CSN 224 Chap 24
Identify functions of the tongue.
- Aids in swallowing - Aids in speech production - Detects taste sensations - Holds food in place during mastication - Moves food within the mouth
Identify the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
- Inactivates salivary amylase - Destroys ingested bacteria - Activates pepsin
Name the major types of glands associated with the digestive tract.
- Multicellular glands in the mucosa and submucosa - Accessory glands outside the digestive tract - Unicellular mucous glands
Name the major types of enteric neurons.
- Neurons that detect changes in chemical composition - Neurons that stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contractions - Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons
Describe the structures with an atypical muscularis.
- The stomach has 3 layers of muscularis instead of 2. - The upper esophagus has skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle.
Name factors that influence stomach emptying.
- The type of food; a meal high in carbohydrates empties the fastest. - The volume of food; the more food in the stomach the longer it takes to empty.
List the tunics of the digestive tract from the inside to the outside.
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa
How many sphincters are associated with the esophagus?
2
Carboxypeptidase
A pancreatic enzyme necessary for protein digestion
Hydrochloric acid
A secretion that acts as an antibacterial; and decreases stomach pH to activate pepsinogen to pepsin
____, located outside of the digestive tract play an important role in the digestive tract.
Accessory glands
Stimulates motility and secretions
Acetylcholine
Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system.
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Serotonin
Trypsin
An enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine
pancreatic amylase
An enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine that digests any remaining starch into maltose.
What is peritonitis?
An inflammation of the peritoneal membranes
Compounds in bile that aid in emulsification of fats, secreted by the liver
Bile Salts
Largest part of the stomach
Body
Digestion
Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts
Name the food-type that clears the stomach the fastest.
Carbohydrates
A pancreatic enzyme necessary for protein digestion
Carboxypeptidase
Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach
Cardiac sphincter
Name the hormone which inhibits stomach emptying and is secreted in response to lipids and fatty acids in the duodenum.
Cholecystokinin
Nucleic acid digesting enzyme that breaks down deoxyribonucleic acid, producing nucleotides, secreted by the pancreas
Deoxyribonuclease
Chemical digestion
Enzymatic action that breaks larger organic molecules into smaller components
Salivary amylase
Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch
Triglycerides are digested into ____
Fatty acids and glycerol
An enzyme that splits triglycerides
Gastric Lipase
Stimulates gastric secretions
Gastrin
Dense fibrous connective tissue and stratified squamous tissue covering the alveolar processes
Gingiva
Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin
Hydrochloric acid
Identify the secretions of the stomach.
Hydrochloric acid Mucus Intrinsic factor Pepsinogen Gastrin
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Hydrolysis
Lesser curvature
Identify the stomach structure at tip of the arrow.
colitis
Inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
A substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.
Intrinsic factor
Aids in absorption of vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor
Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12.
Intrinsic factor
defecation reflex
Involuntary response of intestinal contraction and anal sphincter relaxation to rectal distention
Identify the organs that are located behind the peritoneal membrane.
Kidneys Pancreas Duodenum
Digests lipids
Lipase
Cholesterol and lipids are transported through the blood by ____ that are classified based on their density.
Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons
Lipoproteins with extremely low density.
Bile is associated with the
Liver
Associated with the small intestine
Mesentery proper
Absorption
Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system
Identify the tunics of the esophagus from innermost to outermost.
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia
Protects lining of the stomach
Mucous
Lubricates food and protects lining of the digestive tract
Mucus
Protects the lining of the esophagus
Mucus
Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer
Muscularis
Symport is driven by a sodium gradient established by a ____.
Na*-K* pump
Trypsin is associated with the ____
Pancreas
Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains.
Pepsinogen
Structures that secure the teeth in the alveoli
Periodontal ligaments
Muscular contractions consisting of a wave of relaxation of circular muscles followed by a wave of contraction of circular muscles
Peristalsis
Secretion
Process by which substances are added to the digestive tract to lubricate, liquefy, buffer and digest the food
Mastication
Process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area
Mucus (stomach)
Protects the stomach mucosa from acidity and enzyme activity.
pancreas function
Regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon), secretes enzymes that breaks down food, secretes a solution that neutralizes acidic chyme.
