Digital Media and Human Development Final

Media literacy

the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media

What is responsive interaction? How is it useful?

Responsive interaction is where a parent takes initiative to interactive with a child's media use and their learning process. Responsive parents help children learn new words when watching and interacting with media content. Responsive interaction allows for real time social interactions

Improved emotional understanding is increased by?

More face to face interactions and less screen time

Whats the difference between positive and negative mediation (active)?

Positive: Complementary messages from parents Negative: condemning the content of children Neutral: neither positive or negative

Whats the "good stuff" that media can teach us?

Research highlights the pro-social value of story telling. Exposure to pro-social modeling on TV affects young views behavior in situations similar to those modeled in the original programs. School age children learn from pro-social entertainment programs even more than from traditional educational shows.

When do children start to understand morals?

around 9

Human Development

human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth. Developmental psychologists study how people grow, develop and adapt at different life stages

What article kicked off the fear of screens and smartphones?

"Have Smartphones Destroyed a Generation" published by the Atlantic

What is the trend for immigrants and those of lower SES?

- 84.5% of media users are immigrants - More than 50% of users annual household incomes are less than 50K - More than 50% have access to tablets or home computers -- 90% have smartphones

What are some document ways that parents mediate their children media consumptions?

- Checking social media profiles - Software on computers - Limiting time - Checking content choices - Checking text messages on phones - Using tracking software - checking website history - Keeping devices in central locations

Social Scaffolding

- Co-view and talk about it - Connect the on-screen content to off-screen world - Use dialogic reading techniques

How do you help younger kids get the most out of the media they consume?

- Focus on content, context, and the individual child - Active mediation - Social scaffolding - Introduce media literacy

Why is face to face superior in learning?

- Gaze following - Pointing - Sibling interaction helps predict skill in affective learning - Kids can pick up/learn body cues, tone of voice, facial expression and context

How do you introduce media literacy to kids?

- In the home parents can teach children to think critically about the content - In the classroom, teachers can teach media literacy

Thinking about Content. Questions to ask? (The 3 Cs)

- Is there a difference between media or games that are violent, scary, or troubling to a child and consent where the characters model positive social skills? - Can the content stimulate off-screen comments or questions that impact positive learning? - Does the media stimulate off-screen play? Creation imagination, exploration? - Do some media feature some of the same traits we can find in a teacher or classroom?

Take aways from ABCD Study?

- Longitudinal study that is just starting. Participants are currently 9 - Sample size is small - Can't say if screen time is leading to higher levels of depression/anxiety

Considering the individual (The 3 Cs)

- Parents must tune into the Childs needs - How does a particular media experience assist or detract from the child as he/she progresses in motor skills, social skills, or language development? - Parents must start to differentiate between media experiences that help or hinder Child's development - Must consider the families media environment: Media centric, Media moderate, media light

What are the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for parents now about media use?

- Pediatricians should ask parents about "family media use" - Should help families develop plans for using media, with regards to each child (different plans for different people) - For children under 18 months, avoid use of screen time other than video-chatting - Choose high quality programming for children 18-24 months if parents want to introduce digital media to children - There should be no screens during meals or 1 hour before bedtime

How does age influence what children take away from content in media? (2-5 years)

- Preschoolers have a tendency to let physical characteristics dominate - if someone looks nice they must therefore be nice - Don't muddy messages for preschoolers (i.e. the Clifford thing) - Lived experience plays a role, and audience demographics are important to consider. Ex: in order for children to reproduce a protagonists pro-social behavior, children must see themselves in that protagonist - Adult co-viewing and mediation is important - They dont get morals yet

Whats hard about learning from video?

- Symbolic thinking: realizing that an image on a screen stands for reality - Realizing that a person on a screen is offering relevant information

Whats hard about watching TV? Is there anything thats beneficial to children in TV?

- There is a lot of evidence that watching educational programs such as Sesame Street can be beneficial for older preschoolers learning (2.5-5 years) - But having background TV (having TV always on in the background) is not good for children development

Hidden Toy Experiment

-Participants were age 2 tp 2 1/2 years old. - Two conditions: 1 where kids looked at screen where a human was placing a toy under a pillow in another room. 1 where kids looked through a window of the exact same scene - Children where then asked where the toy was hidden

Which of the following is scientific evidence that refutes the so-called "benefits" of Baby Einstein videos? A) American 9-month-old babies can only discern different sounds in Mandarin when they are presented by a live human being. B) American 9-month-old babies can discern different sounds in Mandarin when they are presented by cartoon characters or by a live human being. C) American 9-month-old babies can discern different sounds in Mandarin when presented by a video recording or by a live human being. D) Both A and C

A) American 9-month-old babies can only discern different sounds in Mandarin when they are presented by a live human being.

