Deviant Behavior Exam 3
Why mostly intra-racial instead of inter-racial?
because racial segregation and discrimination discourages interaction between races
Hate crimes AKA ________ crimes
bias
Prior Relationship
can't let go
majority of mass murderers are _____________/________________
caught/killed
Most homicides result from _____________ contests
character -offender and victim try to to descend their honor/dignity after it was threatened
Men kill women over ___________ __________
control issues -infidelity -keep from talking -end relations (tried to keep in abusive relationship)
Stalker seeking a romanting relationship
could be previously known or unknown to the victim
To be a hate crime, the act must be ____________
criminal -not a mere expression of an intolerant opinion
Sociologists believe this is true because of "__________ ____ ______________"
cultures of violence -society encourages use of violence as mechanism to deal with interpersonal conflict
Violence by women is primarily _____________
defensive
Those who commit Assault/Aggravated Assault: -more low ________ the middle or upper __________ -more __________ than __________ -more committed on _______ race than ________ races -more ______ than _________ -more __________ cities than _________ towns -more ____________ than ____________ - more ___________ months than ___________ months -more ___________-_____________ than not
income, income black, white same, other males, females large, small weekend, weekdays hotter, cooler alcohol-related
Reasonable Person:
judge, jury, manager, etc. must determine -a reflection of society -What would society, in general, believe?
Homicide
killing of one human being by another human
More _______ cities than _________ towns
large small
Hate-motivated killers are more likely to belong to organized hate groups than other _________ serious hate defenders
less
Most common murder-suicide
male kills female, then kills himself
Domestic violence abusers are
more controlling and physically violent toward their victim are more likely to stalk them
Serial Killers are
more elusive -stalk victim -gain trust or gain access to victim's home -set trap for victim -kill usually with element of torture -most, in childhood, tortured cats or dogs
Young offenders are _______ responsible for hate crimes
most
General public often sympathizes with ___________ _________
murder victim -assume victim is weak and meek
Violence by men is primarily _____________
offensive
Rape
one of the oldest documented crimes 1900 BC Code of Hammurabi distinguished between married and unmarried women
Highest homicide rates are seen in ______________ countries
poorest
Most upper and middle class killings are ______________ and not a burst of _______
premeditated rage
Place of killings Men kill in ___________ ___________ Women kill at ________
public places home -used to be in kitchen, but now in bedroom
Men are more likely to be killed in ________ _______. Women are more likely to be killed at ________
public places home -women spend more time in the home
Contemporary Laws
rape is any sexual behavior that is unwanted and harmful to a person
Model Penal Code Section 213.1: rape and related offenses
"A male who has intercourse with a female that is not his wife is guilty if: he compels her, or has substantial impaired power to control her, or the female is unconscious, or if the female is less than 10 years old"
Physical Punishment
(slapping, hitting, etc) -leads to outward aggression toward others
Logical Punishment
(threatening withholding of love, lecturing to induce guilt, etc) -leads to internal aggression towards self
Various types of physical violence
- simple assault - aggravated assault - murder
Since then every state (and DC) has passed a similar law
-Federal gov't got on board as well -The US Federal Interstate Stalking (1996) prohibits the use of mail or electronics for stalking and harassment
External Restraint Theory
-Frustrated commit homicide -extremely frustrated commit suicide -both are acts of aggression fueled by frustration
can also explain "mercy killings" in Middle Eastern cultures
-aka "customary killings" -patriarchal societies -acts of vengeance committed by male family members against female family members who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family
How are Stalking and Sexual Harassment similar?
-both involve unwanted attention including behaviors that harass, threaten, and/or intimidate -both are rarely a single event; generally a number of behaviors over a period of time
Stalking and Harassment are similar because
-both involve unwanted attention including behaviors that harass, threaten, and/or intimidate victim -both are rarely a single event, generally a number of behaviors over a period of time
Cyberstalking offenders usually us the following items to track and monitor the lives of victims:
-cell phones -emails -Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Serial killers are more likely to target vulnerable strangers
-children -prostitutes -elderly
Victims of stalking advocated the need for increased:
-community awareness -enforcement -laws
Defensive Hate Killers
-feel they need to defend their "birth rite"
Punishments (history)
-fines -executions -exemption (marital rape)
second degree murder
-generally, murder not included in first degree murder -intent to kill murders that are not premeditated -mostly low income families
The major reasons people stalk their victims include:
-harm -romance -rejection
Strong link between poverty and homicide
-higher rates of marital stress, finance, and other stress-related problems -violence a means of gaining respect (fear)
Youth, especially, are cyberstalker through the use of:
-internet (Facebook, MySpace) -blogs -texting
Mass Murder
-killing a number of people almost the same time in the same place -usually ends with murderer dying at the scene -by self-inflicted wounds -at the hands of the police/law enforcement Types: disgruntled employees, heads of families, pseudo commandos, charismatic leaders
Serial Killings
-killing a number of people at different times in same general area -70-75% commit their crimes within the same city/area -don't generally roam from town to town like you see on TV
Rural homicides occur more than homicides in small cities/towns
-less community in rural areas because of population dispersion -people spend more time together with friends and acquaintances
Cyberstalking may include:
-making false accusations -monitoring victim movements -making threats -soliciting minors for sex -identity theft -gathering info for harassment
not generally cold-blooded killing
-more likely to be victims from someone you know -more likely to be a victim of a warm-blooded (emotional) killing
Serial Killers kill because of a desire for power and sadism
-most kill for the fun of it (not for love, money, etc.) -makes them feel good to kill -allows them to enjoy torturing victims -could be low, middle, or high income
More likely black than white
-most killing are intra-racial -black on black, white on white, etc.
