DNA Genetic Engineering

Which of the following shows the steps of a viral infection in the proper order A.) virus locates host cell - penetrate cell membrane - enters nucleus - alters host cell DNA - host cell produces copies of virus B.) virus locates host cell - forms hydrogen bonds -changes DNA to RNA - host cell produces copies of virus C.) virus locates host cell - alters host cell DNA - host cell produces copies of virus - copies enter host cell nucleus - nucleus leaves cell D.) virus kills host cell - enters nucleus - replaces all host DNA - releases copies of virus E.) virus locates host cell - enters nucleus - alters host cell DNA - destroys cell membrane

A.) virus locates host cell - penetrate cell membrane - enters nucleus - alters host cell DNA - host cell produces copies of virus

In the 1920s Frederick Griffith conducted an experiment in which he mixed the dead cells of a bacterial strain that can cause pneumonia with live cells of a bacterial strain that cannot. When he cultured the live sells some of the daughter colonies proved able to cause pneumonia. Which of the following processes of bacterial DNA transfer does this experiment demonstrate A.) conjugation B.) transformation C.) transposition D.) transduction E.) crossing over

B.) transformation

A protein shell enclosing a viral genome is known as A.) envelope B.)capsid C.) capsule D.) prophage E.) phage

B.)capsid

HIV does the greatest damage to A.) nervous tissue B.) pancreatic cells C.) white blood cells D.) gametes E.) the adrenal glands

C.) white blood cells

The monomers of DNA and RNA are A.) amino acids B.) monosaccharides C.) nucleic acids D.) nucleotides E.) fatty acids

D.) nucleotides

Consider the following sentence the dog did not eat which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a base substitution mutation A.) The dog dog did not eat B.) The dog did not et C.) The did dog not eat D.) The dog did not E.) The doe did not eat

E.) The doe did not eat

the control of gene expression is more complex in multicellular eukaryotic than in prokaryotes because___. a. eukaryotic cells are much smaller. b. in a multicellular eukaryote, different cells are specialized for different functions. c. prokaryotes are restricted to stable environments d. eukaryotes have fewer genes, so each gene must do several jobs

b. in a multicellular eukaryote, different cells are specialized for different functions.

how many genes are in a human sperm cell? a. 23 b. 46 c. 21,000 d. about 3 billion

c. 21,000

When one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecules the new DNA contains A.) 50% of the parent DNA B.) 100% of the parent DNA C.) 75% of the parent DNA D.) 25% of the parent DNA E.) none of the parent DNA

A.) 50% of the parent DNA

Which of the following is not needed in order for translation to occur A.) DNA template B.) ribosomes C.) sources of energy including ATP D.) various enzymes and protein factors E.) tRNA

A.) DNA template

Which of the following features characterizes the lytic cycle of a viral infection A.) The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell B.) The viral DNA is inserted into a bacterial chromosome C.)The viral genes typically remain inactive once they are inside the host cell D.) The cycle typically ends when the host bacterium divides E.) The virus reproduces outside the host cell

A.) The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell

Which of the following human activities has contributed to an increase in the number of bacteria having R plasmids A.) heavy use of antibiotics and medicine and in agriculture B.) nitrogen fixation by genetically engineered plants C.) improper use of restriction enzymes in research and medical facilities D.) increased carcinogen exposure from excessive fossil fuel burning E.) widespread use of childhood vaccination in developing countries

A.) heavy use of antibiotics and medicine and in agriculture

Viral DNA incorporated into host cell DNA is known as A.) prophage B.) envelope C.) genome D.) phage E.) capsid

A.) prophage

Which of the following enzymes does HIV use to synthesize DNA on a RNA template A.) reverse transcriptase B.) terminator enzyme C.) RNA polymerase D.) DNA convertase E.) ligase

A.) reverse transcriptase

A base substitution mutation in a gene does not always result in a different protein. Which of the following factors could account for this A.) the fact that some amino acids are specified from more than one codon B.) the fact that the mutation affects only the sequence of the proteins amino acids so the protein stays the same C.) the double ring structure of adenine and guanine D.) the fact that such mutations are usually accompanied by a complementary deletion E.) a correcting mechanism that is part of the mRNA molecule

A.) the fact that some amino acids are specified from more than one codon

The one gene one polypeptide theory states A.) the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide B.) each polypeptide catalyzes a specific reaction C.) the synthesis of each enzyme is catalyzed by one specific gene D.) the function of each polypeptide is to regulate the synthesis of each corresponding gene E.) the synthesis of each gene is catalyzed by one specific enzyme

