EAPS Final

Réussis tes devoirs et examens dès maintenant avec Quizwiz!

Volatiles that are dissolved in magma tend to separate from the magma and form bubbles during which process?

A decrease in magma pressure

Landslides occur when loose unconsolidated material moves downhill. Which of the following factors will increase the possibility of a landslide?

A steep slope with no plant growth

Seismometers measure ground shaking related to earthquakes. They can be quite far from the earthquake epicenter. In the above seismogram, which wave train represents the first p-wave arrival? Hint: think about which type of earthquake wave travels the fastest.

A(the first block in the picture cuz p waves travel the fastest and shows up first)

Magmas are formed in subduction zones through which process?

Adding water to the mantle and lowering its melting point

In the above figure; when did the magmatic dike labeled 3 intrude the sequence?

After deposition of layer 2, but before deposition of layer 4 (look at figure, but after the top slanted layer, but before all the horizontally stacked layers

The Cambrian explosion represents an abrupt appearance of abundant animal fossils in the geologic record. Why is it rare to find fossils prior to this period?

Animals were very small or soft-bodied

Ionic bonding occurs when...

Atoms lose or gain valence electrons to make positively or negatively charged ions that can then bond

Wave refraction will lead to a concentration of wave energy and erosion in which area in the above satellite image? (image question)

B, the end of the land in the picture

how to find exoplanets

By far the most successful techniques are studying a star's position to see if it is affected by orbiting planets and determining whether the star's light dims as objects pass between it and Earth

Typical Greenhouse Gases

CO2 (carbon dioxide), CH4 (methane), H2O (water vapor)

You learned that on a very broad scale the Earth is composed of different spheres. Using the above figure, what are the compositional spheres, W, X, Y, Z (low to top)

Core, Mantle, Crust, Hydrosphere

Winds drive large, circular ocean currents known as gyres around ocean basins. What force causes the winds to move in this predictable way? Hint: Gyres move in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a counter clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.

Coriolis force

If we assume that the wave pattern in the aerial photo above reflects the long term wave direction in this area, then in which direction will sand move during the process of longshore transport? (picture question)

D (the direction in which the waves look like they are pointing to)

What property of cold gases have you learned over the last two weeks that can be exploited to study the atmospheric composition of distant planets?

Different elements absorb specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

Wave refraction causes waves to bend because _______________. Which answer best completes the above statement?

Different parts of the wave differentially slow down as it interacts with the seafloor

drake equation

Dr. Drake wrote an equation to determine the abundance of advanced extraterrestrial life in our galaxy

If you are at a beach and the water begins to rapidly retreat as if you are entering a low tide, you should __________. Which answer best completes the above statement?

Evacuate to a higher elevation

Seawater has a high level of salinity (35 parts per thousand). What process leads to increased ocean salinity?

Evaporation

Faults are cracks within Earth's crust that can accommodate differential motion of different bodies of rock. They are classified as three different types of fault (normal, reverse, transform) depending on what type of differential motion that they accommodate. In the above diagram what type of motion is being accommodated?

Extension (the rocks are being pulled apart)

What force causes faults to move incrementally rather than at a constant rate?

Frictional Forces

Which of the following is not a mineral?

Glass from a lava flow

Where did the matter that comprised the solar nebula come from?

H and He from Big Bang, everything else from older stars

Which of the following is a quality that would make an organism difficult to preserve in the fossil record?

Has a small population and only has soft body parts

Relative humidity is a measure of how much water vapor is in a parcel of air relative to the maximum amount of water it can hold before water starts to condense. What process would not lead to an increase in relative humidity in a parcel of air?

Heating the parcel of air

Explosive eruptions are typically associated with magmas that have high silica (SiO2) and ________ content. Which answer best completes the above statement?

High volatile (water H2O, carbon dioxide CO2) content

We assume that sedimentary layers are originally deposited as...

Horizontal, locally continuous beds

Which process concentrates gold?

Hydrothermal circulation related to magmatic differentiation

Rain forms by forming large, heavy ________ in cold clouds and large, heavy ___________ in warm clouds. Which answer best completes the above statement?

Ice crystals; Water droplets

Which of the faults in the above diagrams will not generate a tsunami if it is on the ocean floor?

(a) its a strike slip fault

climate issues long term

-Orbital parameters -Continental positions

climate changes on short time scales

-Planetary albedo (i.e., ice loss or gain) -Greenhouse gas concentrations

A major concern during and after explosive volcanic eruptions is the creation of mudflows filled with volcanic ash and debris. These flows, known as lahars, pose the greatest danger to areas that ___________. Which answer best completes the above statement?

In low-lying areas close to the volcano

The most severe mass extinction, when up to 96% of marine species went extinct, is known as "The Great Dying". When did this event occur?