Pulp cavity within the root
Root canal
Salivary Amylase is associated with the
Salivary glands
Identify the hormones that decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility.
Secretin Cholecystokinin
Enterokinase is associated with the
Small Intestine
Describe the palatine, buccal and labial glands.
Small, coiled tubular salivary glands
What muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?
Smooth
What is the primary function of the stomach?
Storage and mixing chamber
gallbladder function
Store & concentrate bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the small intestine
Splits sucrose into glucose and fructose, secreted by the small intestines
Sucrase
Pyloric Part
Terminal part of stomach, sphincter regulates discharge of stomach contents into duodenum
Disaccharidases
The brush-border enzymes that break down maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides in the small intestine
Ingestion
The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach
fundus of stomach
The upper left portion of the stomach, which has a curved, dome-shaped appearance.
An enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine
Trypsin
Space between the lips and teeth
Vestibule
Identify the MACROscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area for increased absorption.
Villi
Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption.
Villi Circular folds Microvilli
____ of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption.
Villi and microvilli
Select the three phases of swallowing.
Voluntary phase Pharyngeal phase Esophageal phase
Place the phases of deglutition in order from beginning to end.
Voluntary phase Pharyngeal phase Esophageal phase
The molecule that is used to liquify food
Water
Body
What is the stomach structure indicated by the arrow in this illustration?
Pyloric Atrium
a funnel portion that narrows to form the pyloric canals that approaches the small intestine
lower esophageal sphincter
a muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach
The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are _____ organs of the digestive system.
accessory
The structures of the digestive system that primarily consist of glands located outside the digestive tract that secrete fluids into the digestive tract are known as ____ organs
accessory
The two major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the ____ organs
accessory
The function of intrinsic factor is to ______.
aid in the absorption of vitamin B12
Proteins are digested into ____
amino acids
Chemical digestion of starch
amylase
Digests starch
amylase
The pathological accumulation of serous abdominal fluid is called ____
ascites
Permanent teeth replace milk or ____ teeth
baby
Peptidase
breaks down peptides into amino acids, found in the small intestine
The muscle in the cheeks is the ______.
buccinator
The muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the _____.
buccinator
The ____ sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach and the ____ sphincter is between the stomach and the small intestine
cardiac, esophageal, or gastroesophageal, pyloric
The buccinator muscle, a buccal fat pad, an interior lining of moist stratified squamous epithelium, and an external covering of skin comprise the ____
cheeks
An enzyme which breaks down cholesterol ester into cholesterol and fatty acid in the small intestine, secreted by the pancreas
cholesterol esterase
Stomach contents are called ______.
chyme
The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called ____
chyme
Inflammation of the colon
colitis
Noncancerous growths on mucosa
colon polyps
The submucosa consists of ______ tissue.
connective
The basic part of a tooth with one or more cusps is the _____.
crown
The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called ______.
defecation
The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or ____
deglutition
The tongue, oropharynx and mouth are all involved with swallowing or ____
deglutition
The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.
enteric nervous system
Activates trypsin
enterokinase
The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the
esophagus
Within the intestinal epithelial cell, the fatty acids and monoglycerides are converted to triglycerides; proteins coat the triglycerides to form chylomicrons, which move out of the intestinal epithelial cells by ____.
exocytosis
The muscles of the tongue that change the shape of the tongue as well as move the tongue are ______ muscles.
extrinsic
During stomach filling the rugae _______.
flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume
The distension of the stomach stimulates gastrin secretion and activates the CNS by activating the _____ phase of gastric regulation.
gastric
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease (heartburn)
The ______ phase of gastric regulation is initiated when acidic chyme enters the duodenum and stimulates the secretion of hormones and local reflexes that inhibit gastric activity.