A.) the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide

Which of the following statements about the treatment or prevention for a prion infection is true A.) there is no known treatment or cure for prion infections B.) high doses of anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen reduce the symptoms of prion infections C.) preventative vaccines have recently been shown to be effective in preventing prion infections D.) antibiotic therapies such as penicillin are very effective cures E.) corticosteroid therapy is the only drug therapy that can reverse the effects of a prion infection

A.) there is no known treatment or cure for prion infections

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of ____ nucleotides in an RNA molecule A.) 2 B.) 3 C.) 4 D.) 5 E.) 1

B.) 3

Which of the following people conducted the experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophage A.) Pauling B.) Hershey and chase C.) Watson as crick D.) Griffith E.) Franklin

B.) Hershey and chase

The shape of a DNA molecule is most like A.) a diamond ring B.) a twisted rope ladder C.) a set of railroad tracks D.)the letter x E.) a gold necklace

B.) a twisted rope ladder

The envelope of the flu virus A.) accounts for viral resistance to antibiotics B.) helps the virus enter the cell C.) helps the virus insert its DNA into the host cell genome D.) changes rapidly thereby helping the virus invade an immune system response E.) is coded by viral genes

B.) helps the virus enter the cell

Which of the following is a function of tRNA A.) recognizing the appropriate anti-codons in mRNA B.) joining to only one specific type of amino acid C.) transferring nucleotides to rRNA D.) joining to several types of amino acids E.) helping to translate codons into nucleic acid

B.) joining to only one specific type of amino acid

How many origins of replication and how many replication forks are shown A.) three origins and three replication forks B.) three origins and six replication forks C.) six origins and three replication forks D.) six origins and 12 replication forks E.) six origins and six replication forks

B.) three origins and six replication forks

Which of the following statements regarding the flow of genetic information is false. A.) The codons in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide B.) transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells C.) eukaryotic mRNA is processed in several ways before export out of the nucleus D.) ribosomes function as factories that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and tRNA E.) polypeptides form proteins that determine the appearance and function of the cell and organism

B.) transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component A.) RNA - DNA - RNA - protein B.) DNA - tRNA - mRNA - protein C.) DNA - RNA - protein D.) protein - RNA - DNA E.) DNA - amino acid - RNA - protein

C.) DNA - RNA - protein

Consider the following sentence the dog did not eat which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a Reading frame mutation A.) The did dog not eat B.) The dog dog did not eat C.) The dod idn ote at D.) The dog did dog did not eat E.) The did not eat

C.) The dod idn ote at

Which of the following statements is false A.) The lysogenic cycle always occurs inside the host cells B.) during a lysogenic cycle viral DNA replication typically occurs without destroying the host cell C.) The lysogenic cycle typically results in the rapid lysis of all infected cells D.) sometimes an environmental signal can trigger a switch over from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle E.) some prophage genes can cause the transformation of a nonpathogenic bacterium into a form that causes human disease

C.) The lysogenic cycle typically results in the rapid lysis of all infected cells

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called A.)an anti-codon B.) an advantage C.) a mutation D.) a codon E.) a translation

C.) a mutation

____ marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop A.) RNA ligase B.) methionine C.) a terminator D.) reverse transcriptase E.) RNA polymerase

C.) a terminator

How would the shape of a DNA molecule change if adenine paired with guanine and cytosine paired with thymine A.) the DNA molecule would be circular B.) the DNA molecule would be longer C.) the DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length D.) the DNA molecule would regions where no base pairing would occur E.) the DNA molecule would be shorter

C.) the DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length

Which of the following statements regarding viral disease is false A.) some new viral diseases arise as a result of a mutation of existing viruses B.) AIDS was around for decades before becoming a widespread epidemic C.) very few new human diseases have originated another animals because the genetic differences are too great D.) New viral diseases often emerge when a virus infects a new host species E.) RNA viruses tend to have an unusually high rate of mutation because their RNA genomes cannot be corrected by proofreading

C.) very few new human diseases have originated another animals because the genetic differences are too great

The most likely method of which the mutated CCR5 gene prevents AIDS is by A.) rupturing the nuclear membrane B.) attacking in destroying the HIV virus particles C.) blocking transfer RNA from reaching the viral ribosomes D.) Coding for a protective protein in the cell membrane E.) covering the cell membrane

