E3

35) All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it A) activates B cells. B) reaches its greatest relative size before puberty. C) involutes after puberty. D) produces T cells. E) lies in the anterior mediastinum.

A

43) The white pulp of the spleen is populated by A) lymphocytes. B) trabeculae. C) arteries. D) veins. E) fibrous connective tissue.

A

52) The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called A) chemotaxis. B) diapedesis. C) phagocytosis. D) apoptosis. E) immune surveillance.

A

53) The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. A) NK B) plasma C) B D) helper T E) suppressor T

A

6) Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the A) CNS. B) periphery. C) renal arteries. D) groin. E) throat.

A

69) Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. A) naturally acquired active B) naturally acquired passive C) passive D) auto E) innate

A

75) Which of the following concerning Class I MHC proteins is false? A) bind complement B) allow the body to differentiate its own antigens from foreign antigens C) function in antigen presentation D) display abnormal peptides on the plasma membrane E) are found on all nucleated cells

A

92) B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called A) sensitization. B) apoptosis. C) opsonization. D) differentiation. E) customization.

A

98) Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

A

1) The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except A) the appendix. B) the venae cavae. C) the spleen. D) red bone marrow. E) lymph.

B

10) The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the A) left breast. B) right breast. C) left arm and shoulder. D) pelvic viscera. E) left side of the neck.

B

17) T is to ________ as B is to ________. A) top; bottom B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived C) thyroid; bowel D) non-thymus-dependent; bottom E) None of the answers is correct.

B

25) The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. A) B B) T helper C) plasma D) cytotoxic T E) NK

B

38) The thymus produces several complementary hormones called A) catecholamines. B) thymosins. C) immunoglobulins. D) desmosomes. E) interferons.

B

40) The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called A) fissures. B) septa. C) hilum. D) trabeculae. E) sutures.

B

44) Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? A) T lymphocytes B) free and fixed macrophages C) B lymphocytes D) neutrophils E) red blood cells

B

50) Various types of macrophages are derived from A) lymphocytes. B) monocytes. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) basophils.

B

51) The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called A) chemotaxis. B) diapedesis. C) phagocytosis. D) apoptosis. E) involution.

B

54) What is perforin? A) a type of antibody synthesized by B cells B) a protein produced by NK cells C) a type of interferon D) a toxin expressed by some pathogens that is capable of damaging healthy cells E) a destructive enzyme secreted by sebaceous glands

B

55) Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen? A) parasites B) viruses C) bacteria D) prions E) spirochetes

B

59) The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called A) neutralization. B) opsonization. C) agglutination. D) antigen presentation. E) sensitization.

B

63) In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens A) cause inflammation. B) produce a fever. C) activate complement. D) opsonize pathogens. E) activate antibodies.

B

64) Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except A) redness of the inflamed tissue. B) chemotaxis of phagocytes. C) heat of the inflamed tissue. D) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. E) swelling of the inflamed tissue.

B

67) Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by A) nonspecific immunity. B) specific immunity. C) immunological surveillance. D) skin defenses. E) fever.

B

7) Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with A) hyaline cartilage. B) blood vessels. C) adipose tissue. D) sensory nerve endings. E) both hyaline cartilage and adipose tissue.

B

70) Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. A) naturally acquired active B) naturally acquired passive C) passive D) auto E) innate

B

73) ________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. A) Versatility B) Tolerance C) Specificity D) Allergy E) Hypersensitivity

B

78) The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. A) NK B) B C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

B

79) Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of A) NK cells. B) T and B cells. C) mast cells. D) antigen-antibody complexes. E) interferons.

B

86) Helper T cells do all of the following except A) activate sensitized B cells by costimulation. B) destroy target cells using perforins. C) enhance cell-mediated immunity. D) secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells. E) enhance antibody-mediated immunity.

B

87) When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell. A) plasma B) CD4 T C) NK D) suppressor T E) cytotoxic T

B

88) The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells. A) NK B) plasma C) helper T D) thymus E) liver

B

9) Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the A) right lymphatic duct. B) thoracic duct. C) cisterna chyli. D) hepatic portal vein. E) dural sinus.