251 million years ago (Permian-Triassic Boundary)

Greenhouse gases absorb ____________ radiation from the Earth's surface and help heat the Earth's atmosphere from the bottom up.

Infrared

long wavelengths

Infrared radiation, microwave, and radio waves

What quality makes a material ideal for radiometric dating?

It incorporates a large amount of radioactive isotopes during the material's formation without incorporating any initial daughter isotopes

the cross section of Jupiter is composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium. These are the same gases that compose the sun. Why isn't Jupiter a star

It isn't big enough for fusion to start in its core.

The sun is a main sequence star and the average lifetime of such a star is ~10 billion years. How long until the sun runs out of fuel and transitions to a giant star?

5 billion years

Look at the above figure of two evolutionary trees relative to time. If you found fossils of B, C, H, I, and J in the same sedimentary layer, when was that layer deposited? (figure question), confused about the answer

87.5-82.5 million years ago

Jovian planets

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, composed of gas and ice with only small amounts of rock and iron.

What is not suspected as a cause for mass extinctions?

Large tsunamis related to asteroid impacts

Groundwater is the ____________ of accessible fresh water on Earth. Which answer best completes the above statement?

Largest reservoir

Basalt has a low viscosity compared to other magmas. This property means that basalt flows quite easily. Its eruptions tend to form ______________, which travel downhill as a liquid. Which answer best completes the above statement?

Lava flows

If you crystallize olivine (Mg, Fe)SiO4 from a magma, the remaining liquid will begin to be depleted in which elements?

Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe)

New oceanic crust is made at...

Mid-ocean ridges

Which of the following is not an effective way to monitor for volcanic eruptions?

Monitor the water level in rivers near the volcano

In order for organic matter to be preserved as oil or coal in the geologic record it must...

Not be consumed by living organisms before being buried

Rising hot air will cool off leading to increased relative humidity and eventual saturation in water vapor. When this process occurs, clouds can begin to form as water vapor condenses. What condition is needed to condense water vapor at 100% relative humidity?

Particulate matter must be present

Oil predominantly represents organic matter from what type of organism?

Plankton

Areas 1, 2, and 3 respectively correspond to areas of sediment ___, ___, and ___. (figure question)

Production, Transport, and Deposition (top left to bottom right on picture)

What are the three major classes of rock?

Sedimentary, Metamorphic, Igneous

snowball earth

Several times in Earth's history it has been completely covered by ice due to the run away ice albedo feedback

_____________ provide(s) the energy to differentially heat the atmosphere, drive air circulation, and create weather. Which answer best completes the above statement?

Solar radiation

Solar energy

Solar radiation transfers energy from the sun to the Earth's surface

what is Interstellar Dust

Solids found in the space between stars or in nebulae, We believe that they are largely made from carbon, oxygen, and silicon, and have been ejected from supernova

Wave refraction along a coastline will tend to _____________ through differential erosion. Which answer best completes the above statement?

Straighten the coastline

What type of volcano is associated with explosive volcanic eruptions?

Stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano

What tectonic setting does the above figure show? (picture of sand taking a diagonal slope and lava falling through the sea floor after a volcano most likely)

Subduction zone (region of the earths crust where tectonic plates meet)

Extremely large earthquakes that can form tsunamis tend to happen in what tectonic setting?

Subduction zones

Earthquakes produce three types of waves: p-waves (pressure waves), s-waves (shear waves), and surface waves. Which of these waves causes the most ground motion and consequently the most damage during earthquakes?

Surface waves

Coal predominantly forms in...

Swamps

We have seasons because _________________________. Which answer best completes the above statement?

The Earth's axis is tilted relative to the orbital plane

Why can Earth based telescopes only record some radiation?

The atmosphere filters out some wavelengths

Large-scale atmospheric convection occurs because ________________. Which answer best completes the above statement?

The atmosphere is differentially heated at different latitudes

Waves break in the surf zone because ____________. Which answer best completes the above statement?

The bottom of the wave slows down more than the top of the wave as it approaches shore.

Using the above figure that plots the number of atoms of parent and daughter isotopes that were observed during radioactive decay; what statement can we make about this process?

The rate of decay is proportional to the number of parent atoms

What piece of information is not good evidence for seafloor spreading?

The sea level has changed periodically through Earth's past

Radioactive decay results in...

The spontaneous change in atomic number (number of protons) in an unstable isotope

Which variables are poorly constrained?

The terms get progressively less constrained

As ocean waves approach the shoreline they slow down, their wavelength decreases, and _______________. Which answer best completes the above statement?

Their amplitude increases

The part of the atmosphere where weather occurs is known as the _____________. Which answer best completes the above statement?

Troposphere

Which type of ground is going to have the most severe ground shaking during an earthquake?

