Earth in Space

Percentage of Potassium?

1.1%

Which type of magma is more viscous: andesitic or basaltic?

Andesitic

The New Moon is the phase where the face of the moon seen from the Earth is not illuminated by the Sun. The Full Moon is the phase where the face of the moon seen from the Earth is fully illuminated by the Sun. At which lunar phases are tides highest?

New Moon

What direction do ocean currents move?

prevailing wind direction

Pycnocline

rapid increase in density from 200-1000 meters depth

Viscosity

resistance to flow

Landslides common on what kind of slopes?

steep

Stratovolcano

steep slopes, med viscosity magma (andesitic), form on overriding subduction zones at convergent plate boundaries

The ocean salt concentration higher near the

surface

Wave action only affects

surface waters

A rapid change in temperature with depth

thermocline

S waves

vertical displacement

Rayleigh waves

vertical movement

high viscosity causes ______ eruptions

violent

Percentage of Calcium?

1.2%

wave base

1/2 wavelength

32. How much more ground motion does a Richter magnitude 5 earthquake generate compared to a Richter magnitude 3 earthquake?

100 times

What is the volume of ocean water?

10x volume of continents above sea level

How deep is the Mariana Trench?

11 km

What is the ratio of parent-to-daughter atoms when exactly two half-lives have elapsed?

1:3

Estimate the age ranges of the G fossil based on the ages determined for the three volcanic ash layers.

250-365 Million years ago

How often the moon orbit the Earth?

27.3 days

Percentage of Magnesium?

3.7%

Percentage of Sodium?

30.6%

In the Richter scale, each division of energy released goes by...

32-fold increase

What is the seawater salinity?

35%

Percentage of chlorine?

55%

Percentage of Sulfate?

7.7%

How much of the earth is seawater?

71%

P waves

A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground.

Gulf Stream

A warm ocean current flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean. Cold water sinks to the bottom of the north Atlantic near Greenland and Iceland

What evidence indicated that Mount St. Helens was going to erupt?

A. Gas emissions B. Changing shape C. Earthquakes

Which relative dating principles can be observed in the Grand Canyon?

A. Superposition B. Original horizontality C. Cross cutting

What salts are in the ocean?

Chlorine, Sodium, sulfate, calcium, potassium, minor constituents

Which is denser?

Cold, saline water

4. Which set of features would you find across the Atlantic from North America to Europe?

Continental shelf (wide), abyssal plain, oceanic ridge, abyssal plain, continental shelf (wide).

Four major depth zones

Continental shelf, Abyssal plain, Oceanic ridge, Oceanic trenches

What affects ocean circulation patterns?

Continents

Which has a larger temperature difference between east and west coasts?

Continents

Full moon

Earth is between the sun and the moon; only phase that shines the whole night through

30. What factor is most responsible for salinity values found near the tropics (23.5 o N and 23.5 o S)?

Evaporation

Types of surface waves

Love waves and Rayleigh waves

What is the deepest part of the ocean?

Mariana Trench

Magnitude

Measure of the energy released during an earthquake

Modified Mercalli Scale

Measures the intensity of an earthquake

33. Suppose you read this description of an earthquake from the "The ground shook so hard that books fell off the desk"Which scale would be most appropriate for this type of information?

Mercalli

Where would you find the largest difference in shallow and deep ocean temperatures?

Middle latitudes

New moon

Moon phase that occurs when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun, at which point the Moon cannot be seen because its lighted half is facing the Sun and its dark side faces Earth.

What is the largest and deepest ocean in the World, surrounded almost entirely by convergent tectonic plate boundaries?

Pacific

Passive margin zones vs active margin zones

Passive margin zones contain a rise; active zones contain a trench

2. Predict what would happen to the ocean gyre circular patterns if the Earth were spinning in the opposite direction it spins now.

Patterns would be reversed

Difficulties in comparingearthquakes from differentregions due to contrasts in

Population density, Building codes, Ground materials, Distance

Why is there salt in the oceans?

Runoff from the continents

41. Hawaii is an example of this type feature.

Shield-Volcano

What affects ocean temperatures?

Solar insolation and ocean currents

Which volcanoes are more likely to explode and why?

Strato- magma is more viscous than in shield volcanoes

Higher viscosity lava results in

Strato-Volcanoes with steeper slopes

Why is surfing "better" on the west coast of the United States than on the east coast of the United States?