B

91) T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of A) APCs. B) B cells. C) antibodies. D) immunoglobulins. E) plasma cells.

B

96) Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

B

15) Lymphocytes A) are all actively phagocytic. B) destroy red blood cells. C) respond to antigens. D) are primarily found in red bone marrow. E) decrease in number during infection.

C

2) The primary function of the lymphatic system is A) circulation of nutrients. B) the transport of hormones. C) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats. D) the production and distribution of plasma proteins. E) both the transport of hormones and the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

C

21) ________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A) Tonsils B) Adenoids C) Peyer's patches D) Immune complexes E) Lymph glands

C

23) Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way? A) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not. B) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax. C) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not. D) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphoid tissues can. E) None of the answers is correct.

C

26) Lymph nodes range in diameter from A) 1 nm to 10 nm. B) 1 inch to 2 inches. C) 1 mm to 25 mm. D) 1 cm to 25 cm. E) 1 cm to 1 inch.

C

27) ________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes. A) Dendritic cells B) Afferent lymphatics C) Lymphoid tissues D) Palatine tonsils E) None of the answers is correct.

C

29) Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "2." A) monocytes B) T lymphocytes C) B cells D) NK cells E) erythrocytes

C

31) Identify the structures labeled "4." A) lymphatic vessels B) medullae C) trabeculae D) dendritic cells E) venules

C

33) Identify the area where dividing lymphocytes are found. A) 2 B) 4 C) 5 D) 1 E) 3

C

34) Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that A) the focus of the infection is the lymph glands. B) lymph is not flowing through these lymph glands. C) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes. D) the lymph gland is actively producing phagocytes. E) the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin.

C

95) Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

C

14) All of the following are true of lymphocytes except that A) they spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue. B) they have relatively long life spans. C) they have one nucleus. D) they are granulocytes. E) some produce antibodies.

D

16) Lymphocyte production does not occur in A) bone marrow. B) thymus tissue. C) peripheral lymphoid tissues. D) the liver. E) the spleen.

D

24) The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells. A) cytotoxic T B) immature T C) NK D) B E) helper T

D

30) Identify the structure labeled "3." A) efferent lymphatic B) hilum C) outer cortex D) afferent lymphatic E) medulla

D

36) Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the A) bone marrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys.

D

39) After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called A) atrophy. B) diminishment. C) necrosis. D) involution. E) conversion.

D

42) The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the A) liver. B) thymus. C) tonsils. D) spleen. E) lymph nodes.

D

47) Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except A) body hair. B) epithelium. C) secretions. D) complement. E) basement membranes.

D

49) The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

D

5) Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they A) have no basement membrane. B) are larger in diameter. C) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. D) are smaller in diameter. E) are frequently irregular in shape.

D

65) A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John A) is feeling achy. B) is producing T lymphocytes. C) has a sore throat. D) is running a fever. E) has swollen lymph nodes.

D

74) The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to do all of the following except A) activate T cells. B) display antigen fragments. C) process antigens. D) phagocytosis. E) activate B cells.

D

76) Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? A) all body cells with a nucleus B) red blood cells C) granulocytes and microphages D) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells E) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

D

8) Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false? A) Lymph derived from interstitial fluid. B) Lymphatic vessels have valves to direct fluid flow. C) Lymphatic capillaries have larger diameters than blood capillaries. D) Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the respiratory system. E) Lymphatic capillaries have little or no basement membrane.

D

19) Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false? A) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic vessel. B) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells. D) The efferent lymphatic vessel exits at the hilum. E) The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum.

E

22) Lymph nodes do all of the following except A) produce antibodies. B) monitor the contents of lymph. C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. D) detect pathogens. E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

E

3) The lymphocytes are most important in A) helping maintain normal blood volume. B) transporting gases to and away from lymph nodes. C) eliminating variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. D) transporting lipids from the digestive tract. E) fighting infection.

E

4) Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except A) the thymus. B) lymphoid nodules. C) lymph node organs. D) the spleen. E) the brain.

E

45) The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except A) the skin. B) complement. C) interferon. D) inflammation. E) B and T cells.