D.) Coding for a protective protein in the cell membrane

Which of the following enzymes catalyze the elongation of a new DNA strand A.) single stranded binding protein B.) primase C.) helicase D.) DNA polymerase E.) ligase

D.) DNA polymerase

If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC the corresponding strand would be A.) CGGTAC B.) GCCAUC C.) GCCTAG D.) GCCATG E.) TAACGT

D.) GCCATG

Which of the following statements regarding viruses is false A.) the host cell provides most of the tools and raw materials for viral multiplication B.) viruses can enter a host cell when the protein molecules on the outside of the viruses fit into receptor molecules on the outside of the cell C.) once a person is infected with the herpes virus the virus remains permanently latent in the body D.) a virus is generally considered to be alive because it is cellular and can reproduce in its own E.) herpes virus and the virus that causes aids can remain latent inside our cells for long periods of time

D.) a virus is generally considered to be alive because it is cellular and can reproduce in its own

What will be the most likely cause of a new avian flu pandemic like the 1918 1919 flu pandemic that killed approximately 40 million people worldwide A.) increased international travel at affordable rates B.) sexual promiscuity C.) intravenous drug use and abuse D.) easy viral transmission from person to person E.) blood transfusions with tainted blood

D.) easy viral transmission from person to person

We would expect that a 15 nucleotides sequence will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of A.) 3 amino acids B.) 6 amino acids C.) 5 amino acids D.) 2 amino acids E.) 4 amino acids

E.) 4 amino acids

Which of the following takes place during translation A.) The conversion of genetic information from DNA nucleotides into RNA nucleotides B.) The conversion of genetic information from the language of proteins to the language of enzymes C.) DNA replication D.) The addition of nucleotides to a DNA template E.) The conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins

E.) The conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins

The way that genetic material of a bacteriophage enters a bacterium is most like the way that A.) a person swallows a pill B.) water soaks into a sponge C.) skin lotion is rubbed onto the hands D.) sugar dissolves into water E.) a drug is injected with a hypodermic needle

E.) a drug is injected with a hypodermic needle

Which of the following statements about herpes virus is false A.) herpesvirus may cause cold sores or genital sores to appear during times of physical or emotional stress B.) herpesvirus are DNA viruses C.) herpesvirus may remain latent for long periods of time while inside the host cell nucleus D.) herpesvirus acquire their envelopes from the host cell nuclear membrane E.) herpesvirus reproduce inside the host cells mitochondria

E.) herpesvirus reproduce inside the host cells mitochondria

Conjugation transformation and transduction are all ways that bacteria A.) reduce their DNA content B.) change their ribosomes to eukaryotic ribosomes C.) increase the amount of RNA in the cytoplasm D.) alter their oxygen requirements E.) increase their genetic diversity

E.) increase their genetic diversity

Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA A.) initiation of a new polypeptide chain B.) elongation of the growing RNA molecules C.) addition of nucleotides to the DNA template D.) termination of the RNA molecule E.) initiation of a new RNA molecule

E.) initiation of a new RNA molecule

A physical or chemical agent that changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called a A.) transposon B.) reverse transcriptase C.) anti-codon D.) terminator E.) mutagen

E.) mutagen

When one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecules, the new DNA contains a. 50% of the parent DNA. b. 100% of the parent DNA c. 75% of the parent DNA. d. none of the parent DNA.

a. 50% of the parent DNA.

Which of the following statements about microarrays is false? a. Microarrays use tiny portions of double-stranded RNA fragments from a large number of genes. b. Microarrays use fluorescently labeled cDNA molecules to identify particular genes expressed at a particular time. c. Microarrays enable scientists to determine the activity of thousands of genes at once. d. Microarrays are used to determine which genes are active in different tissues or in tissues of different states of health.

a. Microarrays use tiny portions of double-stranded RNA fragments from a large number of genes.

RNA splicing involves the a. removal of introns from the molecule. b. addition of a nucleotide "tail" to the molecule. c. addition of a nucleotide "cap" to the molecule. d. removal of exons from the molecule.

a. removal of introns from the molecule.

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their a. size. b. solubility in the gel. c. ability to bind to mRNA. d. nucleotide sequence.

a. size.

Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are a. three-nucleotide sequences. b. nucleotide sequences of various lengths. c. two-nucleotide sequences. d. single nucleotides.

a. three-nucleotide sequences.

HIV does the greatest damage to a. white blood cells. b. the adrenal glands. c. pancreatic cells. d. nervous tissue.

a. white blood cells.

