CSC220 Chapter 10

Technologies that support KM

•Communities of practice •Organizational network analysis •Web 2.0 technologies •Business rules management systems •Enterprise search tools

•Business and commerce

•Virtual building tours •Training employees

Explicit knowledge:

Knowledge that is documented, stored, and codified such as customer lists, product data, price lists, a database for telemarketing and direct mail, patents, best practices, standard procedures, and market research results.

•Knowledge acquisition software:

-Stores information and relationships in the knowledge base

Steps in selling and implementing a knowledge management project:

1. Connect KM to goals and objectives 2. Start with small pilot and enthusiastic participants 3. Identify valuable tacit knowledge 4. Get employee buy in

Rule

A conditional statement that links conditions to actions or outcomes...may be stored as IF-THEN statements

Example Business rule management software products:

Business Rules expert, operational decision manager, process maker BPM, Business rules

Best Practices for Selling and Implementing a KM Project (4 of 4): Get employees to

Buy in...Managers must create a work culture that places a high value on tacit knowledge and that strongly encourages people to share it

Example Business rule management software manufactures:

CA Aion, IBM, Open Source, Oracle

•Head-mounted display (HMD)

Can be worn by a user with screen directed at each eye and a position tracker, used to see in a virtual world

Knowledge management comprises a number of practices:

Create, Capture, Refine, Store, Manage, and Disseminate...all surrounding a knowledge base

AI is a broad field that includes several specialty areas:

Expert systems, robotics, vision systems, natural language processing, learning systems, neural networks

Form of virtual relaity:

Immersive virtual reality

Virtual reality Applications:

Medicine, education and training, and business and commerce

Tactic knowledge:

Personal knowledge is not documented but embedded in indiviual experience...experitse and skills unique to individual employees, such as how to close a sale or troubleshoot a complex piece of equipment

Best Practices for Selling and Implementing a KM Project (2 of 4): Start with a Small

Pilot involving enthusiasts...less risky than trying to take on a project very large in scope

Web 2.0" is a term describing

changes in technology and Web site design to enhance: •Information sharing •Collaboration •Functionality on the Web

With the NaturallySpeaking application from Dragon Systems,

computer users can speak and have their wors transcribed into text for input to software such as Microsoft Word

BRMS enables business users to

define, deploy, monitor, and maintain organizational policies and the decisions flowing from those policies

Augmented reality superimposes

digital data over real photos or images

Audacity provides tools for

editing and producing audio files in a variety of formats

An expert system consists of

a collection of integrated and related components

In ONA, each node in the diagram represents

a knowledge source...Each link represents a flow of information between two nodes

The CAVE2 at the University of Illinois, Chicago, is

a large-scale virtual reality environment

Specialized systems can help organizations and individuals

achieve their goals

Knowledge Management Applications and Associated Benefits (2 of 3): Leverage the expertise of poeple

across the organization...new employees or employees moving into new positions are able to get up to speed more quickly

Knowledge Management Applications and Associated Benefits (3 of 3): Capture the Expertise of Key individuals

befor they retire...Permanent loss of expertise related to core operations can result in a significant loss of productivity and a decrease in the quality of service over time

Communities of practice (COP) are

groups of people with common interests... •Members come together to create, store, and share knowledge on a specific topic •Typically develops resources such as models, tools, documents, processes, and terminology that represent the accumulated knowledge of the community

ONA has many

knowledge management applications •Ranging from mapping knowledge flows and identifying knowledge gaps •To helping establish collaborative networks

Honda Motors has devloped a brain-machine interface that

measures electricla current and blood flow change in the brain and uses the data to control ASIMO, the Honda robot.

