarterly sales projections, she will receive a bonus equivalent to 7 percent of her annual salary. Jill is working hard to meet the sales goal so that she can buy a new car. Which of the following is true regarding Jill's motivation?

knowledge and skill; growth need strength; context satisfactions

Job design is moderated by:

education and experience

Kwan and Katherine are both computer programmers, but Kwan earns more money than Katherine. However, Katherine perceives an equitable relationship because Kwan has more ___.

Specific

Make sure goals specific and narrow for more effective planning.

Attainable

Make sure you can reasonably accomplish your goal within a certain timeframe

Paraphrasing

Repeat message back in own words

Job crafting

Represents employees' attempts to proactively shape their work characteristics

Performance appraisal

Review a worker's performance over a large period of time

Time-based

Set a realistic, ambitious end-date for task prioritization and motivation

low instrumentality

Sofia has been putting in a lot of overtime. Her supervisor keeps telling her that she will be rewarded. To date, Sofia has seen no change in her status or pay. This reflects a ___.

Clarify the implicit

Verbalize unsaid emotions/thoughts

Emphasized standardizing jobs and explicitly specifying task activities employees will perform; it reduced the need to think/deliberate about the job

What are the benefits of the scientific management approach?

Boring, not optimal performance, no creativity

What are the limitations of the scientific management approach?

Directing attention towards goal-relevant activities

What is the first route that goals affect performance?

Eliciting the use or learning (when needed) of task-relevant knowledge and strategies

What is the fourth route that goals affect performance?

Energizing people towards activity and behavior

What is the second route that goals affect performance?

Encouraging persistence when possible

What is the third route that goals affect performance?

Maslow's need hierarchy

When a need is lacking, people are motivated to take action that fulfills it

Direction

Which goals, or aspects of the goals, will an employee exert effort towards?

Relevant

Your goals should align with your values and long-term objectives

Consistency

At the end of each month when time cards are submitted to payroll, Liam's reports always have an error in the job coding section. This is what type of attribution?

Extinction

Attaching no consequence to an undesired behavior; this may be the most effective when used alongside positive reinforcement (for desired behaviors)

Relational nature

Auality and/or amount of interaction with others encountered in a job

punishment

Barney was late to work one morning, so he drove over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he got pulled over by a police officer and received a ticket. This scenario is an instance of __________.

response

Behavior occurs in ___ to stimulus.

Monetary rewards

(e.g., pay level, bonuses, stocks, etc.) are a common extrinsic motivator; they are contingent rewards, which means they aren't received unless specific actions are taken

Intrinsic motivation

Arises when an individual takes action solely for the enjoyment, experience, or meaning inherent in the action itself

Outcomes

Are the consequences of our behavior

stimulus

A ____ in the environment cues attention to a behavior

Equity theory

A model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships

Extrinsic motivation

Arises when an individual takes action in order to acquire rewards or resources from the external environment

progress; outcomes

Accurately and appropriately monitoring and evaluating both ________ and ________ are critical components of effective performance management

Expectancy theory

Holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes

Measurable

Define what evidence will prove you're making progress and reevaluate when necessary.

Punishment

Discourage undesirable behaviors by giving negative consequences or withholding positive consequences

Consensus

Does everyone else exhibit the behavior in that situation?

Consistency

Does the behavior always occur?

Distinctiveness

Does the person act that way in other situations?

Idiosyncratic deals (i-deals)

Employment terms individuals negotiate for themselves, taking myriad forms from flexible schedules to career development

Reinforcement

Enhance desirable behavior by giving positive consequences, or withholding negative ones

Persistence

How long will an employee exert effort?

Intensity

How much effort will an employee exert towards a particular goal in his/her job?

Reflect core feelings

Identify underlying values

Giving pay increases, promotions, praise

Examples of positive reinforcers?

Expectancy theory

Explains how employees make choices among alternative behaviors, as well as the level of effort they will exert

Job characteristics model

Finds that different core dimensions of a job will lead to psychological states that then impact personal/work outcomes

Self-determination theory

Finds that people are more intrinsically motivated to do things that help them meet three fundamental human needs

consensus, distinctiveness, consistency

Harold Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing three dimensions of behavior: ___.

Relatedness

Need to feel connected to other people; a sense of belongingness, respect, and care from others

Autonomy

Need to feel in control of one's actions; a sense of freewill, initiative, and ownership in one's life

Competence

Need to feel mastery over one's environment; a sense that one can succeed and grow in certain domains of life

Probationary periods, removal from negative situations (e.g., re-assignment)

Negative reinforcers?

Task boundaries

Number, scope, and type of job tasks

i-deals

Of the approaches to job design, _________ is the most recently evolved and attempts to merge earlier perspectives.

Cognitive crafting

Perception of or thinking about tasks and relationships in your job

extinction

Polly works as a bartender. A few people used to wave money at her so that she would serve them first. She found this to be rude and, hence, either ignored them or always served them last. People came to realize that she served only the people who waited politely, and much of the rude behavior stopped. Polly used a model of ______________.

job rotation

Tanmay is bored in his current role as a barista at Rose Gold Coffee Co. Sometimes, he desires a different specialized job and would like to prepare the food that is offered at this location. This desire is an example of ___.

give feedback and coach the employee.

To enhance a worker's expectancy, a manager could: ___