Early Childhood development
Before infants can talk, it is impossible to tell whether the infant is happy, angry, or content.
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Due to a longer attention span, most nine- and ten-year-olds are now able to sit and concentrate for hours at a time.
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During the final two months, many developmental changes occur.
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Families are always the last to suspect that there might be something wrong with their child.
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Families who are too poor to pay are not eligible for screening and assessment services.
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Family has little influence on personality development once the child is enrolled in an early education program.
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Four- and five-year-olds require twelve to fifteen hours of sleep at night.
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Frequent adult-organized practice and drill sessions are preferred to child-initiated play activities for helping six- and seven-year-olds refine their motor skills
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Gender roles and behaviors are determined purely by genetics.
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Highly qualified professionals find it a simple and straightforward matter to identify and treat developmental problems.
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In general, three-year-olds are more stubborn and less cooperative than two-year-olds.
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Infants should not be expected or allowed to put objects such as toys in their mouths.
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It is developmentally inappropriate for older preschoolers to boast, brag, or show off.
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Most four-year-olds find it impossible to share, take turns, or cooperate with peers.
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Most nine- and ten-year-olds are incapable of problem-solving based on logic.
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Most toddlers cannot yet identify common body parts.
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Observations of what a child says and does are all that is needed to make an accurate diagnosis.
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The father plays a major role in fetal development.
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The pincer grasp does not appear until twelve to fourteen months of age.
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The sequence of motor development proceeds from voluntary to reflexive.
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There are few reliable screening instruments available for use with young children.
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There is never anything normal about a child with a developmental problem.
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There is no point in telling one-year-old infants "no" because they have no understanding of the word.
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Using alternating feet when climbing steps is more typical of the toddler than of the five-year-old.
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When provoked, nine- and ten-year-olds are more likely to reason and rely on language to settle their disputes.
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Environmental substances called teratogens can have negative consequences on the unborn child.
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Girls experience a rate of physical growth significantly greater than boys during middle childhood.
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Hearing is the most well developed of the senses and is nearly equivalent to that of an adult's.
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Holophrastic speech, using one word to express a complete thought, is often used by toddlers between 1-2 years old.
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Language development is regular and sequential and depends on maturation as well as experience
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Learning to read is one of the most complex perceptual tasks children will encounter during this developmental stage.
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Many developmental irregularities (lisping, knee-scooting instead of crawling) are perfectly normal.
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Most child developmentalists believe that sensory activities, rather than direct instruction in reading and writing, are more suitable curricula for the kindergarten year.
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Most five-year-olds can rote count to twenty and recognize several printed numerals.
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Nine- and ten-year-olds are more likely to display dramatic emotional ups and downs than are eleven- and twelve-year-olds
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One year old's show a growing curiosity about people and surroundings (approaches and talks to strangers; wanders away when left unattended).
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Perception is concerned with how the child processes information received through ears, eyes,taste buds, nose, and bodily contact.
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Play experiences provide children with opportunities to learn and form meaning.
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Pregnancy in older women presents greater chances of having a child with certain birth defects (i.e., Down syndrome) because genetic material in the ova may deteriorate as women grow older.
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Prolonged or excessive stress can have negative effects on the fetus by reducing its breathing rate, heartbeat, and activity level.
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Refinement of fine motor skills continues to characterize the middle childhood period.
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Sequence of developing skills is more important in determining developmental status than age.
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Six-, seven-, and eight-year-olds can be expected to observe reasonable family rules regarding television, mealtimes, and privacy needs of others.
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Some eight-year-old girls may begin experiencing hormonal changes associated with puberty.
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The development of cognition begins with the primitive or reflexive behaviors that support survival and early learning in the healthy newborn
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The fetus adds about half its total weight in the second trimester.
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The motor behavior of the newborn is both reflexive and protective.
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The placenta effectively filters out many infectious organisms but cannot prevent all disease from reaching the unborn child.
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The rate of development shows great variability among normally developing children.
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The sequences of development are much the same for all typically developing children.
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The ten-year-old's brain is nearly the same size as an adult's brain.
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The tonic neck reflex (TNR) and the stepping reflex should disappear sometime before the end of the fourth month.
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Toddlers' chests are usually larger in circumference than their heads.
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WIC is a supplemental feeding program for qualified pregnant women, infants, and young children.
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Sammy puts down the toy car that he was about to throw after observing another child who was being reprimanded for the same behavior. What is this type of learning called?
imitation
Vygotsky suggested that children's "self-talk"
is an important step in the acquisition of language
Appetite increases dramatically between fifteen and twenty-four months.
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Atypical development is always genetic (inherited) in origin.
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8 to 12 months old babies rarely feed themselves
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A mother's nutritional status does not have a significant effect on the developing fetus.
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According to Piaget, an infant is in the preoperational stage of development.
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All toddlers should know better than to smear toothpaste or lipstick where it does not belong
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An accurate diagnosis can simply be made from the results of a reliable screening test.
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Appearance, possessions, and hanging out with the "right" friends are still unimportant concerns for most eleven- and twelve-year-olds.
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Eleven- and twelve-year-olds are now at the stage where they recognize that problems may have multiple solutions.
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A child's family should always be involved in the assessment process.
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A developmental problem in one area often causes problems in other developmental areas.
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A four year old requires approximately 1700 calories daily.
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A four-year-old's hearing can be informally assessed by listening carefully to the child's speech and language usage and responses to questions and instructions.
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A seven year old enjoys making friends, but prefers same gender playmates.
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A seven year old might have anxiety about school and not being able to learn.
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A single episode of a developmental irregularity is seldom cause for concern
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A six year old is potentially capable of learning 5 to 10 words per day.
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A six year old writes numbers and letters with varying degrees of precision and interest; may reverse or confuse certain letters.
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A three-year-old may begin to understand the duration of time.
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A two-year old is capable of climbing into a chair and opening a door.
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An eight year old might display some aggressive behavior indicative of bullying
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Babies of mothers who smoke tend to be of below average birth weight.
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By 24 months, most toddlers most toddlers speech is 65-70% intelligible.
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By age two, the average toddlers' height is close to 3 feet tall.
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By eight months of age, most infants are playing peek-a-boo.
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By the age of four and one-half, it is reasonable to expect speech to be intelligible most of the time.
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By the twenty-eighth week, the breathing, blood, and nervous systems are sufficiently developed so that the infant can survive if born prematurely.
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Children and parents influence each other's behavior
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Children are able to master abstract concepts, such as time, distance, weight, and volume during the earlier part of middle childhood.
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Defiant behaviors often increase in frequency as toddlers begin asserting their independence.
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Discrete behaviors can be observed.
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During the year or so after birth, the infant should show steady and measurable increases in height, weight, and head circumference.
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A toddler hops and claps his hands after observing his father do the same (hoping and clapping). What concept does this example illustrate?
reciprocal interactions
Portfolios are?
representatives of children's work