gastrointestinal
The digestive tract is also known as the ____ canal or tract.
gastrointestinal
An inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
Activates pepsin
hydrochloric acid
Stretching the stomach wall leads to ______.
increased motility and secretion
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
The chylomicrons enter the ____ and are carried through the lymphatic system to the general circulation.
lacteals of the intestinal villi
Enzymes that break down triglycerides, secreted by the pancreas
lipase
The ____ are formed mostly by the orbicularis oris and connective tissue covered by skin.
lips
The coronary and falciform ligaments are associated with the _____.
liver
The three layers of the stomach
longitudinal layer, circular layer, oblique layer
Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.
masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
The esophagus is in the ______.
mediastinum
The basic muscle movements involved in chewing are controlled by the ______.
medulla oblongata
Carbohydrates are digested into ____
monosaccharides
The tunic of the digestive tract that forms its lining is the _____.
mucosa
Mucous neck cells of the stomach produce _____ and chief cells of the stomach produce _____.
mucus, pepsinogen
The majority of the ____ consists of two layers of smooth muscle.
muscularis externa
____ plexus controls intestinal motility.
myenteric
The movement, secretion, absorption and elimination of food is determined by both ____ and chemical mechanisms.
nervous
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.
neurotransmitters, motility
The muscle that forms the majority of the lips is the ____
orbicularis oris
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the ______.
parietal peritoneum
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the ______ cells of the ______.
parietal, stomach
The 3 large paired salivary glands are the ____
parotid sublingual submandibular
Digests proteins into small polypeptide chains, produced in the stomach
pepsin
The inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called ____
peritonitis
The inflammation of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the organs within it)
peritonitis
Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.
permanent, deciduous
The phases of swallowing include voluntary phase, esophageal phase and the ____ phase
pharyngeal
transverse colon
portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum
A low ____ content in lipoproteins results in a low density.
protein
Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening are called the ______.
pyloric pump
The narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
pyloric stenosis
Organs that are located behind the peritoneal membrane are referred to as ______.
retroperitoneal
The folds of mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching are called ____
rugae
The facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve ______.
salivary glands
Mixing contractions that occur in the small intestine are called _____.
segmental contractions
The adventitia or ____ is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system.
serosa
The abdominal cavity is lined by ____ membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.
serous
Ceacum
site of bacterial fermentation
The superior portion of the esophagus consists of _____ muscle and the inferior portion consists of _____ muscle.
skeletal, smooth
In the digestive system, the greatest amount of digestion and absorption occurs in the ____
small intestine
Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominately in the _____.
small intestine
The majority of nutrient absorption occurs within the ____.
small intestine
The greatest amount of digestion occurs in the _____ and the greatest amount of absorption occurs in the ______.
small intestine, small intestine
The posterior portion is the ____ palate
soft
The uvula is part of the ______.
soft palate
During deglutition, the ______ closes off the nasopharynx and the ______ closes off the larynx.
soft palate, epiglottis
Typically acetylcholine and serotonin ______ digestive tract activity and norepinephrine ______ digestive tract activity.
stimulate, inhibits
Intrinsic factor is associated with the
stomach
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the ____
stomach
Pepsinogen and gastrin are both secretions of the ______.
stomach
The organ that secretes intrinsic factor is the ______.
stomach
Throughout the digestive tract, the muscularis consists of 2 layers of muscles, except the ____, which has 3 layers.
stomach
hydrochloric acid is associated with the ____
stomach
The ____ plexus is the network of nerve cells in the submucosa that regulates intestinal secretions.
submucosal
The enteric nervous system consists of the ____ plexus
submucosal
The network of nerve cells in the submucosa that regulates intestinal secretions is called the ______.
submucosal plexus
Acidic and most neutral amino acids are absorbed by ____ into intestinal epithelial cells.
symport
Emesis
the act of vomiting
The low pH of the the stomach is due to _____.
the action of the proton pump
Duodenum
the first portion of the small intestine; extends from the pylorus to the jejunum
Jejunum
the middle portion of the small intestine; extends from the duodenum to the ileum
Ileum
the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum.
