Development

The nurse is providing care to the family of a preschool-age child who is diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Which statement made by the sibling would initiate a teaching session with the parents regarding discipline? 1. "I really wish my brother wasn't sick all the time." 2. "I am afraid that I caused my brother to get sick again because I was mad at him." 3. "When I lied to my parents, I was punished for a week and my brother never gets punished." 4. "I never get to go over to my friends' houses because we are always taking my brother to the doctor."

A critical component of any child's development is discipline. Applying appropriate discipline to the child who is chronically ill or disabled can also limit the resentment and hostility that can develop among siblings if parents apply different standards to each child. The nurse's responsibility is to help parents learn successful methods of guiding the child.

At which stage of Kohlberg's theory is the child afraid of punishment? 1. Stage 1 2. Stage 2 3. Stage 3 4. Stage 4

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at stage 1 a child is afraid of punishment. At stage 2, the child recognizes that there is more than one correct viewpoint. At stage 3, an individual seeks the approval of and maintains the expectations of one's immediate group. At stage 4, an individual expands focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns.

According to Piaget during which developmental state is the pediatric client egocentric? 1. Infancy 2. Adolescence 3. Early childhood 4. Middle childhood

According to Piaget, the early childhood (toddler) and preschool-age child are both egocentric

Which of these features are exhibited by an adolescent? Select all that apply. 1. Invulnerability 2. Personal fable 3. Temper tantrums 4. Attempts to control situations 5. Eagerness for formal education

Adolescents believe they are are invulnerable, which frequently leads to risk-taking behaviors, especially in early adolescence. They show personal fable as they think their thoughts and feelings are unique.

The nurse is using Piaget's theory to assess the cognitive development in a child. What is most likely to be the age of the child who has reached a developmental milestone by grasping the concept of conservation of numbers for the first time? 1. 5 years 2. 7 years 3. 9 years 4. 12 years

Children usually grasp conservation of numbers between the ages of 5 and 6 years. So, in this scenario, the child who is most likely to have grasped the concept of conservation of numbers for the first time is likely to 5 years old. Conservation of liquids, mass, and length usually is accomplished at about ages 6 to 7 years old. Conservation of weight is understood sometime later, around ages 9 to 10 years old. The child begins to understand conservation of volume or displacement last, between ages 9 and 12 years old.

Which feelings are enhanced in the school-age child through the use of positive reinforcement of success by adults? Select all that apply. 1. Happiness 2. Likeability 3. Feeling worthwhile to others 4. Feeling disrespected by others 5. Capability of valuable contributions

Feelings of happiness, likability, worthwhileness to others, and the capability of valuable contributions are enhanced in the school-age child through the use of positive reinforcement of successes by adults.

What stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development defines "right" by the decision of the conscience? 1. Social contract orientation 2. Society-maintaining orientation 3. Instrumental relativist orientation 4. Universal ethical principle orientation

Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of six stages. Universal ethical principle orientation is the sixth stage. It defines "right" by the decision of the conscience in accordance with self-chosen ethical principles.

Which vaccine is administered orally in children? 1. MMR vaccine 2. Rotavirus vaccine 3. Live influenza vaccine 4. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4)

Rotavirus vaccines are generally administered orally because these live viruses should replicate in the gut of the infant.

Which should the nurse anticipate, according to Erikson, when assessing a preschool-age child? 1. Being engaged in tasks 2. Questioning sexual identity 3. Having highly imaginative thoughts 4. Wanting to participate in organized activities

The nurse would anticipate that a preschool-age child would have highly imaginative thoughts, according to Erikson. Being engaged in tasks and wanting to participate in organized activities is expected for the school-age child. Questioning sexual identity is expected for the adolescent.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what should the nurse expect a 6-month-old infant to demonstrate? 1. Early traces of memory 2. Beginning sense of time 3. Repetitious reflex responses 4. Beginning of object permanence

The concept of object permanence begins to develop around 6 months of age.

Which ages are the most critical for language development during the preschool stage of development? Select all that apply. 1. 2 years 2. 3 years 3. 4 years 4. 5 years 5. 6 years

The most critical ages for speech development for the preschool-age client are 3 and 4 years of age. While critical speech development occurs at the age of 2, this is the toddler, not preschool, stage of development. The ages of 5 and 6 years are not considered critical ages for speech development for the preschool-age client.

What is the cause of milk anemia in toddlers? 1. Drinking skim milk 2. Drinking whole milk 3. Increased milk intake 4. Increased intake of fruits

Toddlers who consume more than 24 ounces of milk daily in place of other foods sometimes develop milk anemia because milk is a poor source of iron.

A nurse is assessing growth and development in a 6-month-old infant. What behaviors does the nurse expect the infant to demonstrate? 1. Sitting alone, displaying pincer grasp, and waving bye-bye 2. Pulling up to a standing position, releasing a toy by choice, and playing peek-a-boo 3. Crawling, transferring a toy from one hand to the other, and displaying fear of strangers 4. Turning over completely, sitting momentarily without support, and reaching to be picked up

Turning over completely, sitting momentarily without support, and reaching to be picked up are age appropriate actions in 6-month-old infants.

Which fine-motor skills may be observed in an 8 to 10 month-old infant? Select all that apply. 1. Using pincer grasp well 2. Picking up small objects 3. Showing hand preference 4. Crawling on hands and knees 5. Pulling oneself to standing or sitting

Using pincer grasp well, picking up small objects, and showing hand preference

During testing of the neurologic reflexes of an infant, which reflex should the nurse expect to appear at 3 months and persist until 24 to 36 months of age? 1. Neck righting 2. Body righting 3. Otolith righting 4. Labyrinth righting

While the infant is supine, if the head is turned to one side, the shoulder, trunk, and finally pelvis will turn toward that side. This reflex appears at 3 months, and persists until 24 to 36 months of age.

Palmar grasp

expected at 6 weeks of age, begins to fade at 2 months, and disappears by 4 months

Pincer grasp

reflex that begins around 8 months of age