Earth in Space
Percentage of Potassium?
1.1%
Which type of magma is more viscous: andesitic or basaltic?
Andesitic
The New Moon is the phase where the face of the moon seen from the Earth is not illuminated by the Sun. The Full Moon is the phase where the face of the moon seen from the Earth is fully illuminated by the Sun. At which lunar phases are tides highest?
New Moon
What direction do ocean currents move?
prevailing wind direction
Pycnocline
rapid increase in density from 200-1000 meters depth
Viscosity
resistance to flow
Landslides common on what kind of slopes?
steep
Stratovolcano
steep slopes, med viscosity magma (andesitic), form on overriding subduction zones at convergent plate boundaries
The ocean salt concentration higher near the
surface
Wave action only affects
surface waters
A rapid change in temperature with depth
thermocline
S waves
vertical displacement
Rayleigh waves
vertical movement
high viscosity causes ______ eruptions
violent
Percentage of Calcium?
1.2%
wave base
1/2 wavelength
32. How much more ground motion does a Richter magnitude 5 earthquake generate compared to a Richter magnitude 3 earthquake?
100 times
What is the volume of ocean water?
10x volume of continents above sea level
How deep is the Mariana Trench?
11 km
What is the ratio of parent-to-daughter atoms when exactly two half-lives have elapsed?
1:3
Estimate the age ranges of the G fossil based on the ages determined for the three volcanic ash layers.
250-365 Million years ago
How often the moon orbit the Earth?
27.3 days
Percentage of Magnesium?
3.7%
Percentage of Sodium?
30.6%
In the Richter scale, each division of energy released goes by...
32-fold increase
What is the seawater salinity?
35%
Percentage of chlorine?
55%
Percentage of Sulfate?
7.7%
How much of the earth is seawater?
71%
P waves
A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground.
Gulf Stream
A warm ocean current flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean. Cold water sinks to the bottom of the north Atlantic near Greenland and Iceland
What evidence indicated that Mount St. Helens was going to erupt?
A. Gas emissions B. Changing shape C. Earthquakes
Which relative dating principles can be observed in the Grand Canyon?
A. Superposition B. Original horizontality C. Cross cutting
What salts are in the ocean?
Chlorine, Sodium, sulfate, calcium, potassium, minor constituents
Which is denser?
Cold, saline water
4. Which set of features would you find across the Atlantic from North America to Europe?
Continental shelf (wide), abyssal plain, oceanic ridge, abyssal plain, continental shelf (wide).
Four major depth zones
Continental shelf, Abyssal plain, Oceanic ridge, Oceanic trenches
What affects ocean circulation patterns?
Continents
Which has a larger temperature difference between east and west coasts?
Continents
Full moon
Earth is between the sun and the moon; only phase that shines the whole night through
30. What factor is most responsible for salinity values found near the tropics (23.5 o N and 23.5 o S)?
Evaporation
Types of surface waves
Love waves and Rayleigh waves
What is the deepest part of the ocean?
Mariana Trench
Magnitude
Measure of the energy released during an earthquake
Modified Mercalli Scale
Measures the intensity of an earthquake
33. Suppose you read this description of an earthquake from the "The ground shook so hard that books fell off the desk"Which scale would be most appropriate for this type of information?
Mercalli
Where would you find the largest difference in shallow and deep ocean temperatures?
Middle latitudes
New moon
Moon phase that occurs when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun, at which point the Moon cannot be seen because its lighted half is facing the Sun and its dark side faces Earth.
What is the largest and deepest ocean in the World, surrounded almost entirely by convergent tectonic plate boundaries?
Pacific
Passive margin zones vs active margin zones
Passive margin zones contain a rise; active zones contain a trench
2. Predict what would happen to the ocean gyre circular patterns if the Earth were spinning in the opposite direction it spins now.
Patterns would be reversed
Difficulties in comparingearthquakes from differentregions due to contrasts in
Population density, Building codes, Ground materials, Distance
Why is there salt in the oceans?
Runoff from the continents
41. Hawaii is an example of this type feature.
Shield-Volcano
What affects ocean temperatures?
Solar insolation and ocean currents
Which volcanoes are more likely to explode and why?
Strato- magma is more viscous than in shield volcanoes
Higher viscosity lava results in
Strato-Volcanoes with steeper slopes
Why is surfing "better" on the west coast of the United States than on the east coast of the United States?
