DI 251 Advanced Abdomen and Small Parts III

Which of the following needle gauges will produce the largest specimen size? A. 14 gauge B. 16 gauge C. 22 gauge D. 27 gauge

A. 14 gauge

A patient presents with a red, painful area on the right hand that presented after working in the yard. In that phase would a foreign body can be characterized if the sonogram shows a 1.5cm echogenic linear structure directly under the area of concern with a hypoechoic halo seen surrounding the echogenic structure, and posterior shadowing? A. Acute B. Intermediate C. Chronic D. Granulomatous

A. Acute

In infants and children, which of the following may cause cirrohosis of the liver? A. Biliary atresia B. Cystic fibrosis C. Metabolic diseases A. All of the above may cause cirrhosis

A. All of the above may cause cirrhosis

Which of the following is an organic foreign body? A. Bee stinger B. Glass shard C. Graphite D. Gravel

A. Bee stinger

Which of the following is a normal finding in a neonate? A. Bilateral echogenic kidneys with prominent pyramids B. Bilateral hypoechoic kidneys with hyperechoic renal sinus C. Echogenic kidneys with a dilated renal pelvis measuring 2cm D. Bilateral kidneys isoechoic to the liver with prominent hyperechoic renal pyramids

A. Bilateral echogenic kidneys with prominent pyramids

Which of the following is NOT a fluid collection that can cause compression of the vascular flow to a renal allograft? A. Biloma B. Hematoma C. Lymphocele D. Urinoma

A. Biloma

An infant presents with a palpable abdominal mass and juandice. Sonographically, a large cystic mass is seen near the porta hepatis. A normal gallbladder is also visualized separate from the cystic mass. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Choledochal cyst B. Caroli disease C. Sclerosing cholangitis D. Biliary atresia

A. Choledochal cyst

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of liver transplant? A. Diabetes B. Hepatitis C C. Cirrhosis D. Alcoholic liver disease

A. Diabetes

Which type of hepatitis most often affects children and young adults? A. Hepatitis A B. Hepatitis B C. Hepatitis C D. Hepatitis D

A. Hepatitis A

A 1-month -old boy presents with projectile vomiting and symptoms of dehydration. An olive-shaped mass can be palpated in the epigastric region. What pathology are you looking for as you evaluate the abdomen in the patient? A. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis B. Choledochal cyst C. Biliary atresia D. Annular pancreas

A. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common complications to occur following a biopsy? A. Infection B. Pain C. Vasovagal reaction D. Hematoma

A. Infection

Which pathology demonstrates echogenic renal pyramids resulting from calcium deposits? A. Medullary sponge kidney B. Leukemia C. Renal artery stenosis D. Chronic renal infections

A. Medullary sponge kidney

An infant presents with a history of vomiting. While evaluating the patient, you notice a vessel immediately anterior to the SMA. With further evaluation, this vessel is identified as the SMV. What condition is associated with this finding? A. Midgut malrotation B. Duodenal atresia C. Rhabdomyosarcoma D. Intussusception

A. Midgut malrotation

Which of the following is the most sensitive at detecting pneumothorax? A. Sonography B. Physical examination C. Patient complaints D. Chest radiography

A. Sonography

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common acoustic windows used in emergency echocardiography? A. Suprasternal B. Parasternal C. Apical D. Subxiphoid

A. Suprasternal

Metallic and glass foreign bodies may present with comet tail artifact A. True B. False

A. True

Which of following is a condition that affects renal function and is more common in cadaveric grafts? A. Acute accelerated rejection B. Acute tubular necrosis C. Lymphocele D. Polymona-BK virus nephropathy

B. Acute tubular necrosis

An 8-year-old patient presents with right lower quadrant pain, nausea, and fever. An 8-mm, non-compressible structure with a target appearance in the transverse axis is visualized in the right lower quadrant. With color doppler, hyperemia of the structure is noted. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Crohn disease B. Appendicitis C. Midgut malrotation D. Intussusception

