Darwin and Natural Selection/Evidence of Evolution, Evolution Chapter 15- Patterns of Evolution, Speciation and Reproductive Isolation Videos, Chapter 15 Study guide-Hardy Weinberg and Genetic Drift, Bottleneck, Mechanisms of Evolution Videos, Last o...

What are the two types of genetic drift and explain them?

1. Founders effect: occurs when a small sample of a population settles in a location separated from the rest of the population 2. Bottleneck: Occurs when a population declines to a very low number and then rebounds

What are the mechanisms of evolution (these are basically all violations of Hardy-Weinberg)-big concept map **5 things**

1. Genetic Drift 2. Gene Flow 3. Non Random Mating 4. Mutation 5. Natural Selection

How does gene flow occur (2 things)?

1. Increases genetic variation within a population 2. reduces differences between populations

What are the 4 types of natural selection and how do they occur?

1. Stabilizing selection 2. Directional selection 3. Disruptive selection 4. Sexual selection

5. What is the evidence for the endosymbiont theory?

1. The ancestors of eukaryotes cells lived association with prokaryotes cells 2. The relationship between the cells became mutually beneficial 3.The prokaryotic symbionts became organelles in eukaryote cells

What are all of the evidences of evolution?

1. ancient organism remains 2. fossil layers 3. similarities among organisms alive today 4. similarities in DNA 5. similarities of embryos

2. What is the age of the Earth according to Science?

4.6 billion years old

What is a homologous structure and give an example?

A homologous structure is an example of an organ or bone that appears in different animals. Such as the arm of a human.

What is a molecular clock and how is it used to tell relationships between species?

A model used to compare DNA sequences from 2 different species to estimate how long the species have been evolving since they diverged from a common ancestor

What is allopatric speciation?

A physical barrier divides one population into two or more populations

What is sympatric speciation?

A species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier

What is an example of sympatric speciation?

An ancestor species and the new species live side by side during speciation

What is an example of stabilizing selection?

Babies birth weight that where if they were too heavy they would not survive well and if they were too thin then they would not survive well and where an average weight baby would survive

Would DNA sequences be a biochemical or morphological character?

Biochemical

What is bipedalism?

Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs.

What is industrial melanism and what happens to the allele frequencies of the different moths?

Black moths would survive while white moths would perish when industrial melanism happens

Who discovered the theory of evolution?

Charles Darwin

What is an example of a bottleneck?

Cheetah bottleneck 10,000 years ago and one 100 years ago

What is the name of this diagram?

Cladogram

How does mitochondrial DNA support the Out of Africa theory?

Comparison of the mitochondrial DNA with that of ancient and modern aborigines

Is having 4 limbs an ancestral or derived trait?

Derived

How are derived and ancestral traits different?

Derived traits are those that just appeared (by mutation) in the most recent ancestor the one that gave rise to a newly formed branch.

What is an example of prezygotic isolation?

EX. The Eastern and western meadowlark will never mate

What is an example of postzygotic isolation?

EX. The liger is a hybrid of a male lion and female tiger

How is comparative embryology evidence of evolution from a common ancestor?

Early evolutionary scientists like Buffon and Lamarck used comparative anatomy to determine relationships between species

What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

Gradualism is over a long time and takes its time while punctuated is just straight to it

What kind of evidence did Darwin NOT have during his time?

He didn't think it was even possible for a species to split in 2

What is the outgroup?

It is the group that is ancestor to all the other groups

Would wings be a biochemical or morphological character?

Morphological

What is an example of directional selection?

Moths different colors can help them over time white moths can hide in plain sight with white trees but when a factory gets rid of the trees and all the buildings are black the black moths will survive better

How does natural selection occur and lead to evolution? (this should be a long answer-4 parts to NS)

Natural selection leads to evolutionary change when individuals with certain characteristics have a greater survival or reproductive rate than other individuals in a population and pass on these inheritable genetic characteristics to their offspring.

What is an example of disruptive selection?

Northern H20 snake molt brown when they are in shores area and gray for when they molt in rockey areas

What is postzygotic isolation?

Occurs when fertilization has occurred but a hybrid offspring cannot develop or reproduce

What is an example of founder's effect?

Part of the big population separates and makes a small population where you can lose alleles ; amish people

What is an example of sexual selection?

Peacocks will only mate with other peacocks that are just like them.

What is prezygotic isolation?

Prevents reproduction by making fertilization unlikely

6. How does radiometric dating work (in general) and what is it used for?

Radiometric dating is a method used to date rocks and other objects based on the known decay rate of radioactive isotopes. The decay rate is referring to radioactive decay, which is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by releasing radiation.

What is an example of allopatric speciation?

The abert squirrel and the kaibab squirrel cannot breed together because of the physical barrier

Explain the endosymbiont theory (how eukaryotic cells evolve from prokaryotic):

The mitochondria and chloroplasts of Eukaryotic cells arose from the symbiotic incorporation of prokaryotic cells by a proto-eukaryotic cell.

3. How did oxygen first enter Earth's atmosphere?

The plants on earth did photosynthesis

What is coevolution?

The relationship between two species might be so close that the evolution of one species affects the evolution of the other species

Who has an amniotic egg?

Turtle and leopard

What is convergent evolution?

Unrelated species evolve similar traits even though they live in different parts of the world

What is a vestigial structure and give an example?

Vestigiality refers to genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of their ancestral function in a given species, but have been retained during the process of evolution. The human appendix is a vestigial structure.

Gradualism evolution

What kind of evolution is this?

Punctuated evolution

What kind of evolution is this?

What is the Hardy Weinberg Principle?

When allele frequencies in populations are stable and unchanging (Not evolving)

What is adaptive radiation?

can occur in a relatively short time when one species gives rise to many different species in response to the creation of new habitat or some other ecological opportunity

1. What gasses were found in Earth's early atmosphere and how did they get there?

carbon dioxide, water vapour, ammonia, methane and they got there by volcanic erupption

What is comparative biochemistry (describe it)?

comparative biochemistry is the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms. By comparing similarities and differences in these genes, scientists can piece together evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Who does not have claws or nails?

hagfish, perch, salamander

What is a analogous structure and give an example?

in different species having the same function but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor. A bats wing is a analogous structure.

What is mimicry?

the action or art of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule.

What is an adaptation and give an example?

the action or process of adapting or being adapted. A animal that can adapt to a change in climate

What is a phylogeny?

the branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis.

What is camouflage?

the disguising of military personnel, equipment, and installations by painting or covering them to make them blend in with their surroundings.

What is evolution?

the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.