Criminal Justice Chapters 1-4

According to one study, what was the percentage of hate crimes committed by perpetrators who were strongly committed to bigotry?

1%

About how many law enforcement agencies are there in the US

18,000

In 2015, Yakima, Washington, with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate?

3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants

In 2015, ABQ, with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate?

793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants

Which is a logistical obstacle to measuring crime effectively and efficiently?

All of the above

Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminal

All of the above

Which issue guides the precedent?

All of the above

Which of the following is an important actor in a criminal offense?

All of the above

Which part of the crime picture do the UCR, self-report studies, and victimization studies tend to miss?

All of the above

Which group of people is not included in considerations of victims?

All of the above may be included

Which is a major 20th century police reformer?

August Vollmer

What are the ten amendments to the constitution called

Bill of rights

In the US, informal policing began in __ with the establishment of a night watch

Boston in 1631

Most definitions of victim precipitation assert this

Both a and b

Henry and John Fielding organized this

Bow street runners

This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues

Case law

According to the wedding cake model of criminal justice, what does the top layer represent?

Celebrated cases

Written on an ancient stone tablet, this collection of over 250 laws covered a wide range of issues

Code of Hammurabi

This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law

Common law

This policing strategy attempts to harness the resources and residents of a jurisdiction in stopping crime and maintaining order

Community policing

Actus reus, mens rea, and concurrence constitute this

Corpus delicti

An action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of society to the point where someone is harmed or society's interests are harmed

Crime

This criminal justice model describes the expectation of an efficient criminal justice system

Crime control model

What is the number of crime index offenses divided by the population of an area called?

Crime rate

This social institution controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing and/or rehabilitating people who break the law

Criminal justice

Under which federal agency is the FBI?

Dept of Justice

Police officers, prosecutors, judges, and corrections officials use this to decide what happens to individual cases

Discretion

This legal principle states that a person cannot be tried twice for the same offense.

Double jeopardy

This criminal justice model describes the expectation of a just and fair criminal justice system

Due process model

This agency measures crime using the Uniform Crime Reports

FBI

Most federal officers are trained here

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center

Which are the three distinct levels of law enforcement in the US?

Federal, state, and local

These offenses are defined as punishable by more than a year in state prison

Felonies

This type of offense includes murder, rape, larceny, and arson

Felony

The early form of policing that most directly lead to that of modern US policing was the

Frankpledge system

Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims

From birth to age 3

Mens rea means

Guilty mind

This writ is issued to bring a party before the court

Habeas corpus

Every state has a highway patrol or state police except

Hawaii

C. Wright Mills urges the use of this to examine issues while removed from our social location

Sociological imagination

The legal principle in which courts are bound by the decisions of previous courts is called

Stare decisis

This is a law enacted by a legislature

Statute

This type of laws is enacted by legislatures

Statutory law

This kind of crime includes interpersonal violence and property crime

Street crime

This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue

Strict liability

This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crime

Substantive

Which is not a law enforcement agency within the Dept of Treasury?

US Secret Service

This annual FBI publication uses data from participating US law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime

Uniform Crime Reports

This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime that is available

Uniform Crime Reports

Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?

Unintentional and intentional

Criminologists use this term to refer to instances wherein a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict

Victim precipitation

The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify

All of the above

This is a duty of all law enforcement officers

All of the above

Which feature did England contribute to US policing according to Walker and Katz?

All of the above

How many offenses are never reported to the police?

About half

To administer a legal process of judging and to pronounce a judgement

Adjudicate

This defense involves the defendant claiming to not be at the scene of crime during its commission

Alibi

Four factors challenge the transition to greater cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Which is NOT one of these?

All individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way

How did the development of the policing style of the US differ from the English style?

All of the above

In society, which of the following dictates what is acceptable and what is punishable?