B. Appendicitis

What is the gold standard for evaluation of renal allograft rejection? A. Sonography B. Core biopsy C. Computed tomography D. Nuclear medicine

B. Core biopsy

Which of the following is NOT evaluated in cases of the emergency cardiac examination? A. Pericardial fluid B. Diagnosis of the mitral valve prolapse C. Detection of cardiac motion in patients with pulseless electrical activity D. Evaluation of tamponade

B. Diagnosis of the mitral valve prolapse

What is the most common pediatric liver mass? A. Cavernous hemangioma B. Hepatoblastoma C. Mesenchymal hamartoma D. Hepatoma

B. Hepatoblastoma

Which of the following does NOT describe the typical sonographic appearance of a foreign body? A. Echogenic with clean shadowing B. Hypoechoic with an echogenic ring surrounding it C. Echogenic with a hypoechoic ring surrounding it D. Echogenic with comet tail artifact

B. Hypoechoic with an echogenic ring surrounding it

Which test standardizes the results of the other coagulation studies as it adjusts for variations in processing and is expressed as a number? A. PT B. INR C. WBC D. PTT

B. INR

What is the most common complication of untreated or retained foreign bodies? A. Nerve injury B. Infection C. Tendon injury D. Allergic reaction

B. Infection

A patient who has uremia may be a candidate for which type of organ transplant? A. Liver B. Kidney C. Pancreas D. Lung

B. Kidney

Which of the following in NOT a contraindication to needle biopsy? A. Uncooperative patient B. Lesion deeper than 5cm C. Uncorrectable coagulopathy D. Unsafe biopsy route

B. Lesion deeper than 5cm

What should the normal resistive indices in the interlobar and arcuate arteries of a pediatric patient be? A. Greater than 0.7 B. Less than 0.7 C. Greater than 0.5 D. Less than 0.5

B. Less than 0.7

Which of the following statements regarding hemangioendothelima is FALSE? A. Infants less than 6 months of age are typically affected B. Patients are typically asymptomatic C. The lesions may be hypoechoic or hyperechoic D. The lesions may rupture causing hemoperitoneum

B. Patients are typically asymptomatic

Which of the following statements regarding pericardial effusion is FALSE? A. Blood can collect between the visceral and parietal layers B. Rapid hemorrhage can cause hypertension C. A decrease in right heart filling can be noted D. Decreased left ventricular stroke volume is possible

B. Rapid hemorrhage can cause hypertension

Which of the following normal structures may be mistaken for a renal cyst in infants and young children? A. Renal cortex B. Renal pyramids C. Column of Bertin D. Fetal lobulation

B. Renal pyramids

Which of the following describes the most common sonographic appearance of a cirrhotic liver? A. Enlarged, hypoechoic liver with echogenic portal triads B. Small, hyperechoic liver with a heterogeneous echotexture C. Small, hypoechoic liver with cystic spaces seen throughout the parenchyma D. Enlarged, hyperechoic liver with a smooth contour and homogeneous echotexture

B. Small, hyperechoic liver with a heterogeneous echotexture

Foreign bodies smaller than what size can be more difficult to detect on a sonography examination? A. 1cm B. 7mm C. 5mm D. 2.5 mm

D. 2.5 mm

A patient presents to the emergency room with a history of trauma to the chest. When evaluating the thorax, you visualize the "gliding sign" as the patient breathes in and out. This sign is appreciated bilaterally. What does this represent? A. This sign is not used to evaluate for chest pathology B. This sign is normal; no pneumothorax and requires immediate intervention C. This patient had bilateral pneumothorax and requires immediate intervention D. The represents a cardiac tamponade and requires immediate intervention

B. This sign is normal; no pneumothorax and requires immediate intervention

What is the purpose of the time-out during a procedure? A. Give the physician and staff a break during long procedures B. Verify the correct patient is present and confirm the procedure and procedure site C. Verify that all of the materials are in place for the procedure and everyone is ready to begin D. Verify that the physician and staff are adequately trained in performing the procedure