The movement of food out of the stomach depends on ____
the type of food and the volume of food
The posterior projection of the soft palate is the ____
uvula
The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.
vestibule, oral cavity proper
The serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the _______ peritoneum.
visceral
The enteric plexus is composed of the ______.
- submucosal plexus - myenteric plexus
Identify the layers of the mucosa from inside to outside.
1. Mucous Epithelium 2. Lamina Propria 3. Muscularis Mucosa
From the moment food enter the mouth, how long will it take for it to exit from the body as feces?
24- 36 hours
The muscularis of the stomach consists of ______ layers.
3
What is a mesentery?
A connective tissue sheet composed of two layers of serous membranes
Maltase
A digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into glucose, secreted by the small intestine
Enterokinase
A duodenal enzyme that activates trypsinogen (from the pancreas) to trypsin, secreted by the small intestine
Lingual Lipase
A fat-splitting enzyme secreted by cells at the base of the tongue
Rectum
A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated
Intrinsic factor
A substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.
Bolus
A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva
What is the lingual frenulum?
A thin fold of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
Which of the following are functions of the digestive tract?
Absorb water Absorb electrolytes Digest food
Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system
Absorption
Which cell of the duodenum produces digestive enzymes and absorbs food?
Absorptive cells
Peptidases
An enzyme in the small intestines that break small peptides into amino acids
Pepsin
An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins
Lactase
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose.
Isomaltase
An enzyme that digests isomaltose into two glucose molecules, secreted by the small intestine
Gastric Lipase
An enzyme to digest fat produced by the stomach
cholesterol esterase
An enzyme which breaks down cholesterol ester into cholesterol and fatty acid, secreted by the pancreas
appendicitis
An inflammation of the appendix
hepatitis
An inflammation of the liver
peptic ulcer
An open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Pancreas
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
Colon Polyps
Benign growths on the inner lining of the large intestine, may become cancerous
Identify the substances within saliva.
Bicarbonate ion Amylase Water Lysozymes Mucin
Neutralizes acid from stomach; provide appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes
Bicarbonate ions
Provides appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes
Bicarbonate ions
Emulsifies lipids, produced by the liver
Bile salts
____ surround fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles.
Bile salts
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (heartburn)
Caused by acidic gastric juice that goes up to the esophagus because of excess eating or drinking, pregnancy, obesity, part of the stomach above diaphragm, can cause esophagitis and esophageal ulcers or cancer
Activation of reflexes due to sight, smell, or taste of food
Central nervous system
Sight, smell, taste or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions.
Cephalic phase.
Bile Salts
Cholesterol derivatives secreted by the liver that function in fat emulsification and absorption
Cirrhosis
Chronic degenerative disease of the liver
One of the main pancreatic proteases; it is activated (from chymotrypsinogen) by trypsin.
Chymotrypsin
Chronic degenerative disease of the liver
Cirrhosis
Part of tooth exposed in the oral cavity
Clinical crown
Parasympathetic nervous system
Controls digestive activity and alters activity of the enteric nervous system through the vagus nerve
Enteric nervous system
Controls peristaltic and mixing movements, glandular secretions, and blood flow in specific short regions of the digestive tract
Identify the three basic parts of a tooth.
Crown Root Neck
Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of ____
Defication
Identify the process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus
Deglutition
Moves a mass of food or liquid from the oral cavity to the esophagus
Deglutition
Calcified living material surrounding the pulp cavity
Dentin
Intestinal mucosa secretes large amounts of water and ions due to irritation, inflammation, or infection; diarrhea moves feces out of the large intestine more rapidly and speeds recovery
Diarrhea
Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts
Digestion
small intestine
Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place
Identify the functions of saliva.