Warm-blooded murder
-most victims know their killers ordinarily, killing requires a great deal of emotion -unless professional killed, generally more difficult to kill a stranger
FBI Hate Crime Stats
-over 9,000 people per year are a victim of a hate crimean the US -Slightly more than one half are intimidated -about half are assaulted -about 1% are murdered -largest property crime-vandalism
Upper class more likely than lower class to use:
-poison -vehicles -hire someone else to do the killing
Poverty is a factor
-poorer whites more likely than richer whites -poorer blacks than richer blacks
Court hearings of rape (history)
-public ridicule of women blamed (provoked by male) -women's sexual history on display (paint as trash)
Offenses committed against a person based on a person's (real or perceived):
-race -religion -ethnicity -sexual preference -disability
Mission Hate Killers
-rarest of the 3 -most dangerous of the 3 -target an entire group for elimination (Nazis, ISIS)
Victims engage in three general things to cope with stalking:
-self-reflection -therapy -lifestyle changes
Two types of assault
-simple assault -aggravated assault
Expanded definition to include:
-sodomy -forced oral copulation -use of an object -unwanted touching of a sexual nature
Stalking and Harassment are different because
-stalker can be known or unknown to the victim -harassment victim knows the offender
How are Stalking and Sexual Harassment different?
-stalker can be known or unknown to victim -sexual harassment victim knows offender
Rebecca Schaeffer - "My Sister Sam"
1989 Robert Bardo obsessed with character she played. Stalked her and shot her at her apartment entrance
In cases of stalking, official charges are filed only ____% of the time
21
Only ___-___% of murders and murder-suicides
3-4%
It is estimated that __.__ million people experience some form of stalking
3.4
__.__ million identified themselves as victims of stalking. 1 out of __ reported experiencing acts consistent with cyberstalking
3.4 1 out of 4
Roman Polanski Case
44 years old, raped and sexually assaulted a drugged 13 year old Plea bargain- prior to sentencing, fled, evasion, 32 years to Switzerland, arrested in 2009 in Switzerland but freed in 2010 Later awarded an Academy Award (2003) Best Director
Approximately ____% of the stalking victims experienced unwanted phone calls or messages once a week
46
Approximately ____% of stalking victims in the US experienced receiving unwanted phone calls or messages.
66
Stalking Victim Demographics
75%-female 25%-male Females are 13 times more likely to admit to fearing their stalker
About ____% of homicides are never solved
82
Stalking Offender Demographics
82.15% of offenders are males
Over ___% of murders by semi-skilled, unskilled, or on welfare
90
In responce to Rebecca Schaeffer's murder, _____________ was the first state to pass anti-stalking/harassment laws in _____
California 1990
External Restraint
the degree to which behavior is required to conform to demands/expectations of others
Sometimes the ___________ is actually first to ___________
victim attack
Rejected stalker
wants what they cannot have
Time Most likely over the ___________
weekends
Offenses become hate crimes because of
what motivated the criminal act
Murder-Suicide
when a human kills someone else and then themselves -usually a male-female combination
Males kill at ____________ age than females
younger
____________ than __________ more likely to target strangers
younger older
____________ more than ___________
South West -West more than Northeast and Midwest -Northeast or Midwest about the same
______________ & ____________ __________________ are different, but similar, crimes
Stalking Sexual Harassment
Wolfgang (1958)
Subculture of Violence Theory
Henry and Short
devised the external restraint theory
Fox at al (2005)
divided hate killers into 3 groups
Exception: more likely to kill strangers ___________ week
during
National Crime Victimization Survey definition of stalking
a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear
Predatory Stalker
engage in having behaviors with intention to cause harm
Hate crime laws rest on the assumption that
enhanced penalties deter crimes
Gold (1958)
expanded the external restraint theory
"__________________ breeds ___________________"
familiarity contempt
Differences between... Male and _____________ young and ______ urban vs __________
female old rural
People tend to kill ___________ over _____________
acquaintances; friends
Simple Assault
an unlawful attack by one person upon another Ex: punching someone
Aggravated Assault
an unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury
"________________" urbanites versus "_______________" ruralites
anonymous isolated
Upper and Middle class will kill ___________
anytime
majority of mass murderers
are indistinguishable from everybody else and very rarely mentally ill