B. Verify the correct patient is present and confirm the procedure and procedure site

Which of the following statements is FALSE in cases of bilateral renal agenesis? A. Bilateral renal agenesis may be detected during an obstetric sonogram B. Bilateral renal agenesis is associated with Potter's syndrome C. An overly distended urinary bladder is common in cases of bilateral renal agenesis D. The adrenal glands may lie in the renal fossa and be mistaken for kidneys in cases of bilateral renal agenesis

C. An overly distended urinary bladder is common in cases of bilateral renal agenesis

Which of the following is typically seen as a result of biopsy trauma in a renal allograft? A. Lymphocele B. Abscess C. Arteriovenous malformation D. Urinoma

C. Arteriovenous malformation

A 32-year-old patient presents to the emergency room following a serious motor vehicle accident. What condition is demonstrated if fluid is noted around the heart and the intraventricular septum appears to bow into the left ventricle? A. Pleural effusion B. Pneumothorax C. Cardiac tamponade D. Pulseless cardiac activity

C. Cardiac tamponade

What is fluid surrounding the heart and located within the pericardial sac called? A. Ascites B. Pleural effusion C. Pericardial effusion D. Pneumothorax

C. Pericardial effusion

What is the main purpose of the FAST exam? A. Evaluate for gallstones and kidney stones B. Perform a complete abdominal sonogram in as little time as possible C. Evaluate for free fluid or blood in the abdomen following trauma D. Evaluate for life-threatening conditions such as AAA and appendicitis

C. Evaluate for free fluid or blood in the abdomen following trauma

Which of the following is a procedure that uses a 20-to27-gauge needle attached to a syringe to obtain a sample of cells for cytological examination? A. Core biopsy B. Nephrostomy C. Fine-needle aspiration D. Paracentesis

C. Fine-needle aspiration

Which of the following is NOT a primary malignant liver tumor? A. Hepatoblastoma B. Hepatoma C. Hemangioendothelioma D. Embryonal sarcoma

C. Hemangioendothelioma

Which of the following is a rare liver condition that is associated with autosomal recessive polycystic disease? A. Fulminant hepatitis B. Hemosiderosis C. Hepatic fibrosis D. Hemangioendothelioma

C. Hepatic fibrosis

Which of following pediatric liver tumors is malignant? A. Mesenchymal hamartoma B. Cavernous hemangioma C. Hepatoblastoma D. Hemangioendothelioma

C. Hepatoblastoma

During your abdominal evaluation on a pediatric patient, you notice the gallbladder is small even though the patient has been fasting. Which of the following is NOT a cause of a small or nondistended gallbladder? A. Viral hepatitis B. Cystic fibrosis C. Obstruction of the common bile duct D. Congenital hypoplasia

C. Obstruction of the common bile duct

Which of the following statements regarding foreign bodies is FALSE? A. Metallic foreign bodies can be easily seen with both sonography and radiography B. Most glass foreign bodies can be easily seen with both sonography and radiography C. Organic foreign bodies are the easiest to locate with radiography D. Inorganic foreign bodies present little challenge for sonography

C. Organic foreign bodies are the easiest to locate with radiography

A patient with a pneumothorax will present with absent lung sliding on a real-time sonography. Which of the following conditions CANNOT cause this finding? A. Acute respiratory distress syndrome B. Mainstem intubation C. Pleural embolism D. Pleural adhesion

C. Pleural embolism

What is the most common cause of urethral obstruction in boys? A. Enlarged prostate B. Ureterocele C. Posterior urethral valves D. Neurogenic bladder

C. Posterior urethral valves

Which of the following statements regarding hyper-trophic pyloric stenosis is FALSE? A. The stomach is often filled with fluid, even if the patient has been fasting B. Sonographically, a donut sign is seen with a hyperechoic central lumen surrounded by a hypoechoic muscle C. The stomach wall is also grossly enlarged with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis D. The pylorus is considered abnormal when the length from the antrum to the distal end exceeds 1.8cm

