Earth Science and Geology

Types of dip-slip faults

#31

How do plates move at convergent plate boundaries? Plates slide past one another. Plates do not move .Plates move toward one another. Plates move apart.

.Plates move toward one another.

What kind of fault is present in this image? What kind of fault is present in this image?Right-lateral strike-slip faultLeft-lateral strike-slip faultReverse faultNormal fault

29

What is the difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault? Reverse faults are associated with convergent boundaries, and thrust faults are associated with transform boundaries A reverse fault is the result of compression, and a thrust fault is the result of tension. A reverse fault lengthens the crust, whereas a thrust fault shortens the crust. A thrust fault has a fault angle of less than 45°, whereas the angle of a reverse fault is greater.

A thrust fault has a fault angle of less than 45°, whereas the angle of a reverse fault is greater.

Australia is composed of relatively old and thick ___________________

Continental crust

Divergent boundary Transform boundary Convergent boundary Oceanic crust is being destroyed Oceanic crust is being created Oceanic or continental crust is being conserved

Convergent boundary− Divergent boundary− Transform boundary−

a. Ductile deformation b. Brittle deformation c. Elastic deformation ________________rocks will change shape due to pressure but return to their original state when pressure is released. ________________causes a permanent change in shape or causes a change of shape that does not return to its original shape after the stress is released. __________________rocks will shatter due to pressure.

Elastic deformation−Ductile deformation− Brittle deformation−

The earthquakes that occur in Southern California generally occur along a ______________.

Fault

Match the foliated metamorphic rocks in order from highest grade to lowest grade. a. Schist b. Phyllite c. Quartzite d. Gneiss e. Slate

Gniess Schist Phillyte slate.

You are a seismologist and are driving out to a location where a fault has recently shifted. When you arrive at the location, you see that the road you are driving on was constructed across the fault line. Because of slippage along the fault, the road ahead has been shifted to the left by 20 feet. What kind of fault is present? Right-lateral strike-slip Normal Thrust Left-lateral strike-slip

Left-lateral strike-slip

What is the texture of this rock? *SANDY looking rock Slaty cleavage Gneissic banding Schistosity Nonfoliated

Nonfoliated

Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline? Oldest on the inside of the fold, youngest on the outside Horizontal bedding with the youngest layers on the top Oldest on the outside of the fold, youngest on the inside Oldest materials thrust up on top of younger layers

Oldest on the inside of the fold, youngest on the outside

How do plates move at transform plate boundaries? Plates slide past one another. Plates do not move .Plates move toward one another. Plates move apart.

Plates slide past one another.

______________found in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe is composed of dense and relatively young rock.

Seafloor crust

Which of the following scenarios best describes the formation of hornfels? Mudstones are metamorphosed by directed pressure. Shales and mudstones are baked during contact metamorphism. Phyllite is altered by contact with hydrothermal fluids. Granite is melted and recrystallized.

Shales and mudstones are baked during contact metamorphism.

What is the difference between strain and stress? Strain is the change in rock shape that results from stress, which is the force that deforms the rock. Stress is the change in rock mass that results from strain, which is the force that deforms the rock. Strain is the change in rock mass that results from stress, which is the force that deforms the rock. Stress is the change in rock shape that results from strain, which is the force that deforms the rock

Strain is the change in rock shape that results from stress, which is the force that deforms the rock.

What evidence supports that the glaciers on the southern continents were once part of a single, massive ice sheet? Depositional ridges of sediment point out a direction of ice flow away from a central location Decreasing thickness of glacial deposits from the center outward Glaciers reshaped continental coastlines to match Striations

Striations

What environment produces the blueschist facies? Basin Mountain range Mid-ocean ridge Subduction zone Hot spot

Subduction zone

Compression Shear Tension ______________forces pull apart from each other. _____________ forces move toward each other. ____________Forces slide past each other.