In ONA, Experts agree that the most significant data is

metadata...which is data that describes other data

Best Practices for Selling and implementing a KM Project (1 of 4): Connect the KM effort to

organizational goals and objectives such as increasing revenue, reducing costs, improving customer service, or speeding up the time to bring the product to market

Informatics represents the intersection of

people, information, and technology

Neural networks employ massively parallel

processors in a meshlike architectural structure

AI Trilogy is a neural network software program that can

run on a standard PC

A haptic interface relays

sense of touch and other sensations in a virtual world

Watson is a

supercomputer developed by IBM with AI capabilities

Best Practices for Selling and Implementing a KM Project (3 of 4): Identify valuable

tacit knowledge...Identify, capture, and disseminate knowledge gems from a sea of information

The approach and technology used in multimedia is often

the foundation of virtual reality systems

Knowledge Management Applications and Associated Benefits (1 of 3): Foster Innovation by Encouraging

the free flow of ideas among employees, contractors, suppliers, and other business partners

The Turing Test attempts

to determine whether a computer can successfully impersonate a human •Designed by Alan Turing, a British mathematician

NeuroShell Predictor uses recognized forecasting methods

to look for future trends in data

IB< Watson is being used to devlop

treatment options for cancer patients based on the DNA of their disease

•BRMS components

•A business rule engine that determines which rules need to be executed and in what order •An enterprise rules repository for storing all rules •Software to manage the various versions of rules as they are modified •Additional software for reporting and multiplatform deployment

•Learning Systems

•A combination of software and hardware that allows the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives

Game theory is

•A mathematical theory for developing strategies that maximize gains and minimize losses while adhering to a given set of rules and constraints

•Expert system shell

•A suite of software that allows construction of a knowledge base and interaction with this knowledge base through use of an inference engine •Available for both personal computers and mainframe systems

•Organizational network analysis (ONA)

•A technique used for documenting and measuring flows of information among individuals, workgroups, organizations, computers, Web sites, and other information sources

•Explanation Facility

•Allows a user or decision maker to understand how the expert system arrived at certain conclusions or results •Indicates all the facts and rules that were used in reaching the conclusion •Example -A doctor can find out the logic or rationale of a diagnosis made by a medical expert system

•No computer has yet passed the Turing Test

•Although many computer scientists believe it may happen in the next few years

•Genetic algorithm

•An approach to solving complex problems in which a number of related operations or models change and evolve until the best one emerges

•Web 2.0 technologies:

•Blogs •Forums •Podcasts •RSS newsfeeds •Wikis

•Knowledge management (KM)

•Comprises a range of practices concerned with increasing awareness, fostering learning, speeding collaboration and innovation, and exchanging insights •Used by organizations to enable individuals, teams, and entire organizations to collectively and systematically create, share, and apply knowledge in order to achieve objectives

•Neural networks

•Computer systems that can recognize and act on patterns or trends that it detects in large sets of data

•Artificial intelligence (AI)

•Computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain

•Voice recognition

•Converting sound waves into words •After the conversion, natural language-processing systems react to words by performing a variety of tasks

•Biomedical informatics (or bioinformatics)

•Develops, studies, and applies theories, methods, and processes for the generation, storage, retrieval, use, and sharing of biomedical data, information, and knowledge

•Learning systems software

•Feedback on results of actions or decisions is required •Feedback must indicate whether results are desirable or undesirable

•Tacit knowledge

•Hard to measure and document •Typically not objective or formalized

•Vision Systems

•Hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures

•Expert system

•Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inferences, similar to a human expert •Used in many business applications

•Applications

•Increased accuracy and speed in industrial inspections of parts •Identifying people based on facial features

•AI is a complex interdisciplinary field that

•Involves biology, computer science, linguistics, mathematics, neuroscience, philosophy, and psychology

•Natural Language Processing

•Involves the computer understanding, analyzing, manipulating, and/or generating "natural" languages such as English

•Because multimedia files can be large

•It is sometimes necessary to compress files to make them easier to download

Components of an expert system:

•Knowledge base •Inference engine •Explanation facility •Knowledge base acquisition facility •User interface