C. The stomach wall is also grossly enlarged with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

What is the most frequent site of urinary obstruction in infants? A. The ureterovesical junction B. The distal urethra C. The ureteropelvic junction D. The distal ureter

C. The ureteropelvic junction

A patient with which of the following conditions is MOST likely to be a candidate for pancreas transplant? A. Alcoholism B. Uremia C. Uncontrolled diabetes D. Cystic fibrosis

C. Uncontrolled diabetes

Which of the following is NOT included in a coagulation study? A. PT B. INR C. WBC D. PTT

C. WBC

Which of the following laboratory values is usually elevated with a primary pediatric hepatic malignancy? A. PSA B. Beta-hCG C. CA-125 D. AFP

D. AFP

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to liver transplantation? A. Sepsis B. Metastatic cancer C. Active substance abuse D. All of the above are contraindications to liver transplantation?

D. All of the above are contraindications to liver transplantation?

Which of the following can cause false-positive findings? A. Calcifications B. Scar tissue C. Air trapped in the soft tissue D. All of the above may cause a false positive finding

D. All of the above may cause a false positive finding

Which of the following laboratory valued are used to evaluate the function of a renal allograft? A. AST and ALT B. PT and INR C. Amylase and lipase D. BUN and creatinine

D. BUN and creatinine

Which disease results in the absence of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts near the porta hepatis and possibly the absence of the gallbladder? A. Choledochal cyst B. Caroli disease C. Sclerosing cholangitis D. Biliary atresia

D. Biliary atresia

What is the most significant liver allograft pathology? A. Biliary sludge B. Biloma C. Hepatic artery stenosis D. Biliary strictures

D. Biliary strictures

A patient presents with a painful area on the bottom of her foot that initially presented more than a week ago. In what phase would a foreign body be characterized if there is a palpable lump present in the area and the sonogram shows a very echogenic linear structure with a clean shadow? A. Acute B. Subacute C. Intermediate D. Chronic

D. Chronic

The most common obstructive bowel disorder of early childhood occurs when a segment of bowel prolapses into a more distal segment and is called what? A. Midgut malrotation B. Duodenal atresia C. Rhabdomyosarcoma D. Intussusception

D. Intussusception

Gallstones are not as commonly seen in the pediatric population; however, certain conditions predispose an infant or child to developing gallstones. Which of the following conditions does NOT predispose a patient to gallstones? A. Sickle cell disease B. Cystic fibrosis C. Hemolytic anemia D. Pancreatitis

D. Pancreatitis

Which of the following procedures is performed to remove an accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity? A. Thoracentesis B. Abscess drainage C. Nephrostomy D. Paracentesis

D. Paracentesis

Which of the following materials is most likely to visualize on radiography examination? A. Gravel B. Wood splinter C. Cactus spine D. Plastic silver

D. Plastic silver

The primary purpose of the eFAST is to extend the search to determine what sequelae of trauma? A. Pleural effusion B. Pericardial effusion C. Cardiac tamponade D. Pneumothorax

D. Pneumothorax

A pediatric patient presents with a history of fatty infiltration. Which of the following causes of fatty infiltration of the liver is irreversible? A. Obesity B. Diabetes mellitus C. Hepatitis A D. Reye syndrome

D. Reye syndrome

Which of the following statements regarding needle visualization is FALSE? A. Larger caliber needles are more readily visualized than smaller caliber needles. B. The needle may appear as a dot or line depending on the imaging plane C. The needle and transducer should be in the same plane to produce the best visualization D. The more parallel the needle is to the transducer, the easier it is to visualize

D. The more parallel the needle is to the transducer, the easier it is to visualize

Duodenal atresia is common in patients with which of the following? A. Trisomy 13 B. Trisomy 15 C. Trisomy 18 D. Trisomy 21

D. Trisomy 21

Which of the following CANNOT cause a coagulopathy? A. Blood thinners B. Aspirin use C. Certain antibiotics D. Vitamin K

D. Vitamin K