Child Sexual Assault Statutory Rape Laws: Age of consent can be given (__-__)
16-18
Subculture of Violence Theory
-subculture that does not define personal assaults as wrong or antisocial -quick to resort to physical violence is socially approved or expected -violence has such a grip on poorer neighborhoods that poor people engage in a wider range of violent behaviors than non-poor -critics argue that no real evidence that people who engage in violence value it nay more or less than people who do not engage in such behavior -critics argue that the violence is an outcry based on poverty, inequality, social deprivation
first degree murder
-the key elements is premeditation- thinking about it in advance -more likely middle and high income
murder
-unlawful killing of one human being by another human
Top 3 reasons women don't report stalking
-useless to report -personal/private matter -cope on their own
Groups more likely to be killed
-very young -very old -minorities -married -unemployed
sociological
-viewed as a form of normality -after kills loved one, feels remorse, so, kills self
psychiatric
-viewed as a symptom of abnormality -anticipates reunion in another world so, kills loved one and then self
Serial Killer description
-white -male -most have not attended college -late 20s early 30s -commit first killing at about age 28
Thrill Hate Killers
-young, bored, idle -feel important and powerful after killing
In __ out of __ cases, the victim first attacked eventual slayer
1 out of 4 -known as victim-precipitated homicide
2 Views of Rape (history)
1. Property Crime 2. Violent Sexual Offense -punishment carried based on victim status
3 groups of hate killers
1. Thrill Hate Killers 2. Defensive Hate Killers 3. Mission Hate Killers
Supplemental Victimization Survey (7 ways/types)
1. making unwanted phone calls 2. sending unsolicited/unwanted correspondence (letters, emails, etc) 3. following or spying on the victim 4. showing up at places without a legitimate reason 5. waiting at places for the victim 6. leaving unwanted items, presents, flowers 7. posting information or spreading rumors about the victim in public areas
Aggravated Assault if:
1. weapon used, or 2. other means likely to produce death or serious injury -less serious than homicide, but far more prevalent than homicide
Age: Male (__-__) Female (__-__)
15-19 20-24
___________ is required to restore the _________ of a woman's family in one of the largest causes of "_________ ___________" is a woman ______________ ___________
Death honor Dowry Deaths wearing pants
Peaks again in ___________-holiday season
December -brings together relatives, friends, and acquaintances
Lowest is _____________&_____________
January and February
Killing peaks in _______________&_____________
July and August -brings together relatives, friends, family, and acquaintances
Gender _______ more than _______
Men; Women
Winning an Argument
Ordinarily quarrels, mostly over nothing, most common reason for low income people to kill -book states murder is a quick way for low income people to win an argument Goes a lot deeper than that -street honor -"code of the streets" dignity substantially diminished by life in general
two levels of socialization
Physical Punishment Logical Punishment
5 types of stalkers
Prior Relationship Stranger Relationship Predatory Stalker Stalker seeking a romantic relationship Rejected stalker
Which night is most likely for killings?
Saturday night
Methods of killing
guns -great equalizer -gives power to the powerless knives -5x's more likely to result in death than guns
Teenagers usually carry _______ for protection
guns -not generally as a status symbol or to impress
Both upper and middle class will use _________ and _________
guns; knives
The greater the social control, the more tendency toward ___________
homicide -frustration acting "out" instead of "in"
Time of killing Generally more __________ months than _________ months
hotter; cooler
Sexual Assault
identifies forms of sexual victimizations not included under the definition of rape
"Machismo"
in latino culture, the belief that men need to be concerned about their manhood -explain why more men than women engage in homicide
Where do most race-related hate crimes occur?
in the victim's home
Most statutes have ____ degrees of murder
two
More large cities than __________ areas
rural -less community integration in large cities because of population heterogeneity
Jessica's Law
sex offender community notification
Megan's Law
sex offender registration
Stalking and Harassment are different but ___________ crimes
similar
two vies of murder-suicide
sociological psychiatric
Women predominantly kill husbands because of ____________ _______________
spousal abuse
Stalker Relationship
stalker has delusions of one regarding victim
Cyberstalking
the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, a group of individuals, or an organization