Tension Compression Shear

What is the definition of a parent rock? The igneous rock forming through solidification of magma The resulting precipitate when water dissolves mineral matter The rock that was altered by metamorphism The rock produced by metamorphism

The rock that was altered by metamorphism

What role does hot ion-rich water play in the process of metamorphism? Water cleanses the iron-bearing minerals, which helps to delineate the crystal faces. Water boils the rocks that it comes in contact with, causing them to liquefy and slowly cool and harden into a new, stable state. Water interferes with mineral crystallization, thereby delaying the process of metamorphism. Water flows downhill, eroding the host rock to make it smooth. Water migrates into host rock carrying ions to stable minerals in order to facilitate growth of new metamorphic minerals.

Water migrates into host rock carrying ions to stable minerals in order to facilitate growth of new metamorphic minerals.

The East African rift is a divergent plate boundary that is splitting the continent of Africa into two pieces. What will eventually form around this divergent boundary? an ocean a continent a hurricane a convergent boundary a transform boundary

an ocean

The two sides of a fold in an _______________ dip toward one another.

anticline

The _________________ is the location where the bedrock is folded most. The two sides of a fold in an anticline dip toward one another. The dip will point to the direction the rock layer slants. The strike is parallel tto tge crest an trough.

axial plane

In general, where do earthquakes AND volcanic eruptions occur? Choose all that apply. a. transform plate boundaries b. convergent plate boundaries c. divergent plate boundaries d. away from plate boundaries

b and c

________ metamorphism tends to occur in regions where massive amounts of sedimentary or volcanic materials accumulate in a subsiding basin, pushing older rocks further into the interior. Hydrothermal Burial Contact Regional

burial

Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation? tensional force compressional force shear force

compressional force

Which style of metamorphism will be generated by a magma pluton? contact burial subduction regional

contact

Which kind of stress (confining pressure or differential stress) is responsible for creating the texture visible in this rock? Picture of Rock with stripes Confining differential

differential

What is a fault? folds along which rocks move fractures along which rocks move folds along which rocks bend fractures along which rocks bend

fractures along which rocks move

Use the diagram as well as what you learned in the previous parts to describe which kinds of geologic activity are associated with each type of boundary.Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

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Match the diagram of the fold with the correct name.

hw 3: #25

When a rock is under undue stress and fractures but there is no movement to either side of the fracture, the feature is a called a ____________. If, however, there is movement, it is called a _____________

joint; fault

The sides of a folded bedrock are the __________________

limbs.

Metamorphic rocks can sometimes contain unusually large grains surrounded by a fine-grained matrix of other minerals. These large crystals are called ________. phenocrysts inclusions vesicles porphyroblasts

porphyroblasts

What forms at divergent plate boundaries? new oceanic lithosphere new continental lithosphere

new oceanic lithosphere

Large rifts or valleys, which can often have very large ________faults, are created by tensional forces.

normal

In general, where do volcanoes form in subduction zones? on the subducting plate, away form the convergent boundary on the overriding plate, away form the convergent boundary on the subducting plate, at the convergent boundary on the overriding plate, at the convergent boundary

on the overriding plate, away form the convergent boundary

The slowly increasing distance between South America and Africa is due to ____________

seafloor spreading.

Layered _________________exposed by erosion can be seen when looking at the Grand Canyon in the United States.

sedi rock

Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation?tensional force compressional force shear force

shear force

________ metamorphism will occur when high-speed projectiles strike the Earth's surface. Shock Fault zone Subduction zone Contact

shock

The _______________ is parallel tto tge crest an trough.

strike

The extremely deep ocean Marianas Trench is a result of _____________

subduction

Using the map provided, locate three continental plates and three oceanic plates. Match the correct label with the correct plate.

#40 Pacific Plate: OceanicNazca Plate: OceanicNorth American Plate: ContEurasian Plate: ContPhilippine Plate: OceanicAfrican Plate: Cont What are plate boundaries at

How are a continental volcanic arc and a volcanic island arc different from each other? A continental volcanic arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate. A continental volcanic arc is a result of a continental plate subducting under another continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate. A continental volcanic arc is a result of a continental plate subducting under an oceanic plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate. A continental volcanic arc is a result of two continental plates colliding into each other, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate. A continental volcanic arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of two oceanic plates colliding into each other.

A continental volcanic arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate.