Digests starch Moistens food and the oral cavity Neutralizes bacterial acids
Breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Disaccharidases
Breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Disaccharidases
The enzyme in the small intestines that breaks down maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides
Disaccharidases
Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
Hard non-living material covering the crown
Enamel
A duodenal enzyme that activates trypsinogen (from the pancreas) to trypsin, secreted by the small intestine
Enterokinase
Pancreatic lipase
Enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the small intestines
Break down large food molecules into smaller food molecules to promote absorption
Enzymes
Identify the parasympathetic nerves that stimulate the salivary glands.
Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Name the ligaments associated with the liver.
Falciform ligament Coronary ligament
Name the food-type(s) that take(s) the longest amount of time to clear the stomach.
Fats Proteins
The rounded superior portion of the stomach
Fundus
Which part of the stomach is superior to the cardiac opening of the stomach?
Fundus
Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs.
Gall bladder Liver Pancreas Salivary glands
Distension of the stomach stimulates gastric secretions.
Gastric phase.
Identify the hormone that promotes gastric secretions.
Gastrin
____ is absorbed by symport with Na* into intestinal epithelial cells.
Glucose
Membrane extending from the stomach to the transverse colon
Greater omentum
The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomachThe intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach
Ingestion
Sympathetic nervous system
Inhibits muscular contraction and secretions, and decreases blood flow of the digestive system
Protects duodenum from stomach acid, and intestinal wall from digestive enzymes
Intestinal Mucus
Symport is driven by a sodium gradient established by a Na+-K+ pump. Amino acids move out of ____.
Intestinal epithelial cells
Diarrhea
Intestinal mucosa secretes large amounts of water and ions due to irritation, inflammation, or infection; diarrhea moves feces out of the large intestine more rapidly and speeds recovery
Identify the phase of gastric regulation that inhibits gastric activity.
Intestinal phase
Acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates secretion of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions
Intestinal phase.
An enzyme that digests isomaltose into two glucose molecules, secreted by the small intestine
Isomaltase
Identify the two structures where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs.
Jejunum Duodenum
Cardiac sphincter
Label A
Pyloric sphincter
Label B
Fundus
Label C
Body
Label D
Muscularis
Label E
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose.
Lactase
Name the layers of the mucosa.
Lamina propria Mucous epithelium Muscularis mucosae
Provides adhesion for fecal matter; protects intestinal wall from bacterial acids and actions
Large Intestine Mucus
Membrane that connects the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver and the diaphragm
Lesser omentum
Which is a membrane that connects the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver and the diaphragm?
Lesser omentum
A fat-splitting enzyme secreted by cells at the base of the tongue
Lingual Lipase
Identify the structure that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
Lingual frenulum
Identify the glands that secrete saliva in addition to the parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands.
Lingual glands Labial glands Palatine glands Buccal glands
Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
Lipase
Esophagus Mucus
Lubricates esophagus; protects lining of esophagus from abrasion and allows food to move more smoothly through esophagus
Oral mucus
Lubricates food; protects digestive tract from digestion
A digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into glucose, secreted by the small intestine
Maltase
Forcible movements that move the contents of the large intestines
Mass Movement
Which of the following movements of the digestive tract will help to propel food from one end of the digestive tract to the other?
Mass movements Deglutition Peristalsis
Identify the functions of the lips and cheeks.
Mastication Facial expression Speech
Includes mastication and mixing of foodIncludes mastication and mixing of food
Mechanical digestion
Identify the integrative center of the mastication reflex.
Medulla oblongata
____ attach to the plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells, and the fatty acids and monoglycerides pass by simple diffusion into the intestinal epithelial cells.
Micelles
Gentle contractions that occur every 20 seconds that proceed from the body of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter
Mixing waves
Serous saliva
Moistens food and mucous membrane; neutralizes bacterial acids; flushes bacteria from oral cavity; has weak antibacterial activity, mostly made of water, bicarbonate ions
Place the following structures in the order that food will pass through, beginning with the site of ingestion.
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines
Propulsion
Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other
Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle
Mucosa
Fundus
Name the stomach structure indicated by the arrow.