The Pacific Ocean is much larger than the Atlantic Ocean. Ocean waves get to a larger amplitudes on the west coast because they have more distance to grow before they meet the continent..

High specific heat

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius, or to raise the temperature of one pound of a substance by one degree Fahrenheit.

The difference in arrival times of P and S waves

The distance from the earthquake can be calculated

Suppose you were standing on a solid surface when S waves from a nearby earthquake arrived and you could feel them. What ground motion sensation would you feel?

The ground would move vertically beneath you, moving you up and down.

True or False: Water has a high specific heat

True

True or false: Deeper waters are not affected by surface processes that change salinity?

True

Fault displacement on ocean floor results in

Tsunami

Why is it important that water has a high heat capacity?

Water can absorb, move, store, and release lots of heat energy; in relation to global climate patterns, it is important that water does not drastically change temperature to negatively impact the climate.

Halocline

a strong, vertical salinity gradient within a body of water

In high latitudes, as density increases, the pycnocline is ________

absent

Earthquake size is determined by

amplitude of seismic waves

Tides

changes in the sea surface height caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon (and a bit by the sun)

Source of sea salts

chemical weathering and outgassing

In the northern hemisphere, in what direction does a gyre typically circulate?

clockwise

To find earthquake epicenter,

data from multiple seismograph stations are needd

Graph of isotopes w/ time

decreases exponentially

What drives volcanic eruptions?

escaping gases

What increases salinity?

evaporation, formation of sea ice

Higher silica percentage results in less viscous magma.

false

Magma and lava are the same except magma remains below the surface and lava erupts on the surface.

false

Shield volcano

gentle slopes, low viscosity magma (basalt), mild eruptions associated with divergent plate boundaries or hot spots

Change in salinity with depth

halocline

When is salinity the highest?

high temp and low precipitation

As density decreases, temperature _________.

increases

If the moon was larger, the tidal ranges would be

larger

Spring tides

largest tidal bulges, highest tides. Sun and moon exert pull in the same direction. Occur during New Moon

The greater the distance, the _______ it takes seismic waves to reach the a seismograph station.

longer

less silica in magma

lower viscosity

Intensity

measure of the effects of the earthquake on people and buildings (damage)

Elevation changes result from

movement on faults

What decreases salinity?

precipitation, runoff from land, icebergs melting, sea ice melting

In low latitudes, as density increases, the pycnocline is ________

present

9. Which geologic time principle places events in order based on their position?

relative time

superposition

rocks at the bottom are the oldest

What three factors affect ocean density?

salinity, temperature, and pressure

Love waves

side to side

What is most likely to happen to the global ocean conveyer belt if additional freshwater is added to the North Atlantic Ocean?

slow down

Cinder Cone

small volcano, high viscous magma, (coarse tephra)

neap tides

smallest tidal bulges, lowest tides. Sun and moon exert on the Earth in different directions.

What is the most abundant salt dissolved in seawater?

sodium chloride

index fossils

species that existed for a relatively short period of geologic time and found overlarge geographic areas are the best for precise correlations

What ocean currents are driven by the prevailing winds of the atmosphere?

surface

The three main vertical density layers:

surface(2%), middle(18%), and bottom(80%)

In the Richter scale, each division of ground motion goes by...

ten-fold increase (powers of 10) ex: 1, 10, 100,1000,.....

Bathymetry

the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the shape or topography of the ocean floor

The deeper the wave base

the more volume of water involved in the wave

Waves would break when

the water is shallow

As wind generated waves increase in size....

there is increased wind speed

Thermocline

thin layer in which temp rapidly changes more with depth than with the layers above or below, It separates the upper and lower layer

Slower surface waves

travel along earth's surface, cause the most damage

Faster body waves

travel through earth's interior; P waves + S waves

43. The most violent volcanic eruptions occur when gasses cannot easily escape from the magma.

true

Below the pycnocline, density is _______

uniform

seismic waves

vibrations caused by earthquakes; travel in all directions from focus

The volcanic explosivity index is based on

volume of erupted material

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)

volume of erupted material

Gases dissolved in magma

water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide

What is controlled by the winds?

wave size, speed, and direction

Ground shaking is exaggerated by

weaker earth materials