•Intelligent behavior includes the ability to:

•Learn from experiences and apply knowledge acquired from experience •Handle complex situations •Solve problems when important information is missing •Determine what is important •React quickly and correctly to a new situation •Understand visual images •Process and manipulate symbols •Be creative and imaginative •Use heuristics

•Inference Engine

•Main purpose is to seek information and relationships from the knowledge base •To provide/deliver answers, predictions, and suggestions like a human expert

•User Interface

•Makes an expert system easier for users and decision makers to develop and use

Appications of virtual reality that are not fully immersive:

•Mouse-controlled navigation through a 3D environment on a graphics monitor •Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo glasses •Stereo projection systems

•Explicit knowledge

•Objective •Can be measured and documented in reports, papers, and rules

•Knowledge user

•Person or group who uses and benefits from the expert system •Needs no previous training or experience

•Applications of Watson AI

•Playing Jeopardy! •A cloud-based Watson system is being used by doctors to develop treatment options for a wide range of diseases

•Intelligent agent

•Programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or another program

•Knowledge Acquisition Facility

•Provides convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all components of the knowledge base

•Two processes used to capture tacit knowledge:

•Shadowing •Joint problem solving

•Business rules management system (BRMS)

•Software used to define, execute, monitor, and maintain the decision logic that is used by the operational systems and processes that run the organization

•Knowledge Base

•Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships that the expert system uses •Rule: a conditional statement that links conditions to actions or outcomes •Rules may be stored as IF-THEN statements

•Multimedia is used in

•Text and graphics •Audio •Video and animation •File conversion and compression

•Informatics

•The combination of information technology with traditional disciplines, e.g., medicine or science, while considering the impact on individuals, organizations, and society

•Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

•The idea is to directly connect the human brain to a computer and have human thought control computer activities

•Artificial intelligence systems include:

•The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes including: -Learning -Reasoning -Self-correction

•Healthcare informatics

•The science of how to use data, information, and technology to improve human health and the delivery of healthcare services

•Many organizations attempt to convert tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge

•To share with others

Medicine

•Training children with autism •Training medical students with simulated surgery

•Education and training

•Virtual reality and game-based learning and training systems •Immersive Education Initiative (IEI) is a nonprofit partnership of colleges, companies, research institutes, and universities •Google's Expeditions Pioneer Program is a pilot immersive education initiative

•Assistive technology systems include a

•Wide range of assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices to help people with disabilities perform tasks

Knowledge engineer:

•a person who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system

Use of multimedia and virtual reality has helped many companies

•achieve a competitive advantage and increase profits

Multimedia and virtual reality systems can reshape the interface between people and information technology

•by offering new ways to communicate information, visualize processes, and express ideas creatively

Designing a multimedia application requires

•careful thought and a systematic approach with the end use of the document considered

Future implementation of autonomous vehicles will

•displace truck drivers, chauffeurs, and cab drivers

Computerized expert systems use

•heuristics, or rules of thumb, to arrive at conclusions or make suggestions

Robotics is a branch of engineering that

•involves developing and manufacturing mechanical devices that can: •Paint cars, make precision welds, and perform other tasks that require a high degree of precision

Organizations use robots to

•perform dull, dirty, and/or dangerous jobs

Knowledge management allows organizations to

•share knowledge and experience among its workers

Virtual reality simulations require

•special interface devices that transmit the sights, sounds, and sensations of the simulated world to the user...These devices can also record and send the speech and movements of the participants to the simulation program

Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of

•systems that can replicate human decision making for certain types of well-defined problems

In order to edit and process analog and older digital formats,

•the content must be converted into a newer digital format

Domain expert:

•the person or group with the expertise or knowledge the expert system is trying to capture

Realization of the BCI experiment will allow people

•to control computers and artificial arms and legs through thought alone

A virtual reality system enables one or more users

•to move and react in a computer-simulated environment