What do Katz et al. mean by "digital inequality?" A. It refers to U.S. children in low-income households having constrained access to the Internet and devices that connect it B. It refers to U.S. children in low-income households having no access to the Internet and devices that connect to it. C. It refers to U.S. children in low-income households having constrained access to the Internet and devices that connect to it compared to children from other developing countries. D. None of the above.

A. It refers to U.S. children in low-income households having constrained access to the Internet and devices that connect it

What role does pointing play in toddlers' language learning in shared reading experiences? A) It facilitates motor skills, which in turn affects language development. B) It initiates direct interactions with their parents C) It incentivizes children to read more. D) All of the above

B) It initiates direct interactions with their parents

Which of the following illustrates an example of "the video deficit effect?" A) Three-year-olds displaying a transfer of learning from a video demonstration. B) Two-year-olds not displaying a transfer of learning from a video demonstration. C) Four-year-olds not displaying a transfer of learning from a live action in person demonstration. D) Two-and-a-half-year-olds displaying a transfer of learning from a live action in person demonstration.

B) Two-year-olds not displaying a transfer of learning from a video demonstration.

Which of the following activity/media has been found to have positive effects on a toddler's language skills? A) Learning the alphabet via an iPad application B) Video chatting with Grandma via FaceTime C) Singing nursery songs via Spotify D) Watching Baby Einstein via YouTube E) All of the above

B) Video chatting with Grandma via FaceTime

Neuroplasticity means A. Our brains change rapidly only when we are very young B. Our brains are capable of changing throughout our lifespan C. Only certain activities cause changes in our brains (e.g., learning a new language) D. None of the above

B. Our brains are capable of changing throughout our lifespan

Do baby Einstein videos work?

Basically no. Infants who watched "a popular infant DVD designed to teach vocabulary 5 times a week for a month (with or without their parents) learned no more words than children who were not exposed to the videos at all

While it may be necessary to distract a 2-year-old with a screen every once in a while, in order to increase the chances that they learn from what they are watching, it is best for A) Them to watch the same video at least two times B) The music and colors to be highly engaging so they pay attention to the content C) An adult to make connections between the content and the real world D) All of the above

C) An adult to make connections between the content and the real world

Which of these have NOT been found to be affected positively by video game play A. Spatial Learning B. Eye sight C. Gender stereotypes D. Self-regulation

C. Gender stereotypes

Which of the following is not an example of what parents can do to help children under two years old learn from media? A. Gaze following B. Joint attention C. Permissive mediation D. Interactive viewing E. None of the above

C. Permissive mediation

What are the three Cs?

Child, Content, and Content

What is the recommended screen time limit for children 2 to 5 years of age?

Children 2 to 5 should be limited to 1 hour per day of high-quality programming each day. (this limit pertains to entertainment media use)

If you take screens away from a child's environment, and they communicate with peers and adults solely face to face, will their ability to recognize emotion through non-verbal cues in facial expressions and social situations change?

Children who have more face to face interactions are better at understanding non verbal emotional cues than those who use media Study Results show that in 5 days kids who attended camp where children had no access to media improved in both communication with adults and peers more so than children who had access to media use.

What was the result of the Hidden Toy Experiment?

Children who observed the human through the window where able to find the toy while those that watched the screen were unable to locate the toy

What are some of the features of face-to-face communication (F2F) that makes it possibly superior to virtual communication for learning social cues? A) F2F has more non-verbal emotional cues B) Gaze following is available in F2F but not in virtual communication C) It's impossible to learn social cues in virtual communication because it's text based D) A and B E) All of the above

D) A and B

The 60 Minutes piece reported that the National Institute of Health's ABCD study found that some brains were changing because of screen time. What is important to consider when reviewing this news piece? A) The ABCD study is just beginning and this is one snapshot B) The participants that have been measured are 9.5 years old C) The Brain changes as a result of every experience D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Mr. Rogers exemplified a style of communicating with young children that A) Was based in developmental science B) Assumed that children take things literally C) Relied on television programming D) Both A and B

D) Both A and B

The research shows that the following is a valid fear of the use of mobile technology by children A. Parent and child connection B. Meeting strangers online C. Social Skills D. Getting less sleep