All of the above

Laws must be ___

All of the above

Many offenses that enter the system are systematically excluded for several reasons, which include the following

All of the above

Research shows that children who are physically abused are at greater risk for this

All of the above

An example of this type of offense is conspiracy

Inchoate offense

This defense attempts to give physical or psychological reasons that a defendant can't comprehend his or her criminal actions, their harm, or their punishment

Insanity defense

Who was the FBI's first public enemy #1

John Dillinger

This is the administration of a punishment or reward in accordance with morals that a given society considers correct

Justice

In this form of theft, an offender takes personal property from the custody of the possessor that does not belong to him with the intent of keeping it

Larceny

This major English document contributed to US law

Manga Carta

This is the murder of three or more people in a single incident

Mass murder

This was the first successful bill in England to create a permanent, public police force

Metropolitan Police Act

This minor criminal offense is punishable by a fine and / or jail time for up to one year

Misdemeanor

Usually the maximum incarceration for this type of offense is up to 1 year in jail

Misdemeanor

According to the wedding cake model of criminal justice, what does the bottom layer represent?

Misdemeanors

Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime?

Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement

Which is not one of the six arguments that can be employed in the defense against a criminal indictment

My client did it

This is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior

National Incident-Based Reporting System

This is the largest local police force in the country

New York Police Dept

Much of local police work is especially concerned with __ and problem solving

Order maintenance

Where are the statutes published?

Penal codes

This agency is recognized as the first uniformed, professional state police dept in the US

Pennsylvania State Police

The early Chicago police had four idiosyncratic orientations to the law. Which is not one of these?

Police officers developed very formal systems of operation

Common law is based on this

Precedent

This is a state or federal institution that confines people convicted of a crime who are serving sentences for longer than a year

Prison

The suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community

Probation

This style of policing attempts to address the underlying social problems that contribute to crime by integrating research and scientific problem-solving strategies to analyze instances of crime with the goal of developing more effective response strategies

Problem-oriented policing

This type of law prescribes the methods for the enforcement and use of the law

Procedural

How does the FBI currently classify arson?

Property crime

These offenses include drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, prostitution, and some forms of gambling

Public-order crime

In early England, a person who caught someone stealing chickens would be required to do this

Raise a hue and cry

The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or by threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear

Robbery

After 9-11, this former Dept of Treasury law enforcement agency was moved to Dept of Homeland Security

Secret service

In a high school class, a researcher passes out questionnaires that ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed. Which term best describes this type of research?

Self-report study

According to the wedding cake model of criminal justice, what does the second layer represent?

Serious felonies

This was an important office in early English policing

Sheriff

This is the most common form of county law enforcement

Sheriff's offices

As long as human beings have lived in large groups, we have needed this

Social control

This consists of rules, habits, a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms

Social control

This is the use or threat of violence against a state or other political entity in order to coerce.

Terrorism

This private police force was created by the West India Trading Company in 1798

Thames River Police

This organization was among the first professional police agencies in the US

The Texas Rangers

Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions?

The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims

What is the important difference between the criminal law and civil law?

The identity of the aggrieved party

Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realize that the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?

The offense will not be recorded; it is part of the dark figure of crime

For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called this

The second victimization

According to Christie, which is not one of the six attributes typically associated with the idea of an innocent victim?

The victim and the perpetrator know each othet

Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse?

The victim is not dependent on a caregiver

Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?

The victim may have committed the offense

This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trespassing, and negligence

Tort law

After the trial of James Holmes, who opened fire on an Aurora, Colorado, movie theatre in July 2012, about 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them. Which term best relates to this activity?

Victim-impact statement

Deborah's cell phone is stolen from her bag. Later, a census taker interviews her about the incident. Which term best describes this type of research?

Victimization survey

Behaviors that are deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property

Victimless crime

How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault?

Violent crimes

While out on patrol, officer Kealoha spots a group of youths sitting in the backyard of a house and smoking. She takes note of the situation, but because the youths are quiet and minding their own business, she moves on. What type of policing is this the best example of?

Watchman style

This non-violent criminal offense that is committed during the course of business for financial gain is called

White collar crime