Which of the following is not needed in order for translation to occur? a. tRNA b. DNA template c. ribosomes d. sources of energy, including ATP

b. DNA template

In many bacteria, genes that confer resistance to antibiotics are carried on a. exons. b. R plasmids. c. transposons. d. factors.

b. R plasmids.

How would the shape of a DNA molecule change if adenine paired with guanine and cytosine paired with thymine? a. The DNA molecule would be shorter. b. The DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length. c. The DNA molecule would be circular. d. The DNA molecule would be longer.

b. The DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length.

Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a base substitution mutation? a. The dog did not et. b. The doe did not eat. c. The dog dog did not eat. d. The did dog not eat.

b. The doe did not eat.

Which of the following is likely to occur in E. coli cells that are grown in skim milk? a. The lac operon is shut off and the cells will not produce lactose-utilizing enzymes. b. The trp repressor is activated and the cells will produce lactose-utilizing enzymes. c. The trp operon and the lac operon are both switched off. d. The trp operon is turned on but the bacteria will not produce lactose-utilizing enzymes.

b. The trp repressor is activated and the cells will produce lactose-utilizing enzymes.

Which of the following is likely to occur in E. coli cells that are grown in skim milk? a. The trp operon is turned on but the bacteria will not produce lactose-utilizing enzymes. b. The trp repressor is activated and the cells will produce lactose-utilizing enzymes. c. The lac operon is shut off and the cells will not produce lactose-utilizing enzymes. d. The trp operon and the lac operon are both switched off.

b. The trp repressor is activated and the cells will produce lactose-utilizing enzymes.

which of the following methods of gene regulation do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common? a. elaborate packing of DNA in chromosomes b. activator and repressor proteins, which attach to DNA c. the addition of a cap and tail to mRNA after transcription d. lac and trp operons

b. activator and repressor proteins, which attach to DNA

Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide? a. addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands b. alternative RNA splicing c. retention of different introns in the final version of the different mRNA strands d. genetic differentiation

b. alternative RNA splicing

which of the following correctly ranks the structures in order of size, from largest to smallest? a. gene-chromosome-nucleotide-codon b. chromosome-gene-codon-nucleotide c. nucleotide-chromosome-gene-codon d. chromosome-nucleotide-gene-codon

b. chromosome-gene-codon-nucleotide

which of the following is a valid difference between embryonic stem cells and the stem cells found in adult tissues? a. in laboratory culture, only adult stem cells are immortal. b. in nature, only embryonic stem cells give a rise to all the different types of cells in the organism. c. only adult stem cells can differentiate in culture. d. embryonic stem cells are generally more difficult to grow in culture than adult stem cells

b. in nature, only embryonic stem cells give a rise to all the different types of cells in the organism.

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are all ways that bacteria a. alter their oxygen requirements. b. increase their genetic diversity. c. reduce their DNA content. d. increase the amount of RNA in the cytoplasm.

b. increase their genetic diversity.

a homeotic gene does which of the following? a. it serves as the ultimate control for prokaryotic operons. b. it regulates the expression of groups of other genes during development. c. it represses the histone proteins in eukaryotic chromosomes d. it helps splice mRNA after transcription

b. it regulates the expression of groups of other genes during development.

Which of the following is a function of a tRNA molecule? a. recognizing the appropriate anticodons in mRNA b. joining to only one specific type of amino acid c. helping to translate codons into nucleic acids d. transferring nucleotides to rRNA

b. joining to only one specific type of amino acid

a paleontologist has recovered a tiny bit of organic material from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo. she would like to compare DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds. which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of DNA available for testing? a. restriction fragment analysis b. polymerase chain reaction c. molecular probe analysis d. electrophoresis

b. polymerase chain reaction

The lac operon in E. coli a. allows the bacterium to resist antibiotics in the penicillin family. b. prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent from the environment. c. regulates the rate of binary fission. d. coordinates the production of tryptophan-utilizing enzymes when it is present.

b. prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent from the environment.

Transduction a. occurs when a phage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another. b. requires DNA polymerase. c. is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another. d. occurs when a bacterium acquires DNA from the surrounding environment.

b. requires DNA polymerase.

