Critical Decision Making Midterm

Ch 4 Knowledge, Evidence, and Errors in Thinking Which of the following is a way that memory can become misleading?

All these answers are correct. - Memory can be altered by social pressure. - Memory can be affected by language. - Memory can be altered by the passage of time.

Chapter 3 Identify which type of definition is being used in the following example. Abuse is the willful infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, or cruel punishment.

Lexical definition

Chapter 3 Identify which type of definition is being used in the following example. Capital punishment is state-sanctioned murder.

Persuasive definition

A loaded question is a fallacy involving an unwarranted assumption.

True

Ch 4 Knowledge, Evidence, and Errors in Thinking Immanuel Kant argued for which of the following claims?

We can only have knowledge of the world as we experience it.

In the same video, Dr. Brown describes three ways we use to defend ourselves from shame. What are "the shame shields"? Explain each shield.

Your Answer: 1. 2. 3.

1. Demonstrate your understanding of the social construction theory by giving an example of a social construct. How does it affect you or others? Explain. If you need it, watch the following video to refresh your memory on what is a social construct: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/society-and-culture/social-structures/v/social-constructionism

Your Answer: 1. An example of social construction is marriage. It has affected me and others for years. It has been passed down for generations. It is a preconceive notion that one must marry in order to live a fulfilling life.

Chapter 3 Identify which type of definition(s) is/are being used in the following example. Excuse me, but this is a non-smoking area (said to a smoker).

- Informative - Directive

Ch 4 Knowledge, Evidence, and Errors in Thinking Which of the following is/are a habit(s) of a good researcher?

- being able to draw a conclusion from all the evidence - refusing to consider evidence that contradicts beliefs already held

Chapter 3 Language and Communication: Definitions - Match each definition with a correct course term.

Denotative meaning - The meaning of a word or phrase that expresses the properties of the object Connotative meaning - The meaning of a word or phrase that includes feelings and personal thoughts that are elicited on the basis of past experiences or associations Stipulative definition - A definition given to a new term or a new combination of old terms Lexical definition - The commonly used dictionary definition Precising definition - A definition used to reduce vagueness that goes beyond the ordinary lexical definition Theoretical definition - A type of precising definition explaining a term's nature Operational definition - A definition with a standardized measure for use in data collection and interpretation Persuasive definition - A definition used as means to influence others to accept our view

Ch 4 Knowledge, Evidence, and Errors in Thinking The German philosopher Immanuel Kant defended a form of rationalism.

False

In the same video, Dr. Brown defines shame, guilt, embarrassment, and humiliation. 1. In your own words define those four concepts and 2. explain the difference between: a. Shame and guilt b. Embarrassment and humiliation.

Your Answer: 1. Shame - a very deeply painful, self-conscious feeling someone feels when they feel bad for doing or not doing something involving another person. It typically involves the whole of oneself. Guilt - a feeling felt whenever one commits an act or displays a certain behavior that isn't typical. This action can often be fixed by the person feeling it. Embarrassment - a short time period of feeling bad whenever one commits something wrong or stupid Humiliation - a usually long time incident that doesn't not simply leave a person's consciousness 2. The difference between shame and guilt is that shame is something felt by one's entire body, while guilt is more so a negative outlook on one's actions. The differences between embarrassment and humiliation is that embarrassment may not last as long as humiliation and that other people have gone through the same type of embarrassment. Humiliation on the other hand, often lasts much long and resonates within a person much deeper than embarrassment.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVD8YRgA-ck In the video Daring Classrooms, Brene Brown explains that vulnerability has three characteristics. Name all three. 1. U... 2. R... 3. E...

Your Answer: 1. Uncertainty 2. Risk 3. Emotional exposure

In your own words, what are the key points of the social construction theory? Elaborate.

Your Answer: Key points are: - acknowledging that we all co-construct meanings of social worlds - we make boundaries of

Which of the following commits the naturalistic fallacy?

an argument that birth control is wrong because it is unnatural

Ch 5 Informal Fallacies Which of the following best describes the fallacy of accent?

an argument that relies on a change of meaning due to focusing on one word or phrase inappropriately