E

46) Nonspecific defenses would not include A) phagocytic cells. B) physical barriers. C) inflammation. D) interferons. E) antibodies.

E

48) Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except A) sebaceous glands. B) mucus. C) epithelia. D) epidermal layers. E) blood.

E

58) Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system. A) 1-3 B) 5 C) fewer than 10 D) 18-25 E) more than 30

E

60) Inflammation produces all of the localized effects except A) increased swelling. B) increased redness. C) increased heat. D) increased pain. E) decreased blood flow.

E

61) Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than A) 37.2�C. B) 99�F. C) 98.6�F. D) either 37.2�C or 98.6�F. E) either 37.2�C or 99�F.

E

66) Characteristics of specific defenses include all of the following except A) versatility. B) tolerance. C) memory. D) specificity. E) intrinsic.

E

68) Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. A) active B) maternal C) passive D) auto E) innate

E

11) The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. A) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks B) the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks C) two great vessels D) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts E) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts

A

13) Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into A) the right lymphatic duct. B) the thoracic duct.

A

20) ________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. A) Tonsils B) Peyer's patches C) Lymph nodes D) Immune complexes E) Spleens

A

32) Identify the region labeled "5." A) germinal center B) subscapular space C) medullary sinus D) trabeculae E) deep cortex

A

37) If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of A) B lymphocytes. B) NK cells. C) T cells. D) neutrophils. E) NK cells and T cells.

C

41) Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as A) Peyer's patches. B) adenoids. C) white pulp. D) red pulp. E) lymph nodes.

C

56) The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) stimulation of inflammation. C) inhibition of the immune response. D) enhanced phagocytosis. E) histamine release.

C

57) The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to A) the cell wall of bacteria. B) the plasma membrane of bacteria. C) an antibody attached to an antigen. D) a cell surface antigen. E) a plasma protein.

C

62) An inflammatory response is triggered when A) red blood cells release pyrogens. B) T cells release interferon. C) mast cells release histamine and heparin. D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. E) blood flow to an area increases.

C

72) In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of A) innate immunity. B) active immunization. C) passive immunity. D) natural immunity. E) alloimmunity.

C

89) Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK

C

90) B cells are primarily activated by the activities of A) antigens. B) antibodies. C) helper T cells. D) macrophages. E) plasma cells.

C

80) The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) NK D) T E) interferon

D

81) Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

D

82) Regulatory T cells act to A) inhibit T and B cell activities. B) erase memory T cells. C) limit antigen proliferation. D) suppress antigens. E) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.

D

83) Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what? A) secreting a strong acid B) secreting organic solvent C) secreting free radicals D) activating genes that trigger apoptosis E) secreting mutant proteins

D

85) ________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. A) IgM B) Suppressor C) Dendritic D) Memory E) Plasma

D

93) The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their A) asymmetry. B) antigen specificity. C) light-chain variable segments. D) heavy-chain constant segments. E) both light-chain variable segments and heavy-chain constant segments.

D

94) Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

D

99) During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except A) the antigen must activate appropriate B cells. B) B cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells. C) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. E) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

D

100) All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it A) depends on memory B cells. B) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. C) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. D) produces more IgG antibodies. E) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

E

12) The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the A) lymph node. B) azygos. C) hilum. D) bronchomediastinal trunk. E) cisterna chyli.

E

18) A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n) A) thymosin. B) complement. C) chemotoxin. D) irritant. E) antigen.

E

71) In passive immunity, the A) immune system attacks normal body cells. B) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. C) body receives antibodies produced by other humans. D) body receives antibodies produced by an animal. E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal.

E

77) Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must A) infect cells. B) be processed by a phagocyte. C) either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte. D) depolarize the lymphocyte. E) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte

E

84) ________ cells provide cell-mediated immunity. A) Memory B B) Cytotoxic T C) Suppressor T D) Helper T E) CD8 T

E

97) Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

E

Figure 20-1 28) Identify the structure labeled "1." A) venule B) lymphatic nodule C) trabecula D) afferent lymphatic E) efferent lymphatic

E