D. Getting less sleep

Which of the following was shown to make a one-to-one program more effective for students? A. Letting kids take their tablet or laptop home B. Using special software to block certain apps and websites C. Giving teachers software designed for educational purposes D. Providing training to teacher on how to use devices in the classroom

D. Providing training to teacher on how to use devices in the classroom

Video Deficit

Decrement in learning from screens versus learning face to face with live model

Digital Media

Digital media is digitized content that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks. This can include text, audio, video, and graphics

According to Martins and Harrison, what are some reasons that could explain why TV exposure predicted a decrease in self-esteem among all children (Black boys, Black girls, and White girls) except White boys? A. TV content tends to reinforce both gender-role and racial stereotypes. B. Parents of White boys are more likely to spend time co-viewing TV shows with their children. C. White boys enjoy privileges in US society that are reflected in on-screen content D. White girls and Black children use gender and racial stereotypical messages as a basis for self-evaluation. E. A and D

E. A and D

What's superior; Face to Face or Virtual Communication?

Face to Face

Face to face is essential to learning what?

Face to face is essential to - learning social cues - practicing communication and socialization

What is the "Dark Consensus" about screens and kids?

It's the narrative that even high tech influencers, such as the C.E.O. of Apple, don't allow their own children to join social media networks/use some type of technology. The narrative builds fear and anxiety for parents because clearly the tech giants must know something they don't if they don't even let their kids use their own products.

How does age influence what children take away from content in media?

Literally just like 2 years olds aren't going to get a complicated story.

What works better than baby Einstein videos in teaching vocabulary to infants?

Literally parents just being given a list of the words from the video to teach children showed to have higher effect on learning those vocabulary words than the videos

Are babies able to transfer what they learn from a screen to the real world?

No. You can't give a child an iPad with virtual blocks and then expect them to be able to build the same things with actual blocks in front of them. Screen to play is not a transferable skill. They dont know the difference between 2d and 3d

How do parents of lower SES interact with their children media use?

Parents in lower SES tend to be more reactive than proactive when it comes to children media choices. They primarily see themselves as gatekeepers.

What does Common Sense say is a parents top concern for their Childs education?

Social and emotional learning

How do social cues, toddlers and videos interact?

Social cues missing from videos impair learning for very young videos. Providing those cues on video (e.g. contingent responsiveness) can help them learn

How does video deficit affect symbolic thinking?

Symbolic thinking is challenging for youngsters because they have trouble realizing that an image on a screen stands for reality. They can not yet process that person on a screen is offering relevant information. Shown in the hidden toy experiment

What is technoference?

Tech-based interruptions between parents and child interactions - Parents are role modeling this "tech" behavior - Tech can affect parental responsiveness to a Childs social-emotional outcomes

What is true about Media and socialization?

That children learn in the context of their social and cultural environments and that in the 21st century, media are in children learning environments from early on, becoming an important influencer on burgeoning social cognition

What was the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for parents before 2015 about media use?

The AAP simply told parents to keep children under age 2 away from screen media

Do screens cause attention deficits, mood problems, or delays in reading or problem-solving ability? (Key Takeaways from "Is Screen Time Bad for Kids' Brains")

There is no convincing evidence for this. More than 100 scientific reports ad surveys have studies screen habits and behavioral differences, as well as changes in attitude, such as in body image but have not found extreme evidence to say this

What is context? (The 3 Cs)

Things to think about: - Is someone sitting with the child? - How is media being embedded into the daily routine of a child? - Is an adult talking about what the child is seeing or playing? - Is an adults own media use causing them to tune out and muss cues from a child?

How can media promote pro-social modeling behaviors?

Through its characters and displaying "morally desirable traits" that align with values that promote healthy development patterns

Whats something we learn from the video deficit studies?

Toddlers learn better from a person who is there/. a real event vs. one on a screen imitating a novel behavior

How many hours a day do Tweens and Teens spend on media a day according to Common sense?

Tweens: 6 hours a day Teens: 9 hours a day

Correlation does not equal causation: what does this mean? Why is it important?

When two things correlate it does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. Correlations between two things can be caused by a third factor that affects both of them. Correlational studies should always be analyzed with caution

Transfer deficit

transfer learning from TV and touchscreens to real world objects - deficit Children do not expect TV to connect to reality

Media literate youth and adults are better able to...

understand the complex messages we receive from TV, radio, internet, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, video games, music and all other forms of media