The Pacific Ocean is much larger than the Atlantic Ocean. Ocean waves get to a larger amplitudes on the west coast because they have more distance to grow before they meet the continent..
High specific heat
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius, or to raise the temperature of one pound of a substance by one degree Fahrenheit.
The difference in arrival times of P and S waves
The distance from the earthquake can be calculated
Suppose you were standing on a solid surface when S waves from a nearby earthquake arrived and you could feel them. What ground motion sensation would you feel?
The ground would move vertically beneath you, moving you up and down.
True or False: Water has a high specific heat
True
True or false: Deeper waters are not affected by surface processes that change salinity?
True
Fault displacement on ocean floor results in
Tsunami
Why is it important that water has a high heat capacity?
Water can absorb, move, store, and release lots of heat energy; in relation to global climate patterns, it is important that water does not drastically change temperature to negatively impact the climate.
Halocline
a strong, vertical salinity gradient within a body of water
In high latitudes, as density increases, the pycnocline is ________
absent
Earthquake size is determined by
amplitude of seismic waves
Tides
changes in the sea surface height caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon (and a bit by the sun)
Source of sea salts
chemical weathering and outgassing
In the northern hemisphere, in what direction does a gyre typically circulate?
clockwise
To find earthquake epicenter,
data from multiple seismograph stations are needd
Graph of isotopes w/ time
decreases exponentially
What drives volcanic eruptions?
escaping gases
What increases salinity?
evaporation, formation of sea ice
Higher silica percentage results in less viscous magma.
false
Magma and lava are the same except magma remains below the surface and lava erupts on the surface.
false
Shield volcano
gentle slopes, low viscosity magma (basalt), mild eruptions associated with divergent plate boundaries or hot spots
Change in salinity with depth
halocline
When is salinity the highest?
high temp and low precipitation
As density decreases, temperature _________.
increases
If the moon was larger, the tidal ranges would be
larger
Spring tides
largest tidal bulges, highest tides. Sun and moon exert pull in the same direction. Occur during New Moon
The greater the distance, the _______ it takes seismic waves to reach the a seismograph station.
longer
less silica in magma
lower viscosity
Intensity
measure of the effects of the earthquake on people and buildings (damage)
Elevation changes result from
movement on faults
What decreases salinity?
precipitation, runoff from land, icebergs melting, sea ice melting
In low latitudes, as density increases, the pycnocline is ________
present
9. Which geologic time principle places events in order based on their position?
relative time
superposition
rocks at the bottom are the oldest
What three factors affect ocean density?
salinity, temperature, and pressure
Love waves
side to side
What is most likely to happen to the global ocean conveyer belt if additional freshwater is added to the North Atlantic Ocean?
slow down
Cinder Cone
small volcano, high viscous magma, (coarse tephra)
neap tides
smallest tidal bulges, lowest tides. Sun and moon exert on the Earth in different directions.
What is the most abundant salt dissolved in seawater?
sodium chloride
index fossils
species that existed for a relatively short period of geologic time and found overlarge geographic areas are the best for precise correlations
What ocean currents are driven by the prevailing winds of the atmosphere?
surface
The three main vertical density layers:
surface(2%), middle(18%), and bottom(80%)
In the Richter scale, each division of ground motion goes by...
ten-fold increase (powers of 10) ex: 1, 10, 100,1000,.....
Bathymetry
the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the shape or topography of the ocean floor
The deeper the wave base
the more volume of water involved in the wave
Waves would break when
the water is shallow
As wind generated waves increase in size....
there is increased wind speed
Thermocline
thin layer in which temp rapidly changes more with depth than with the layers above or below, It separates the upper and lower layer
Slower surface waves
travel along earth's surface, cause the most damage
Faster body waves
travel through earth's interior; P waves + S waves
43. The most violent volcanic eruptions occur when gasses cannot easily escape from the magma.
true
Below the pycnocline, density is _______
uniform
seismic waves
vibrations caused by earthquakes; travel in all directions from focus
The volcanic explosivity index is based on
volume of erupted material
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
volume of erupted material
Gases dissolved in magma
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide
What is controlled by the winds?
wave size, speed, and direction
Ground shaking is exaggerated by
weaker earth materials