Pyloric region
Name the structure indicated by the arrow in the figure of the stomach.
Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.
Nasopharynx
Select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system.
Nervous mechanisms Chemical signals
Bicarbonate ions
Neutralizes acid from stomach; provide appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes
Inhibits digestive tract motility and secretions
Norepinephrine
Deoxyribonuclease
Nucleic acid digesting enzyme that breaks down deoxyribonucleic acid, producing nucleotides, secreted by the pancreas
Ribonuclease
Nucleic acid digesting enzyme that breaks down ribonucleic acid to produce nucleotides, secreted by the pancreas
Chymotrypsin
One of the main pancreatic proteases; it is activated (from chymotrypsinogen) by trypsin.
Space medial to the teeth
Oral cavity proper
Lubricates food; protects digestive tract from digestion
Oral mucus
Identify the muscle that forms most of the lips.
Orbicularis oris
Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion.
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
Oropharynx Mouth Esophagus Anal canal
Bicarbonate ions are associated with the
Pancreas
Identify the three large, paired salivary glands.
Parotid Sublingual Submandibular
Digests proteins into smaller peptide chains, produced in the stomach
Pepsin
An enzyme in the small intestines that break small peptides into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides
Peptidases
Breaks down small polypeptide chains into amino acids
Peptidases
Splits amino acids from polypeptides
Peptidases
What is the pyloric pump?
Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening
Strong contractions that force chyme near the periphery of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincte
Peristaltic waves
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Phospholipid (18%) Triglyceride (60%) Cholesterol (14%) Protein (8%)
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Phospholipid (20%) Triglyceride (10%) Cholesterol (45%) Protein (25%)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Phospholipid (30%) Triglyceride (5%) Cholesterol (20%) Protein (45%)
Chylomicron
Phospholipid (4%) Triglyceride (90%) Cholesterol (5%) Protein (1%)
Elimination
Process by which waste products are removed from the body
Functions of the liver
Production of bile, which helps carry away waste and break down fats in the small intestine during digestion; production of certain proteins for blood plasma; production of cholesterol and special proteins to help carry fats through the body; conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage; regulation of blood levels of amino acids, processing of hemoglobin for use of its iron content
Intestinal Mucus
Protects duodenum from stomach acid, and intestinal wall from digestive enzymes
Large Intestine Mucus
Provides adhesion for fecal matter; protects intestinal wall from bacterial acids and actions
Soft tissue consisting of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics in the center of the tooth
Pulp
Which region of the stomach connects to the small intestine?
Pyloric canal
Funnel shaped part of the stomach
Pyloric part
Constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
Identify the folds of mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching of the stomach.
Rugae
Enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates into polysaccharides and disaccharides
Salivary amylase
Muscular contractions that move food back and forth within the digestive tract to mix it with digestive secretions
Segmental contractions
Which of the following functions to mix food with digestive secretions?
Segmental contractions
Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
Serosa
Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract
Serosa Adventitia
Stimulates digestive tract motility
Serotonin
Which of the following is NOT one of the major digestive secretions?
Serous fluid
Moistens food and mucous membrane; neutralizes bacterial acids; flushes bacteria from oral cavity; has weak antibacterial activity, mostly made of water, bicarbonate ions
Serous saliva
Disaccharidases are associated with the ____
Small intestine
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium.
Small intestine Stomach Large intestine
Identify the enteroendocrine secretions that are produced by the stomach.
Somatostatin Histamine Gastrin
Identify the functions of the stomach.
Some chemical digestion of lipids Some chemical digestion of proteins Storage and mixing chamber
Identify the functions of the tongue.
Speech Swallowing Mastication Taste
Identify the functions of the teeth.
Speech and Mastication
Sucrase
Splits sucrose into glucose and fructose, secreted by the small intestines
Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands
Submucosa
Hydrolysis
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
What is the alkaline tide?
The elevated pH in veins carrying blood away from the stomach after a meal.
What is ascites?
The excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Deodenum
The first part of the small intestine (Straight Part)
large intestine
The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
body of stomach
The main central region of stomach
What is the brush border?
The microvilli of the epithelium in the small intestine
pyloric stenosis
The narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
descending colon
The part of the large intestine that passes downward on the left side of the abdomen toward the rectum
anal canal
The region, containing two sphincters, through which feces are expelled from the body
Pyloric Sphincter
The ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach.
The rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases.
What are feces?
The semi-solid waste products eliminated from the body
How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?
The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.
How does the muscularis of the esophagus differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?
The superior portion of esophagus has skeletal muscle where the majority of the digestive tract is smooth muscle.
fecal transplant
The transfer of microbiota from the colon of one individual into the colon of another
Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity.
These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.
What are interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus?
They are cells that promote the rhythmic contractions of the digestive tract.
Identify the structures that are involved in deglutition.
Tongue Esophagus Oropharynx
Attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
Transverse mesocolon
The phenomenon of elevated blood pH in veins that carry blood away from the stomach after a meal is called the ____.
alkaline tide
The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.
anterior
The palate consists of two parts. The bony hard palate is _____, and the nonbony soft palate is _____.
anterior, posterior
An inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.
cephalic
The alimentary canal or tract is also know as the ____ tract
digestive
The system specialized to ingest food, digest food and absorb water, electrolytes and nutrients is the ____ system
digestive
The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the ____, ____, and ____
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Pyloric Canal
empties into the duodenum, the proximal segment of the small intestine
Most nervous control of the digestive system is local, resulting from reflexes within the ____ nervous system.
enteric
Neurons that detect changes in the chemical composition of the digestive tract or mechanical changes are part of the ______ nervous system.
enteric
Together the submucosal and myenteric plexuses form the ____ plexus
enteric
Glucose moves out of the intestinal epithelial cells by ____.
facilitated diffusion
The transfer of microbiota from the colon of one individual into the colon of another
fecal transplant
Gastric glands are found in ______.
gastric pits
The openings in the mucous membrane of the stomach that contain gastric glands are called ____
gastric pits
The submucosal plexus controls ______ and the myenteric plexus controls ______.
glandular secretions, movement of the digestive tract
The anterior portion is the ____ palate
hard
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the organs within it)
What are the basic functions of the digestive system?
ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation
Cholecystokinin is the hormone that is a major ____ of stomach emptying and is secreted in response to the presence of fatty acids and lipids in the duodenum.
inhibitor
Amino acids enter the capillaries of the ____ and are carried through the hepatic portal vein to the liver.
intestinal villi
Glucose enters the capillaries of the ____ and is carried through the hepatic portal vein to the liver.
intestinal villi
Muscles of the tongue that control the shape of the tongue are ______ muscles
intrinsic
Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when it binds to ____ in the small intestine.
intrinsic factor
Parietal cells of the stomach secrete ______.
intrinsic factor hydrochloric acid
Liver
makes bile, which aids in digestion and absorption of fat
"Connective tissue sheets composed of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue between them" best describes _______.
mesenteries
Stomach movements that combine ingested materials and stomach secretions to form chyme are ______ waves and stomach movements that force chyme towards the pyloric sphincter are _____ waves.
mixing, peristaltic
Stomach secretion and stomach motility are controlled by neural mechanisms that respond to ______.
stomach wall distension
Most structures of the digestive tract consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle forming the muscularis however the _______ has 3 layers of smooth muscle and the ______ has skeletal muscle.
stomach, upper esophagus
The primary functions of the stomach are ______.
store and mix chyme
The layer of the digestive tract that consists of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, small glands, and a network of nerve cells is the ____
submucosa
The layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands is the _____.
submucosa
The submucosal plexus is located within the ______ and the myenteric plexus is located within the _____ of the digestive tract.
submucosa, muscularis
The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.
three, two
The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the ____
tongue
ascending colon
travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
The parasympathetic nervous system controls digestive functions and alters the activity of the enteric nervous system through the ____ nerve
vagus