Criminal Justice Chapters 1-4
According to one study, what was the percentage of hate crimes committed by perpetrators who were strongly committed to bigotry?
1%
About how many law enforcement agencies are there in the US
18,000
In 2015, Yakima, Washington, with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate?
3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
In 2015, ABQ, with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate?
793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
Which is a logistical obstacle to measuring crime effectively and efficiently?
All of the above
Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminal
All of the above
Which issue guides the precedent?
All of the above
Which of the following is an important actor in a criminal offense?
All of the above
Which part of the crime picture do the UCR, self-report studies, and victimization studies tend to miss?
All of the above
Which group of people is not included in considerations of victims?
All of the above may be included
Which is a major 20th century police reformer?
August Vollmer
What are the ten amendments to the constitution called
Bill of rights
In the US, informal policing began in __ with the establishment of a night watch
Boston in 1631
Most definitions of victim precipitation assert this
Both a and b
Henry and John Fielding organized this
Bow street runners
This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues
Case law
According to the wedding cake model of criminal justice, what does the top layer represent?
Celebrated cases
Written on an ancient stone tablet, this collection of over 250 laws covered a wide range of issues
Code of Hammurabi
This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law
Common law
This policing strategy attempts to harness the resources and residents of a jurisdiction in stopping crime and maintaining order
Community policing
Actus reus, mens rea, and concurrence constitute this
Corpus delicti
An action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of society to the point where someone is harmed or society's interests are harmed
Crime
This criminal justice model describes the expectation of an efficient criminal justice system
Crime control model
What is the number of crime index offenses divided by the population of an area called?
Crime rate
This social institution controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing and/or rehabilitating people who break the law
Criminal justice
Under which federal agency is the FBI?
Dept of Justice
Police officers, prosecutors, judges, and corrections officials use this to decide what happens to individual cases
Discretion
This legal principle states that a person cannot be tried twice for the same offense.
Double jeopardy
This criminal justice model describes the expectation of a just and fair criminal justice system
Due process model
This agency measures crime using the Uniform Crime Reports
FBI
Most federal officers are trained here
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
Which are the three distinct levels of law enforcement in the US?
Federal, state, and local
These offenses are defined as punishable by more than a year in state prison
Felonies
This type of offense includes murder, rape, larceny, and arson
Felony
The early form of policing that most directly lead to that of modern US policing was the
Frankpledge system
Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims
From birth to age 3
Mens rea means
Guilty mind
This writ is issued to bring a party before the court
Habeas corpus
Every state has a highway patrol or state police except
Hawaii
C. Wright Mills urges the use of this to examine issues while removed from our social location
Sociological imagination
The legal principle in which courts are bound by the decisions of previous courts is called
Stare decisis
This is a law enacted by a legislature
Statute
This type of laws is enacted by legislatures
Statutory law
This kind of crime includes interpersonal violence and property crime
Street crime
This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue
Strict liability
This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crime
Substantive
Which is not a law enforcement agency within the Dept of Treasury?
US Secret Service
This annual FBI publication uses data from participating US law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime
Uniform Crime Reports
This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime that is available
Uniform Crime Reports
Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?
Unintentional and intentional
Criminologists use this term to refer to instances wherein a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict
Victim precipitation
The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify
All of the above
This is a duty of all law enforcement officers
All of the above
Which feature did England contribute to US policing according to Walker and Katz?
All of the above
How many offenses are never reported to the police?
About half
To administer a legal process of judging and to pronounce a judgement
Adjudicate
This defense involves the defendant claiming to not be at the scene of crime during its commission
Alibi
Four factors challenge the transition to greater cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Which is NOT one of these?
All individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way
How did the development of the policing style of the US differ from the English style?
All of the above
In society, which of the following dictates what is acceptable and what is punishable?