Which of the following statements best describes Wegener's idea of continental drift? Ancient organisms had undergone mass migrations to reach the continents where they are found today. Continents are subsiding into the seas.Global oceans were draining, which exposed stationary parts of the seafloor we now call continents. Continents were formerly in different positions on the Earth and have shifted to their present locations over time. Continents were building up through sedimentation.

Continents were formerly in different positions on the Earth and have shifted to their present locations over time.

Rocks become increasingly plastic at deeper depths below the surface, where they are exposed to higher temperatures and pressures. Plastic deformation is the ability of a rock layer to bend without breaking. Although temperature generally increases the plasticity of rocks by weakening the chemical bonds within the rock-forming minerals, pressure increases the plasticity of rocks by pressing the rock-forming minerals into each other and preventing fractures from forming between the minerals.Arrange the geologic structures below based on where the rocks were formed.Rank from shallowest to deepest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Mountian, Arrows, Hammer

The three diagrams below show the three types of stresses: tension, compression, and shear. Determine which of these stresses would be found at transform plate boundaries, and place them in the appropriate bin.Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins. Each item may be used only once.

OCCURS AT TRANSFORM BOUNDARY:-Deformation associated with shear stress DOES NOT OCCUR AT TRANSFORM BOUNDARY:-Deformation associated with compressional stress-Deformation associated with tensional stress

A. Oceanic-continental B. Continental-continental C. Oceanic-oceanic __________ North American and Juan de Fuca plates _____________Pacific and Philippine plates ______________ Indian and Eurasian plates

Oceanic-continental;Oceanic-oceanic;Continental-continental −

What is the definition of a parent rock? The igneous rock forming through solidification of magma The resulting precipitate when water dissolves mineral matter The rock that was altered by metamorphism The rock produced by metamorphism

The rock that was altered by metamorphism

Why are volcanoes NOT found at transform boundaries? Transform boundaries cause changes to the pressure, temperature, or composition of the mantle. Transform boundaries cause decreases in temperature that exactly offset increases in pressure of the mantle. Transform boundaries do not cause changes to the pressure, temperature, or composition of the mantle. Transform boundaries cause increases in temperature that exactly offset decreases in pressure of the mantle.

Transform boundaries do not cause changes to the pressure, temperature, or composition of the mantle.

Late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks often contain extensive coal seams that were used to support the existence of Pangaea. What would the climate have been at that time and at the location where the coal deposits were formed, and what would it indicate about the continent's past latitude?

Warm, humid climate near the Equator

If a rock undergoes folding and is compressed to form an upward arch, this is a(n)_____________ type fold.

anticlyine

The _____________ will point to the direction the rock layer slants.

dip

NAME THE TYPE OF STRESS folded rocks normal faults thrust fault dip angle <45degrees reverse fault slip strike

folded-compressional normal- tensional thrust- compressional reverse- compressional slip- shear

What kind of metamorphic texture results in the segregation of light and dark mineral bands? schistose texture gneissic texture foliated texture slaty texture fine texture

gneissic texture

What is a mantle plume? a region of the mantle that has doubled in thickness a plume of fire hot mantle rock rising from deep within the Earth a plume of hot water and gas that mobilizes the ions in the surrounding country rock

hot mantle rock rising from deep within the Earth

Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone National Park in the United States acquires its energy from a _____________.

hot spot

For the figure below, determine if you would expect an earthquake to occur at the location of the labeled points using the figure above as a reference.Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Labels may be used more than once.

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Identify the type of deformation the rock has been exposed to.

hw 3: #22

Using this image, indicate which is the hanging wall and which is the footwall by matching the correct term to the correct block. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

hw3: #28

How do plates move at divergent plate boundaries? Plates slide past one another. Plates do not move .Plates move toward one another. Plates move apart.

Plates move apart.

Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation? tensional force compressional force shear force

Tensional force

Which type of fault has NO vertical motion of rocks associated with it? strike-slip fault reverse fault shear fault normal fault

strike-slip fault

A trough, or downward fold, called a(n)____________ is formed when a rock is deformed through folding.

syncline

The two sides of a fold in a_______________ dip toward one another.

syncline

What are rocks below and above a fault called? the lower wall below and the upper wall above the lower wall below and the hanging wall above the footwall below and the hanging wall above the footwall below and the upper wall above the hanging wall below and the footwall above

the footwall below and the hanging wall above

How was the fossil record of ancient life used to support Wegener's hypothesis about Pangaea? Organisms on multiple continents independently evolved to have the same appearance. Fossils are evidence of mass migrations of organisms in search of resources on other continents. Organisms used a series of islands to "leap frog" to another, stationary continent. Fossils of identical organisms were found on several continents, indicating the continents were once joined. The identical fossils are all marine fossils, indicating that the continents were all once covered by a global sea.

Fossils of identical organisms were found on several continents, indicating the continents were once joined.

Why are garnets used in sandpaper? The sandpaper takes on an appealing reddish color when the garnets are incorporated into it. Garnets have many crystal faces and therefore have sharp edges.Garnets have a value of 8 or 9 on the Mohs Hardness Scale, making them very abrasive. Garnets have no other use. Garnets fracture easily and have abrasive edges.

Garnets have many crystal faces and therefore have sharp edges.Garnets have a value of 8 or 9 on the Mohs Hardness Scale, making them very abrasive.

When matching up once-joined continents such as South America and Africa, the coastlines do not fit together as nicely as the continental shelves. Why might this be the case? When matching up once-joined continents such as South America and Africa, the coastlines do not fit together as nicely as the continental shelves. Why might this be the case?The coastlines have been altered by vast deposits of lava.Separation of the continents resulted in deformation of the coastlines. The continental shelves are the edges of the continent. The shoreline simply shows where the sea level is in relation to topography. Large volumes of sediment eroded from the continent fills in the gaps between the shelves.

The continental shelves are the edges of the continent.

By what process did the gabbro turn into amphibolite? Gabbro naturally turns to amphibolite through the process of weathering over long periods of time. Mineral-laden water from the ocean caused changes in the mineral composition during the Grenville Orogeny. Mineral-rich fluids from the overlyingWhat is a mantle plume? View Available Hint(s) What is a mantle plume?a region of the mantle that has doubled in thicknessa plume of firehot mantle rock rising from deep within the Eartha plume of hot water and gas that mobilizes the ions in the surrounding country rock Paleozoic sedimentary rocks cemented the minerals in the gabbro and altered their structure. The gabbro was heated to 500 °C and buried a few miles below the Earth's surface. Explosive volcanic forces caused the gabbro to melt and the minerals in it to realign.

The gabbro was heated to 500 °C and buried a few miles below the Earth's surface.

In a normal dip-slip fault, which of the following statements describes the movement of the hanging wall relative to the footwall? Because of erosion of the fault, scarp would cover the two sides of the fault, making it hard to determine which side actually moved relative to the other. The hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. The footwall moves down relative to the hanging wall. The hanging wall moves horizontally relative to the footwall. The hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.

The hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall.

How is confining pressure different from differential stress? Confining pressure folds and fractures rocks, whereas differential stress cannot. When a rock is under confining pressure, all of the forces are applied to the rock equally in all directions. However, pressure applied to a rock by differential stress is greater in a single direction than in all of the other directions. Differential stress can cause a phase change in material, whereas confining pressure cannot. Differential stress pulls the stretches the rocks and the grains they contain, whereas confining pressure squeezes the rocks, often folding minerals into bands. When a rock is under differential stress, all of the forces are applied to the rock equally in all directions. However, pressure applied to a rock by confining pressure is greater in a single direction than in all of the other directions.

When a rock is under confining pressure, all of the forces are applied to the rock equally in all directions. However, pressure applied to a rock by differential stress is greater in a single direction than in all of the other directions.

Which of the following describes the orientation of the long axes of rocks and mineral grains in relationship to the stress applied? a. Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied. b. The long axis of a rock is parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied. c. The long axis of a rock is oriented parallel to the direction of the strongest stress applied. d. Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the strongest stress applied.

a and b

What is an aureole? a discreet zone adjacent to the heat source in contact metamorphism a rock that is formed in a zone of intense ductile deformation the area of metamorphism deep in the roots of mountains the source of chemically active fluids that cause the metamorphism of rocks the location where a projectile has struck Earth

a discreet zone adjacent to the heat source in contact metamorphism