Which of the following takes place during translation? a. the conversion of genetic information from DNA nucleotides into RNA nucleotides b. the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins c. DNA replication d. the conversion of genetic information from the language of proteins to the language of enzymes

b. the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins

the DNA profiles-used as evidence in a murder trail look something like a supermarket bar codes. the pattern of bars in a DNA profile shows a. the order of bases in a particular genes b. the presence of various-sized fragments of DNA c. the presence of dominant or recessive alleles for particular traits d. the order of genes along particular chromosomes

b. the presence of various-sized fragments of DNA

DNA replication a. occurs through the addition of nucleotides to the end of the parental DNA molecule. b. uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand. c. begins when two DNA molecules join together to exchange segments. d. results in the formation of four new DNA strands.

b. uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand.

We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence ending with a stop codon will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of a. 5 amino acids. b. 2 amino acids. c. 4 amino acids. d. 3 amino acids.

c. 4 amino acids.

If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding strand would be a. GCCTAG. b. TAACGT. c. GCCATG. d. GCCAUC.

c. GCCATG.

The nucleotide sequence of a DNA codon is GTA. A messenger RNA molecule with a complementary codon is transcribed from the DNA. In the process of protein synthesis, a transfer RNA pairs with the mRNA codon. What is the nucleotide sequence of the tRNA anticodon? a. CAT b. CUT c. GUA d. CAU

c. GUA

In a prokaryote, a group of genes with related functions, along with their associated control sequences, defines a. a locus. b. a transposon. c. an operon. d. an allele.

c. an operon.

your bone cells muscle cells and skin cells look different because a. each cell contains different kinds of genes. b. they are present in different organs. c. different genes are active in each kind of cell. d. they contain different numbers of genes

c. different genes are active in each kind of cell.

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are all ways that bacteria a. reduce their DNA content. b. alter their oxygen requirements. c. increase their genetic diversity. d. increase the amount of RNA in the cytoplasm.

c. increase their genetic diversity.

In the genetic code, a. many amino acids are specified by more than one codon. b. some amino acids are not specified by any codons. c. some codons specify more than one amino acid. d. some codons consist of two nucleotides.

c. some codons specify more than one amino acid.

when a typical restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule, the cuts at uneven, giving the DNA fragments single-stranded ends. these ends are useful in recombinant DNA work because a. they enable a cell to recognize fragments produced by the enzyme b. they serve as starting points for DNA replication c. the fragments will bond to other fragments with complimentary ends d. they enable researcher to use the fragments as molecular probes

c. the fragments will bond to other fragments with complimentary ends

I biologist isolated a gene from a human cell, inserted it into a plasmid, and inserted the plasmid into a bacterium. the bacterium made a new protein, but it was nothing like protein normally produced in a human cell. why? a. the bacterium had undergone transformation b. the gene did not have sticky ends. c. the gene contained introns d. the gene did not come from a genomic library

c. the gene contained introns

which of the following would be considered a transgenic organism? a. a bacterium that has received genes via conjugation b. a human given a corrected human blood-clotting gene c. a fern grown I a cell-culture from a single fern root cell d. a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes

d. a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes

The expression of the tryptophan operon is controlled by a. a repressor that is inactive when it binds to lactose. b. a repressor that is active when it is alone. c. an activator that turns the operon on by binding to DNA. d. a repressor that is active when it binds to tryptophan.

d. a repressor that is active when it binds to tryptophan.

Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide? a. addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands b. genetic differentiation c. retention of different introns in the final version of the different mRNA strands d. alternative RNA splicing

d. alternative RNA splicing

Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations. a. basal b. T c. somatic d. germ

d. germ

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use ________ to turn certain genes on or off. a. nucleosome packing b. RNA transcriptase c. intron segments d. proteins

d. proteins

all your cells contain proto-oncogenes, which can change into cancer-causing oncogenes. why do cells possess such potential time bombs? a. viruses infect cells with proto-oncogenes. b. proto-oncogenes are genetic "junk" with no known function. c. proto-oncogenes are unavoidable environmental carcinogens d. proto-oncogenes normally control cell division

d. proto-oncogenes normally control cell division

A geneticist found that a particular mutation had no effect on the polypeptide encoded by a gene. This mutation probably involved a. deletion of one nucleotide. b. alteration f the start codon. c. insertion of one nucleotide d. substitution of one nucleotide.

d. substitution of one nucleotide.

Scientists have discover dhow to put together a bacteriophage with the protein coat of phage T2 and the DNA of phage lambda. If this composite phage were allowed to infect a bacterium, the phages produced in the host cell would have_____. a. the protein of T2 and the DNA of lambda b. the protein of lambda and the DNA of T2 c. the protein and DNA of T2 d. the protein and DNA of lambda

d. the protein and DNA of lambda