Unconsolidated sediment (a future sedimentary rock)

Lithification occurs when...

Unconsolidated sediment is transformed into rock by reducing pore space either through compaction or through cementation

What process forms magma at a mid-ocean ridge?

Upwelling of the mantle and decompression melting where two plates are spreading apart

A rock with low porosity and low permeability will have which quality?

Very little water will be stored in it and very little water will flow into it

darker materials

absorb

greenhouse effect

absorption of gas in the atmosphere (keeps greenhouses warm by Transmission of short wavelength radiation and absorption of long wavelength radiation by gases

Study the above figure of sedimentary rocks; what do we call this feature? (rocks on a slant and weird looking layers)

angular conformity

Why is the surface temperature constant on Venus?

atmospheric convection

the oldest rock unit is (figure question)

bottom

outer planets

composed of gas and ice

inner planets

composed of metal and silicates

There obviously aren't lakes or oceans on the surface of Mars today. How can we figure out when large amounts of water were present?

counting craters (the surface of Mars dried up by 1 billion years ago)

climate change

dramatic increases in CO2 concentrations over the next few centuries which would lead to an increase in temperature as high as 9 degrees

ocean currents

driven by the wind, means of moving thermal energy around the surface of the Earth, water has high heat capacity

Using the above figure of a fault and using the skills that you have developed in this class, determine which way the rocks underneath 1 moved relative to those underneath 2 (whichever way the arrows are pointing towards opposite of rock 2)

east

Positive feedback loops

enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable + +

supernovae

form when the fuel for fusion runs out and the core of a supergiant star gravitationally collapses. As the core collapses it dramatically heats and forms a very bright object. The implosion also occurs rapidly and the associated shock wave can eject the outer parts of the star into space

how main sequence stars are made

four hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium and release an enormous amount of energy in a process known as fusion

volcanic emissions CO2

from burial of organic matter, weathering of rocks, and making carbonate minerals (long time scale)

short wavelength radiation

gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays

has supernovae been visible?

have been no supernova that have been visible to the naked eye since the invention of telescopes

atmospheric heating

heated from the bottom up, bc solar energy is absorbed by the earths surface and is reradiated skyward

CO2 concentrations found where

highest in the northern hemisphere winter and lowest in the northern hemisphere summer

end of life for main sequence stars

hydrogen fuel runs out, and either it is low mass then it will burn out and become a small, dense collection of matter that goes on to completely cool (white dwarf). Otherwise it will form a giant star

what is earths rotational axis tilted relative to

its orbital plane around the sun leading to an uneven distribution of solar radiation throughout the year which make seasons

planetary albedo

measure of how much solar radiation a surface absorbs vs. reflects

What is the core composed of?

mostly iron and and nickel with some lighter elements

You are far out at sea when you receive warning that a tsunami has been generated. Are you in immediate danger?

no

The timescales over which aquifers recharge tend to make groundwater a ___________ resource over the timescale of a human life and a _______________ resource over longer periods of time. Which answer best completes the above statement?

nonrenewable; renewable

elements produced by the big bang

produced Hydrogen, Helium, and a small amount of Lithium

Minerals do not have...

randomly arranged atoms

lighter materials

reflect

How do we know that part of the core is liquid?

seismic shear waves (S-Waves) are not transmitted through the core

doppler effect

shorter or longer wavelengths depending on whether the source of emission is moving toward or away from the observer

The two most common elements in earths crust are...

silicon and oxygen

as the planet warms up, carbon..

stored in the deep ocean during cold periods can also be rapidly released back into the atmosphere

Explosive volcanism occurs most commonly in which tectonic setting

subduction zones

consistent red shifts in radiation

suggests that the entire universe is expanding. This observation has led to the hypothesis that the universe was created from very dense, high temperature state. This hypothesis is known as the 'Big Bang'

Negative feedbacks

tend to dampen or buffer changes; this tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable. + -

Conservation of angular momentum

that as the nebular materials contract, rotation occurs faster and faster.

where are the smallest sedimentary particles deposited?

the bottom of the river delta (figure question)

the Coriolis effect

the fact that convection cells cannot reach the poles before being turned completely to the east or west, which makes three convection cells on each side of the equator

ice melting from greenhouse gases can lead to

to sea level change on the scale of meters

Electromagnetic radiation

transfer energy through space, defined by their wavelength

Carbonate Rocks...

will almost always fizz if you put dilute acid (i.e., vinegar) on them

atmospheric convection

would happen if the earth didn't rotate, would lead to two large convection cells being made

Electromagnetic radiation travels through space at

~300,000 km/s


Ensembles d'études connexes

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

View Set

WEEK 2&3: Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations Changed

View Set

Compensation: Chapter 5- Job Based Structures (Test 2)

View Set