All of the above
Laws must be ___
All of the above
Many offenses that enter the system are systematically excluded for several reasons, which include the following
All of the above
Research shows that children who are physically abused are at greater risk for this
All of the above
An example of this type of offense is conspiracy
Inchoate offense
This defense attempts to give physical or psychological reasons that a defendant can't comprehend his or her criminal actions, their harm, or their punishment
Insanity defense
Who was the FBI's first public enemy #1
John Dillinger
This is the administration of a punishment or reward in accordance with morals that a given society considers correct
Justice
In this form of theft, an offender takes personal property from the custody of the possessor that does not belong to him with the intent of keeping it
Larceny
This major English document contributed to US law
Manga Carta
This is the murder of three or more people in a single incident
Mass murder
This was the first successful bill in England to create a permanent, public police force
Metropolitan Police Act
This minor criminal offense is punishable by a fine and / or jail time for up to one year
Misdemeanor
Usually the maximum incarceration for this type of offense is up to 1 year in jail
Misdemeanor
According to the wedding cake model of criminal justice, what does the bottom layer represent?
Misdemeanors
Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime?
Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement
Which is not one of the six arguments that can be employed in the defense against a criminal indictment
My client did it
This is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior
National Incident-Based Reporting System
This is the largest local police force in the country
New York Police Dept
Much of local police work is especially concerned with __ and problem solving
Order maintenance
Where are the statutes published?
Penal codes
This agency is recognized as the first uniformed, professional state police dept in the US
Pennsylvania State Police
The early Chicago police had four idiosyncratic orientations to the law. Which is not one of these?
Police officers developed very formal systems of operation
Common law is based on this
Precedent
This is a state or federal institution that confines people convicted of a crime who are serving sentences for longer than a year
Prison
The suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community
Probation
This style of policing attempts to address the underlying social problems that contribute to crime by integrating research and scientific problem-solving strategies to analyze instances of crime with the goal of developing more effective response strategies
Problem-oriented policing
This type of law prescribes the methods for the enforcement and use of the law
Procedural
How does the FBI currently classify arson?
Property crime
These offenses include drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, prostitution, and some forms of gambling
Public-order crime
In early England, a person who caught someone stealing chickens would be required to do this
Raise a hue and cry
The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or by threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear
Robbery
After 9-11, this former Dept of Treasury law enforcement agency was moved to Dept of Homeland Security
Secret service
In a high school class, a researcher passes out questionnaires that ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed. Which term best describes this type of research?
Self-report study
According to the wedding cake model of criminal justice, what does the second layer represent?
Serious felonies
This was an important office in early English policing
Sheriff
This is the most common form of county law enforcement
Sheriff's offices
As long as human beings have lived in large groups, we have needed this
Social control
This consists of rules, habits, a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms
Social control
This is the use or threat of violence against a state or other political entity in order to coerce.
Terrorism
This private police force was created by the West India Trading Company in 1798
Thames River Police
This organization was among the first professional police agencies in the US
The Texas Rangers
Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions?
The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims
What is the important difference between the criminal law and civil law?
The identity of the aggrieved party
Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realize that the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?
The offense will not be recorded; it is part of the dark figure of crime
For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called this
The second victimization
According to Christie, which is not one of the six attributes typically associated with the idea of an innocent victim?
The victim and the perpetrator know each othet
Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse?
The victim is not dependent on a caregiver
Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?
The victim may have committed the offense
This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trespassing, and negligence
Tort law
After the trial of James Holmes, who opened fire on an Aurora, Colorado, movie theatre in July 2012, about 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them. Which term best relates to this activity?
Victim-impact statement
Deborah's cell phone is stolen from her bag. Later, a census taker interviews her about the incident. Which term best describes this type of research?
Victimization survey
Behaviors that are deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property
Victimless crime
How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault?
Violent crimes
While out on patrol, officer Kealoha spots a group of youths sitting in the backyard of a house and smoking. She takes note of the situation, but because the youths are quiet and minding their own business, she moves on. What type of policing is this the best example of?
Watchman style
This non-violent criminal offense that is committed during the course of business for financial gain is called
White collar crime
