Day 1

Chiral Center

4 different substituents

Aldehyde vs. Ketone

Aldehyde is a functional group containing a C=O bond with a hydrogen and an alkyl group on the carbon, while a ketone is also a functional group containing a C=O bond but it has two alkyl substituents and NO hydrogen substituents

Why is the shape of a molecule important in regards to enzymes?

Enzymes only know one shape for when they bind, so if the molecule is not the correct shape than the molecule can't bind with the enzyme

How many covalent bonds does sulfur form and why?

Sulfur forms 2 covalent bonds because it has 6 valence electrons and needs only 2 more to fill its octet

Difference between Phosphate and Phosphoryl

The 'yl' ending indicates that there is a 'phosphate group' hanging off of an alkyl/R group, making it a Phosphoryl. If it existed as its own entity/molecule it would be considered Phosphate.

How can shape effect taste?

The R-Carvone tastes like spearmint while the S-carvone tastes like caraway. This is because the different shapes bind to different taste receptors on your tongue.

How do you change the configuration of a molecule?

You must break the covalent bonds

configuration of a molecule is?

spatial arrangement of the atoms

How many covalent bonds does Carbon form and why?

Carbon forms four covalent bonds because it has 4 electrons in its outer shell, and requires 8 to make itself stable and complete its octet.

CHNOPS

Carbon/Hydrogen/Nitrogen/Oxygen/Phosphorous/Sulfur

What is the difference between confirmation and configuration?

Confirmation- break noncovalent bonds to change shape Configuration- break covalent bonds to change shape

How many covalent bonds does hydrogen form and why?

Hydrogen forms only one covalent bond because it only has one electron it its outer shell, and requires only one other electron to fill its shell and become stable.

How many covalent bonds does nitrogen form and why?

Nitrogen forms 3 covalent bonds because it has 5 valence electrons which when shared with three other electrons fills its octet

How many covalent bonds does oxygen form and why?

Oxygen forms 2 covalent bonds because it already has 6 valence electrons and needs only 2 more to fill its octet

How many covalent bonds does phosphorous form and why?

Phosphorous forms 5 covalent bonds because it has 15 electrons, five of which are lone pair valence electrons which must be shared to form a stable octet

Double bonds restrict what? Why is this important?

Rotation, the ability to rotate affects the shape of the overall molecule (and remember that shape determines a lot of different things and can change function)

What is one way of thinking of a proton?

Think of it as a charged hydrogen atom (H+), because when Hydrogen loses an electron it has zero electrons and a positive charge which makes it a proton

Isomer

molecules that have the same atoms and number of atoms but with a different configuration of the molecule, which means there is a change in the shape.